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sin
cos
tan
or
DMS
Examples
1. Round off to the nearest
degree:
2.
a)
3.
b)
4.
5. Round off to the nearest
minute:
6.
c)
7.
d)
8.
Page | 1
9. Change
34 54 '
to a
decimal.
10.
11.Change
76.42
to degrees
and minutes.
12.
13.Find correct to 2 decimal
places:
14.
a)
sin 12 38 '
15.
b)
tan 56 13'
16.
17.Find
minutes:
18.
a)
Page | 2
19.
in degrees and
sin =0.456
b)
( 35 )
cos =
20.
21.
Answers
a)
23.
'
''
52 43 14 =53
b)
24.
2. Round off to the nearest minute:
25.
a)
26.
34 54' =34.9
28.
29.
30. 76 25 '
31.
5. Find correct to 2 decimal places:
32.
a)
27.
4.
b)
3.
'
sin 12 38 =0.21871
33. 0.22
34.
b)
35.
6. Find
37.
a)
36.
sin =0.456
1
'
'
42.
b)
( 35 )
cos =
3 5
43.
=cos1
( 35 )
44. 53.1301
'
48.
49. Trigonometric Ratios
50.To calculate the length of a side or the size of an angle in right-angled
triangles, we can use certain ratios. In order to refer to these ratios, we
name the sides in relation to the angle being studied:
The hypotenuse is the longest side, and is always opposite the right
angle.
51.For this section you may need to use Pythagoras Theorem to find the third
side in any right-angled triangle to help answer the questions.
52.Pythagoras Theorem (where c is the hypotenuse):
53.
54.The opposite and adjacent sides will depend on where the angle is
marked, for example:
55.
hypotenuse
57.
adjacent
56.
hypotenuse
58.
59.Sine
adjacent
.
60.In
sinany
= Right-Angled Triangle, the trigonometric ratios are:
61.
62.Cosine
63. cos =
64.
65.Tangent
tan =
Some people
remember the ratios
as:
SOH CAH TOA
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
SEC : 1 =
COSEC : 1 =
COT : 1 =
75.
76.TAN =
SEC =
COSEC =
COT =
77.
78.Here are the 3 reciprocal ratios or reciprocal identities:
79.
80.
cosec =
Cosecant
81.
82.
sec =
Secant
83.
84.
Cotangent
1
=
sin
1
=
cos
cot =
1
=
tan
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
Examples
15
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
8
17
2
sin = Adjacent
exact ratios of
5 , find the(A)
2. If
15
100.
Answers
Hypotenuse (H)
1.
101. 17
8 Opposite (O)
Good idea to label
sides. Once you
become familiar
they should become
automatic.
102.
103.
104.
sin =
105.
cosec =
1
1 17
= =
sin 8
8
17
cos =
106.
sec =
O 8
=
H 17
A 15
=
H 17
1
1 17
= =
cos 15 15
17
tan =
107.
O 8
=
A 15
cot =
2.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
sin =
2
5
1
1 15
= =
tan 8
8
15
O 2
sin = 2 =
H 5
21
cosec =
sin =
O
H
1
1 5
= =
sin 2 2
5
117.
c 2=a 2+ b2
118.
52=a2+ 22
119.
25=a2 +4
120.
44
121.
21=a 2
122.
a= 21
123.
124.
Cofunction Identities
125.
126.
Use your calculator to evaluate the following to 3
decimal places
127.
128.
Sin 20 =
cos 70 =
Sin 50 =
cos 40 =
Sin 35 =
cos 55 =
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
the sine of an angle is equal to the cosine of its
complement
139.
140.
A
141.
90
142.
143.b
144.
145.
146.
147.
( 90 ) =
sin =sin
148.
( 90 )=
cos =cos
149.
( 90 ) =
tan =tan
sec =
150.
1
1 c
1
1 c
= = sec ( 90 )=
= =
cos a a
cos ( 90 ) b b
c
c
1
1
= =
sin ( 90 ) a
c
1
1
cosec =
= =cosec
sin b
c
( 90 ) =
151.
1
1
= =
tan ( 90 ) a
b
1
1
cot =
= =cot
tan b
a
( 90 ) =
152.
sin
=
( 90 )
153.
results:
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
cos = ( 90 )
tan = ( 90 )
cot = ( 90 )
160.
161.
sec = ( 90 )
162.
cosec = ( 90 )
the
163.
164.
165.
166.
1. Show
Examples
sin 32 =cos 58 .
167.
sec 65
sec 65 + cosec25
2. Simplify
168.
if
169.
4. Find the value of
170.
1.
171.
172.
2.
p if
Answers
sec 65
sec 65
=
sec 65 + cosec25 sec 65 +sec ( 9025 )
173.
sec 65
sec 65 + sec 65
174.
sec65
2 sec 65
175.
1
2
cosec =sec ( 90 ) ].
Simplify by collecting like
terms on the bottom.
Simplify by cancelling
176.
177.
178.
3.
sec 65
179.
180.
181.
cot 63
182.
183.
184.
tan 27 .
185.
x +20=63
186.
2020
187.
x=43
188.
These should now be the
same because they are both
4.
189.
190.
191.
192.
cos ( 752 p )
193.
194.
195.
196.
3 p20=752 p
197.
+2 p+ 2 p
198.
5 p20=75
199.
200.
201.
202.
+20+20
5 p=95
5 5
p=19
203.
204.
205.
206. Right-Angled Triangle Problems
207.
Trigonometry can be used to find unknown sides or angles in
triangles.
210.
Examples
a)
b)
1. Find the length of the unknown side to 2 decimal places in the following
13.4 m
triangles:
12 cm
211.
x
cm
212.
213.
214.
ym
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
Answers
1. Locate the known angle, decide what sides you have and then which ratio
to use:
222.
a) I have an opposite side and a hypotenuse so it is sine.
223.
224.
sin =
O
H
sin 23 45' =
x
12
225.
12 12
226.
12 sin 23 45 =x
227.
4.8329 =x
228.
x=4.83
'
229.
b) I have an adjacent and hypotenuse so it is cosine.
230.
cos =
A
H
231.
13.4
cos 67 12' =
y
232.
yy
233.
234.
235.
y=34.57925 .
236.
x=34.58
237.
240.
241.
Examples
1. Find the size of the unknown angle to the nearest minute in the following
triangles:
8.2 cm
a)
b)
242.
56 m
243.
72 m
244.
10.7 cm
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
Answers
1. Locate the unknown angle, decide what sides you have and then which
ratio to use:
251.
a) I have an adjacent side and an hypotenuse, so it is cosine.
252.
253.
254.
cos =
A
H
cos =
8.2
10.7
=cos1
8.2
( 10.7
)
255.
=39.9722
256.
257.
=39 58'
258.
2. I have an opposite side and an adjacent side, so it is tangent.
259.
260.
261.
265.
tan =
O
A
tan =
56
72
=tan 1
56
72
( )
262.
=37.8749
263.
264.
=39 52
'
266.
267.
268.
269. Applications
270.
Trigonometry can have many practical applications, from such areas
as building, construction, surveying and navigation. In this section we are
still looking at right angled triangles, so we can still use the trigonometric
ratios SOH CAH TOA.
273.
276.
277.
278. Bearings
279.
Bearings are based on directions related to the compass. True
bearings measure angles clockwise from North. Bearings are usually
written as 3 numbers e.g.
280.
281.
The bearing of a point is the number of degrees in the angle
measured in a clockwise direction from the north line to the line joining the
centre of the compass with the point.
282.
A bearing is used to represent the direction of one point relative to
another point.
283.
284.
For example, the bearing of A from B is 065. The bearing of B from
A is 245.
285.
286.
287.
Examples
25 m
40 . Calculate:
100 m
sailing towards the lighthouse. The angle of depression of the ship from
the observer is
15 .
3. Nick cycles
15 km
12 km
20 km
due south. What are his distance and bearing from his original position?
290.
291.
292.
Answers
1. Draw a diagram:
293.
294.
a)
295.
296.
297.
298.
299.
300.A
25 m
b)
21 m
10.5 m
25 m
h
tan 40 =
25
301.
10.5
tan =Now that you
25 found the
have
10.5
use it in part b)
25
25 25
=tan
303.
20.97749 =h
22.782
304.
h=21m
22 47 '
302.
305.
306.
307.
2. Draw a diagram:
308.
309.
a)
310.
311.
Use alternate
312.
angles.
313.
314.
315.
b)
but remember
to halve it for
halfway up the
pole.
25
100 m
25
316.
tan 15 =
317.
tan 25 =
100
x
100
y
318.
x x y y
319.
320.
x=
321.
100
100
y=
tan 15
tan 25
Dont forget to
373.2050 =214.450
answer the
question.
322.
373 m
323.
159 m
214 m
326.
327.
328.
329.
330.
3.
12 m
331.
332.
height is
15 m
333.
20 m
334.
335.
5 m , i.e.
tan =
5m
5
12
=tan 1
336.
337.
338.
( 125 )
22.6198
22 37
'
30 , 45 60 .
and tan, it might be easier to remember the two triangles the exact ratios
come from.
341.
45
45
343.
c =a + b
344.
1
1 +1
345.
1+ 1
45
346.
347.
348.
349.
sin 45 =
350.
1
2
351.
cos 45=
352.
353.
1
2
1
tan 45 = =1
We can find the ratios for 1 30
354.
and
60
using an equilateral
triangle and then splitting it in half. For this we use sides of 2 so that when
we split in half we can have a side of 1. Similar to above, we can find the
height (a short side) by using Pythagoras Theorem:
355.
c 2=a 2+ b2
356.
357.
22=a 2+12
2
358.
4=a + 1
359.
11
360.
361.
362.
sin 60 =
1 sin 30 = 2
2
Using the above triangle we get the exact ratios:
3
cos 30 =
2
1
cos 60 =
1
2
363.
364.
365.
366.
367.
Examples
sin 45 +cos 45
b)
3 sec 60
c)
sin2 30 +cos 2 30
368.
x :
369.
370.
371.
372.
373.
374.
Answers
1.
a)
sin 45 +cos 45 =
1
1
+
2 2
375.
376.
377.
378.
2 2
2
379.
380.
b)
3 sec 60 =3
1
cos 60
3
381.
382.
383.
384.
3 1
6
2
1
1
1
2
1+1
2
You can
rationalise the
denominator by
multiplying top
and bottom by
c)
1 2 3
sin 30+cos 30 =
+
2
2
2
()( )
1 3
+
4 4
385.
386.
387.
2.
388.
389.
Also
390.
tan 30 =
1
3
x
1
=
12 3
391.
12 12
392.
12
x=
3
x=
393.
12 3
=4 3
3
404.
405.
begin at
90
we always
always taken off the x-axis (i.e. the horizontal line). The sign of the ratio
A
TC
408.
409.
410.
411.
412.
413.
This means:
414.
415.
positive.
416.
417.
418.
419.
420.
Examples
sin 135
b)
tan 300
c)
cos (150 )
d)
sin 690
421.
Answers
1. For the answers to be exact you know you are going to use angles of
T 423.
C
424.
425.
426.
1
2
45
and sin is
427.
428.
b)
A300 =tan 60
tan
3
429.
430.
T C431.
60
432.
x-axis is
433.
434.
435.
c)
436.
T C
437.
Because it is a negative
438. angle you just go backwards
(i.e. clockwise). The angle it
439. makes with the x-axis is
440.
441.
30
d)
442.
1
2
443.
To get 690 go around the
444.
number plane once and then
445.
an extra 330 (
446.
690 360 =330 ). The
447.
angle it makes with the x-axis
448. 30
is
and only cos is
449.
e.g.
452.
Examples
0 360 :
1. Solve for
a)
sin =
1
2
b)
tan = 3
c)
2 cos 2=1
453.
2. Solve
454.
s 2 =
for
18 0 180 .
A
Answers
1.
a)
1
2
sin =
1
2
T C
sin 30 =
455.
2
1
S
and it is positive.
456.
Sin is positive in the first and
second quadrants. We make 2
457.
30
from the x-
=30 ,180 30
458.axis in these quadrants.
459.
30 , 150
460.
b)
A 3
tan =
S
461.
tan 60 = 3
462.
, but it is negative.
T 463.
Cfourth quadrants. We make 2
464.
angles that are
60
from the x-
465.
=180 60 ,360 60
466.
120 , 300
467.
468.
469.
470.
c)
2 cos 2=1
2 2
471.
472.
473.
474.
1
475.
cos
60 =
476.
2 , and it is positive.
477.
478.
Cos
is positive in the first and
479.quadrants. We make 2
fourth
480.
60 from the xangles
481. that are
The conditions
for this question
are
482.
0 360 , but we have 2 , so
483.
484.
multiplying
everything by 2 we get the
485.
condition 0 2 720 , so we are going
2 =60 , 360 60 ,360 +60 ,720 60
486.
Dividing everything by 2 so
487.
488.
2. Solve
s 2 =
497.
498.
we get
instead of
0 360 .
1
2
for
sin =
1
2
18 0 180 .
2 .
1
2
T C
500.
501.
sin 45 =
502.
1
2
503. 45
are
504.
=180 + 45 , 0 45 , 45 , 180 45
505.
506.
y=sin x
510.
511.
180 x 360
y=cos x
0 x 180
513.
514.
360 .
515.
516.
y=tan x
517.
518.
519.
520.
360 .
521.
y=cosec x
522.
523.
x=180 360 .
524.
525.
526.
y=sec x
527.
528.
x=90 270 .
529.
y=cot x
530.
531.
x=180 360 .
From all these graphs you can deduce what the values of
533.
*
cot =
539.
540.
552.
cos
sin
cot=
cos
sin
sin 2 +cos 2 =1
2
sin :
By dividing by
553.
554.
1+cot =cosec
By dividing by
cos 2 :
556.
sin 2 cos 2
1
+
=
2
2
cos cos cos 2
557.
tan 2 +1=sec 2
558.
559.
560.
1
sin
cos
sin2 cos2
1
+ 2 = 2
2
sin sin sin
555.
sin
cos
1
tan
541.
542.
543.
544.
545.
546.
547.
548.
549.
550.
551.
tan =
1+cot 2 =cosec 2
tan 2 +1=sec 2
561.
562.
563.
Examples
1sin2
=cos2
2
2
sin + cos
565.
b)
c)
566.
567.
Answers
a)
1sin
=cos2
2
2
sin + cos
569.
570.
571.
LHS=
1sin 2
sin 2 + cos2
sin2 +cos 2 =1
sin2 sin 2
cos
1
572.
573.
cos
574.
RHS
Once it is equal
to the Right
Hand Side (RHS)
you finish by
saying this.
575.
b)
578.
sin A
sin A+ cos A
cos A
579.
sin 2 A cos A
+
cos A
1
580.
sin 2 A cos A
cos A
cos A
1
cos A
581.
582.
cos =1sin
sin 2 A cos2 A
+
cos A cos A
Another good
idea is to write to
the side of your
working what
identity you
tan A=
sin A
cos A
cos A .
1
cos A
583.
584.
sec A
585.
RHS
586.
c)
587.
588.
589.
590.
sin 2 +cos 2 =1
2
sin
sin
cos
2
+ cos
+ 2sin cos
cos
sin
( 1cos 2 )
sin
cos
+ ( 1sin 2 )
+2 sin cos
cos
sin
591.
sin sin
1
592.
sin
cos
sin cos +
sin cos + 2sin cos
cos
sin
593.
sin cos
+
cos sin
594.
tan +cot
595.
RHS
596.
597.
598.
599.
sin
sin
cos
cos
2
2
cos
+1
sin
+ 2sin cos
cos
cos
sin
sin
tan =
sin
cos
cot =
cos
sin
603.
604.
605.
606.
B
a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sinC
609.
610.
611.
612.
613.
614.
615.
You can use this rule in non-right-angled triangles when you have 2
pairs of opposite sides and angles.
616.
Examples
617.
618.
12.1
619.
620.
2. Find the size of
621.
622.
623.
624.
625.
626.
627.
18.3
628.
Answers
a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sinC
630.
x
12.1
=
sin59 34 ' sin 32 12'
631.
632.
x=
12.1
12.1
'
sin 59 34
'
sin32 12
633.
19.5783
634.
19.6
units
635.
2.
636.
637.
sin sin 28 8
=
27.4
18.3
'
638.
27.4 27.4
639.
sin =
640.
=sin1
641.
44.910 ..
642.
643.
44 55 '
644.
18.3
sin 28 8 '
27.4
18.3
sin 28 8'
27.4
18.3
646.
647.
648.
649.
B
650.
651.
For a side:
For an angle:
652.
c 2=a 2+ b22 ab cos C
cos C=
653.
a2 +b2 c 2
2ab
654.
Use this when you have 2 sides and the angle in between.
this rule when you have all 3 sides.
655.
Examples
664.
665.
12
666.
667.
668.
10
669.
1.
Answers
2
c =a + b 2 ab cos C
2
670.
y =3 +7 2 3 7 cos 34
671.
23.180421
672.
y= 23.180421..
673.
4.81460
674.
4.8
units
675.
Remember to square root to
get rid of the squared.
Use
676.
677.
678.
2
2.
cos C=
a +b c
2ab
679.
680.
681.
cos =
208
240
=cos1
( 208
240 )
29.9264
683.
29 55' 35.166''
684.
29 56 '
688.
12
6
682.
685.
686.
687.
10 +12 6
210 12
Remember to find
just the angle use
10
=cos
( 102 +1226 2)
( 2 10 12 )
B
30 km
690.
This exercise looks at using the sine and cosine rules in real life
situations.
691.
Examples
330
160
040 .
Calculate:
a) The distance BC,
b) The bearing of C from A.
692.
1.
Answers
126
693.
694.
2
695.
c =a + b 2 ab cos C
696.
697.
2005.3423
698.
BC = 2005.3423
699.
44.78104
700.
45
701.
2.
km
Let ACB=
702.
sin sin 60
=
400
500
703.
400 400
704.
126
sin =
sin 60
400
500
705.
0.692820
706.
=sin1 0.692820
707.
43.853778
708.
43 51 13.603
709.
43 51 '
'
''
710.
711.
76 9 '
712.
a)
BC
500
=
'
sin76 9 sin60
713.
714.
b)
BC =
500
'
sin 76 9
sin 60
715.
560.5642434
716.
Bearing=040+76 9
717.
718.
116 9 '
719. Area
720.
We can find the area of a triangle with a right angle using the
1
A= bh . We can also find the area of a non-right angled
2
formula
A
triangle
using a similar formula:
721.
c
722.
B723.
1
A= ab sinC
2
C
724.
725.
units2
726.
mm , cm , m
etc, or
Examples
1. In triangle
ABC ,
triangle.
2. The sides of a triangular field have lengths 80 m, 90 m and 100 m.
Calculate the area of the field.
727.
1.
Answers
1
A= ab sinC
2
728.
1
12 15 sin 126 52'
2
729.
72.00304
730.
72units 2
731.
2.
a2+ b2c2
cos =
2 ab
80 2+100 2902
2 80 100
732.
733.
734.
8300
16000
cos1
8300
( 16000
)
735.
58.751558
736.
737.
738.
58 45 '
739.
1
A= ab sinC
2
740.
1
80 100 sin 58 45'
2
741.
3419.647
742.
3420 m2
743.
(nearest
m2 )
End of Trigonometry
Chapter 6