Microwave Design (Niko Format)

INTRODUCTION
Microwave communication is a cost-effective and efficient means to

connect two or more wireless points together over a variety of terrains and
space, where continuous runs of cable or fiber type transmission lines would
not be practical or even possible. As basic as linking two wireless locations
together, or when used in a network combining a series of hops forming vast
relays to link a nation, microwave driven communication is used to connect
even the far reaches of space with ground-to-space and satellite-to-satellite
communications. Cellular and Personal Communications Service (PCS)
providers employ microwave communication for wireless inter-connects
between remote tower sites and switching centers. Microwave data links
provide wide bandwidths for multiple-mode transmissions equivalent to and
even greater than two points linked with traditional transmission line cables.
Broadband wireless systems that provide robust LAN and WAN solutions are
being deployed globally due to their ease of installation, high performance
and cost effectiveness.
The most critical element of any microwave system is the ability to
focus coverage in the most useful area. For long distance networking hops, it
is the antennas ability to efficiently focus a signal into a narrow beam.
Parabolic antennas typically use a center-fed feed horn design that is similar
to a flashlight. A parabolic-shaped microwave antenna is capable of signal
beamwidths of less than a few degrees, which is necessary for reliable and
interference
free
point-to-point
communication.
However,
not
all
Proposed Microwave Link from San Rafael, Bulacan to Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija - WiMAX
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communications using microwave frequencies require such focused designs.

Point-to-multipoint subscriber services and LAN/WAN networks typically
require a broad service area to be illuminated. Specialized antenna designs,
in the form of flat panels and tuned sector arrays, use a combination of beam
steering techniques to electronically direct a wider beamwidth of microwave
signals into the desired coverage area, often referred to as a sector.
For long haul systems and particularly for systems carrying data, it is
almost mandatory to employ diversity if very high reliability is needed.
Diversity suggests that there is more than one transmission path or method
of transmission available between a transmitter and a receiver. In microwave
system, the purpose of diversity is to increase the reliability of the system by
increasing the availability. Although there are many ways of achieving
diversity the two of most common methods used are frequency and space.
Both of above diversity scheme can reduce the effects of multipath
fading to insignificance. Though space diversity requires the use of additional
waveguides and antennas, it is a preferable technique than frequency
diversity because it provides an efficient spectrum usage and it is
particularly effective against ground or water reflective fading.
The basic principle of space diversity is to choose an interval such that
when the signal on one diversity half is near or at the null point, the signal on
the other diversity half will be at or near one of the maximum points.
Aside from diversity configurations, another way of increasing the
availability of the system is by hot standby. With this technique, each of
working radio channel has a dedicated back up or spare channel or it is
simply refers to a redundant equipments of the system.
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With the introduction of new and affordable digital technologies,

licensed and unlicensed (spread spectrum) microwave data links now serve
many specialized markets, including inbuilding wireless LANs, point-to-multi
point internet, regional broadcast subscriber services and other new and
emerging modes of personal and business communications. Broadband
wireless access (BWA) is the provision of broadband, high-speed and high
capacity fixed wireless data systems for Internet access, wireless local loop
and other applications utilized by both home and business customers. A wide
variety of frequencies are utilized for these services, including MDS/MMDS
and unlicensed spread spectrum frequencies in the 2 GHz band, licensed
fixed wireless spectrum in the 3.5 GHz band, UNII band frequencies in the 5
GHz band and LMDS bands at the high end of the microwave frequencies
such as 38 GHz. These systems are deployed in either a point-to-point or
point-to-multi point fashion.
Broadband wireless access systems have several advantages over
traditional wire line and fiber ring connections. They can be deployed and
implemented faster than wired systems, which reduces the time required by
an operator to recoup capital investments. This also allows operators to
deploy these systems in a scalable or as-needed basis, and build-out to
system to cover certain areas and customers as required, which reduces the
upfront capital requirements. Wireless LANs, WANs and WISPs (wireless
Internet service provider) are providing communities around the globe cost
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effective access to Internet, WLL and other data services. Over time this will
help to grow the global economy and bring better lifestyles to all.
One of broadband wireless access system technologies is the
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access or just WiMAX. WiMAX is a
wireless digital communications system intended for wireless "metropolitan
area networks". WiMAX can provide broadband wireless access (BWA) up to
30 miles (50 km) for fixed stations, and 3 - 10 miles (5 - 15 km) for mobile
stations. It is a second-generation protocol that allows for more efficient
bandwidth use, interference avoidance, and is intended to allow higher data
rates over longer distances. In practical terms, WiMAX would operate similar
to WiFi but at higher speeds, over greater distances and for a greater number
of users. WiMAX could potentially erase the suburban and rural blackout
areas that curently have no broadband Internet access because phone and
cable companies have not yet run the nescesary wires to those remote
locations.
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
Design an effective and reliable microwave communication link
suitable to the specified application.
Ensure high standard output that is within the parameters of
microwave system.
Enhance the systems reliability through well planning and logical
analysis.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Present the appropriate considerations in establishing a microwave
communication system in the specified areas.
Calculate and document the
distance,
antenna
height
frequency, coordinates, great circle

and
orientation,
vertical
panning,
atmospheric losses, point of reflection and transmission calculation.

To achieved the desired reliability of 99.9999%.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

To the Author
|
The design gave a favorable opportunity for the author in gaining his
knowledge in the Microwave Communications Engineering. This also gave
him an experience and awareness in this field of specialization.
To the Society
This design presents a microwave point to point link that if thoroughly
considered and implemented would establish a Wimax connection between
the provinces of Bulacan and Nueva Ecija and would provide a high speed
internet access and other broadband related services.
To the Students
This design will serve as a reference or a guide for the students who
will be conducting their design with similar application.
SCOPE OF THE DESIGN

The design covered only the following items:
Microwave link between Maguinao, San Rafael, Bulacan and Nueva
Ecija that will provide a Wimax service.
Practical site considerations that ensures a line of site link between the
two sites .
A site inspection using only the topographical map from NAMRIA.
The frequencies used were 7.7477GHz and 8.05902GHz and was based
on
frequency
allocation
table
provided
by
the
National
Telecommunications Commission.
The transmission path is a 50 km single hop and considered as a long
haul microwave system.
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The design details, calculations and considerations was based on the

essential equipments on the standard microwave link station.
Point to multi point system of the Wimax is depicted but not discussed
The transmission system used was space diversity but not thoroughly
discussed.
DELIMITATIONS OF THE DESIGN
The following computations are not included in the design:

o System cost analysis.
o Power design calculations.
o Noise performance calculation.

The sites were not actually visited and the testing of their soil integrity
was not done.

Health related issues for radiations considerations were not discussed.
NTC licensing and other permits were not included.
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Bulacan Province
Map of the Philippines with Bulacan highlighted
Coordinates: 1500N 12105E / 15N

121.083ECoordinates: 1500N 12105E / 15N
121.083E
|
Bulacan
(Filipino:
Bulakan)
(PSGC:
031400000;
ISO:
PH-BUL),
officially called the Province of Bulacan (or Lalawigan ng Bulakan in

Filipino) or simply Bulacan Province, is a first class province of the Republic
of the Philippines located in the Central Luzon Region (Region 3) in the island
of Luzon, north of Manila (the nation's capital), and part of the Metro Luzon
Urban Beltway Super Region. Bulacan was established on the 15th day of
August 1578.
It has 569 barangays from twenty-one (21) municipalities and three (3)
component cities (Malolos, the capital city; Meycauayan; and San Jose del
Monte). Bulacan is located immediately north of Metro Manila. Bordering
Bulacan are the provinces of Pampanga to the west, Nueva Ecija to the north,
Aurora and Quezon to the east, & Metro Manila and Rizal to the south.
Bulacan also lies on the north-eastern shore of Manila Bay.
Today, Bulacan is among the most progressive provinces in the
Philippines. Its peoplethe Bulaqueos (or Bulakenyo in Filipino)are highly
educated, enterprising and industrious. It is well-known for the following
industries: Marble and Marbleized Limestone, Jewelry, Pyrotechnics, Leather,
Aquaculture, Meat and Meat Products, Garments, Furniture, High-Value Crops,
and Sweets and Native Delicacies, and a wide variety of high-quality native
products.
Geography
|
Bulacan is bounded by Nueva Ecija on the north, Aurora (Dingalan) on

the northeast, Quezon (General Nakar) on the east, Rizal (Rodriguez) on the
southeast, Metro Manila (Valenzuela City, Malabon City, Navotas City,
Caloocan City and Quezon City) on the south, Manila Bay on the southwest,
and Pampanga on the west.
Several rivers irrigate the province of Bulacan; the largest one is that
of Angat. Angat River passes through the towns of Angat, San Rafael,
Baliuag, Plaridel (Quingua), and Calumpit. It flow thence into the Pampanga
River, goes out again, washes Hagonoy and loses itself in the mangroves.
The banks of these rivers are very fertile and are covered with trees.
Physical
Terrain
Bulacan lies in the southern portion of the fertile plains of Central
Luzon. The area is drained by the Angat and Pampanga rivers. The Sierra
Madre mountain range forms the highlands of Bulacan in the east. Angat
Lake, which was formed by the Angat Dam is located in that area. The
highest point in the province at 1,206 meters is Mount Oriod, part of the
Sierra Madre.
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Climate
. The northeast monsoon (amihan) prevails from October to January
bringing in moderated and light rains. From February to April, the east trade
winds predominate but the Sierra Madre (Philippines) mountain range to the
east disrupts the winds resulting to a dry period. From May to September, the
southwest monsoon (habagat). The hottest month is May having an average
temperature of 29.7C while the coldest is February with an average
temperature of 25.1C.
Municipalities
|
Population
According to the 2007 census (as of August 1 of the same year), there
are a total of 2,826,926 Bulaqueos (or Bulakenyos) with annual population
growth rate of 3.27 from the year 2000 to 2007, making Bulacan the second
most populous province in the country. It is also the 4th most densely
populated province at 1,076 people per square kilometer. There are 588,693
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households in the province with an average size of 4.8 persons. Bulacan had
a median age of 23 years in 2007.
Year
1948
1960
1970
1975
1980
1990
1995
2000
2007
Population by year
Population2
394,000
515,000
738,000
900,000
1,096,000
1,505,000
1,784,000
2,234,000
2,826,926
Economy
Industries
The province of Bulacan is steadily becoming industrialized due to its
proximity to Metro Manila. Many corporations put up industrial plants and
site in Bulacan. Some of the businesses and industries include Agribusiness;
Aquaculture; Banking; Cement Bag Making Ceramics; Construction; Courier;
Education; Food/Food Processing; Furniture; Garments; Gifts, Houseware &
Decors;
Hospitals;
Hotels,
Resorts
&
Restaurants;
Information
and
Communications Technology; Insurance; Jewelry; leather & leather tanning;

Manpower; Manufacturing; Marble; Printing Press; Pyrotechnics & Fireworks
Manufacturing; Realty/Real Property Development; Shoe Manufacturing;
Textile; Trade; Transport Services; Travel & Tours; Other Services
|
Agribusiness & aquaculture

The rural areas still mostly depend on agriculture (in the plains) and
fisheries (in the coastal areas) as a source of income. Some of the major
crops are rice, corn, vegetables, and fruits such as mangoes; and various
kinds of fishes and seafoods.
Banking and finance
Bulacan is served by all major banks with more than 200 banks doing
business in the province. The entrepreneureal culture is supported by the
strong cooperative movement with total assest of over PhP 2 Billion.
Transportation and road networks

Bulacan is dubbed as "The Gateway to the Northern Philippines". The
province is linked with Metro Manila primarily through the North Luzon
Expressway and Manila North Road (well known as the MacArthur Highway)
which crosses the province into Pampanga and western part of Northern
Luzon (western Central Luzon, Ilocos and Cordillera Administrative Region).
While taking the Cagayan Valley Road in Guiguinto, the road leads to Nueva
Ecija and to the eastern part of Northern Luzon (eastern Central Luzon and
Cagayan Valley Region). Bulacan will be accessed by the future C-6 Road
connecting the provinces of Rizal and Cavite and the cities of Taguig,
Paraaque and Muntinlupa which are located in Metro Manila.
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The MacArthur Highway traverses the province from north to south.

Most major towns can be reached through the North Luzon Expressway. A
good number of motor vehicles owned largely by private individuals provide
mobility to Bulacans populace. Aside from five main highways that traverse
the province, all roads are widely dispersed throughout Bulacan.
Bus terminals of Baliuag Transit, California Bus Line, Sampaguita Liner
and Royal Eagle are in Baliuag, Balagtas and Hagonoy. The main bus lines of
Philippine Rabbit, Victory Liner, Aladdin Transit that originate from their main
terminals in Manila, Pasay and Quezon City and travel northward to cities
and towns in Pampanga, Tarlac and Zambales, pass through Bulacan via the
Tabang exit.
Public transportation within the province, like in most of the urban
areas in the Philippines, is facilitated mostly using inexpensive jeepneys and
buses. Tricycles are used for short distances.
Industrial estate and parks

This is a partial list of industrial sites in the province.
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First Bulacan Industrial City -
Malolos City
Intercity Industrial Estate -
I, II, III & IV - Meycauayan
Wakas, Bocaue
Bulacan Agro-Industrial
Sterling Industrial Park Phase
Grand Industrial Estate Plaridel
Subdivision - Calumpit
Sapang Palay Industrial

Estates - San Jose del Monte
City
Bulacan Metro Warehouse

(BMW) Center - Guiguinto
Agus Development
Corporation - Sta. Maria
Meycauayan Industrial Subd.

I, II, III & IV - Meycauayan
Bulacan ICT Park - Marilao
Meridian Industrial
Golden City Business Park -
Compound - Meycauayan
Muralla Industrial Project Meycauayan
Wakas, Bocaue
Sterling Industrial Park MArilao
First Velenzuela Industrial

Compound - Meycauayan
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Bulacan got the top place for "LGU's with Highest Gross Income" (PhP
1,717,600,000.00) and "Top Spender by LGU's" (PhP 1,349,420,000.00), and

third (3rd) among the "Top Provinces with Generated Biggest Net Income"
(PhP 368,180,000.00) according to the 2006 ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORT LOCAL GOVERNMENTS of the Commission of Audit. The first time to top the
perennial top placer, which was the Province of Cebu.
The province got the top place for "LGU's with Highest Gross
Income" (PhP 1,807,600,000.00), second (2nd) in "Top Spender by LGU's"

(PhP 1,372,160,000.00), and third (3rd) among the "Top Provinces with
Generated Biggest Net Income" (PhP 434,830,000.00) according to the 2007
ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORT - LOCAL GOVERNMENTS of the Commission of
Audit.
Based on the Commission of Audit's 2008 Annual Financial
Report for Local Governments, the province's total gross income had
increased to PhP 1,965,633,000.00 (including the subsidies and extra items).
It's expenses had also increased to PhP 1,641,325,000.00, which brings a
total net income of PhP 324,308,000.00.
Education
The province is home to several nationally recognized public and
private educational institutions such as the Bulacan State University (Main,

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Satellite & International Campuses), Polytechnic University of the Philippines

(Sta. Maria Extension Campus), University of Regina Carmeli, Centro Escolar
University (Malolos Campus)and AMA Computer College ( Malolos Branch ).
San Rafael Bulacan
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San
Rafael is
1st
class municipality in
the province of Bulacan, Philippines. According to the latest census, it has a

population of 85,284 inhabitants in 14,639 households.
Built Up Area
With the continuous expansion of Metro Manila, the municipality is now

included in Manila built up area which reaches San Ildefonso in its
Northernmost part.
Barangays
San Rafael is politically subdivided into 34 barangays (5 urban, 29

rural).
BMA-Balagtas
Diliman I
Banca-banca
Diliman II
Caingin
Capihan
Coral na Bato
Libis
Cruz na Daan
Lico
Dagat-dagatan
Maasim
|
Mabalas-balas
Pulong Bayabas
Maguinao
Salapungan
Maronquillo
Sampaloc
Paco
San Agustin
Pansumaloc
San Roque
Pantubig
Talacsan
Pasong Bangkal
Tambubong
Pasong Callos
Tukod
Pasong Intsik
Ulingao
Pinacpinacan
Sapang Pahalang
Poblacion
Pulo
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Nueva Ecija Province
Map of the Philippines with Nueva Ecija highlighted
Coordinates:
1535N 12100E / 15.583N
121ECoordinates:
1535N 12100E /
15.583N 121E
Nueva Ecija (Filipino:Bagong Ekiha) (PSGC: 034900000; ISO:
PH-NUE) is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Central

Luzon region. Its capital is Palayan City. Nueva Ecija borders, from the south
clockwise, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Pangasinan, Nueva Vizcaya, and
Aurora.
Proposed Microwave Link from San Rafael, Bulacan to Cabanatuan City,

Nueva Ecija - WiMAX |
History
Named after the old city of cija in Seville, Spain,Nueva Ecija was
created as a military comandancia in 1777 by Governor General Clavera,

with the capital, Josean at Baler (now part of Aurora). It was formerly part of
the province of Pampanga. From its humble beginning, its land area grew to
cover almost the entire island of Luzon. Spanish Records in the Philippines
recognizes 2 Spanish countries in the Pacific-- Las Islas Filipinas and Nueva
cija. Poverty was the only reason why Nueva Ecija was not given recognition
as a separate country from the Philippines by the King of Spain in 1840s.
From 1777 to 1917, Nueva Ecija's territory was however subdivided to give
way to the creation of other provinces. The Province of Tayabas (now Aurora
and Quezon) including Polillo Islands, the provinces of Palanan (now Isabela),
Cagayan, the province of Nueva Vizcaya, the territory which became part of
the Province of Quirino, and the province of Manila north of the province of
Tondo in 1867, and the District of Morong (now Rizal) were among those
created out of Nueva Ecija.
In 1896, Nueva Ecija became one of the first provinces to revolt
against Spanish rule, and one of the provinces which declared its
independence in 1898.
Economy

Nueva Ecija is considered the main rice growing province of the
Philippines and the leading producer of onions in the Municipality of

Bongabon in South East Asia.
Major Industries
Nueva Ecija is one of the top producers of agricultural products in
the country. Its principal crops is mainly rice but corn and onion are also
produced in quantity. The province is often referred to as the Rice Granary
of the Philippines. Other major crops are onion, mango, calamansi
(calamondin orange), banana, garlic, and vegetables. The town of Bongabon
at the eastern part of the province at the foot of the Sierra Madre mountains
and its neighbouring Laur and Rizal are the major producers of onion and
garlic. Bongabon is called the "onion capital of the country".
Education is very well established as a major industry in the
province. The leading educational institutions are the Central Luzon State
University in Munoz and Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology,
Wesleyan University-Philippines, La Fortuna College and Araullio University in
Cabanatuan. There are 18 tertiary level institutions in Cabanatuan City alone.
Health services are also a notable industry and a number of
hospitals cater to patients from within Nueva Ecija and some coming from
neighbouring provinces. There are also a number of schools of nursing and

midwifery, mostly in Cabanatuan.
Here are poultry farms in a number of towns, most notably, the
Lorenzo poultry farms in San Isidro which is one of the largest in the
country. Duck raising and egg production is also an important
livelihood. Fishponds are unevenly distributed throughout the province
but the largest concentrations are in San Antonio, Santa Rosa, and
Cuyapo.
Fabrication of tricycle "sidecars" is widespread in the province,
notably in Santa Rosa, where prices are as low as PhP 7,000 which is
practically the cheapest in the country.
Several areas have mineral deposits. Copper and manganese
have been found in General Tinio, Carranglan, and Pantabangan. The upper
reaches of Carranglan and Palayan City are said to contain gold.
In June 2008, it has also received the title: "Milk Capital of the
Philippines" due to the reason that Nueva Ecija gathers more milk from both
cows and carabaos or water buffaloes than any other place in the Philippines.
The Philippine Carabao Center is located in CLSU compound in Munoz City.
Geography
Physical

The province is the largest in Central Luzon. Its terrain begins
with the southwestern marshes near the Pampanga border. It levels off and
then gradually increases in elevation to rolling hills as it approaches the
mountains of Sierra Madre in the east, and the Caraballo and Cordillera
ranges in the north.
Cities
Cabanatuan City
Gapan City
Palayan City
San Jose City
Science City of Muoz(website)
Municipalities
Aliaga
Nampicuan

Bongabon
Pantabangan
Cabiao
Pearanda
Carranglan
Quezon (Bertese and Ilog Baliwag)
Cuyapo
Rizal
Gabaldon (Bitulok &
San Antonio
San Isidro
San Leonardo
Santa Rosa
Santo Domingo (Konsehal Jayson Sagnip,
Sabani)
General Mamerto
Natividad
General Tinio
Guimba
Zone 1 San Fabian)
Jan
Talavera
Cabanatuan City, NuevaEcija

first
class,
The City of Cabanatuan (Filipino: Lungsod ng Cabanatuan) is a

urban city in
the province of Nueva
Ecija, Philippines.
It
is
considered the commercial, industrial and educational hub of the province.

According to the latest census, it has a population of 259,267 people in
45,424 households which makes it the largest city in the province and fifth all
over the region. In terms of income and economic growth, Cabanatuan is one
of the fastest-growing cities in the country. It has a metropolitan population

of +500,000. It's a bustling city home to many jeepneys and tricycles. It
bears the title as the "Tricycle Capital of the Philippines", because it has
about over 38,202 (as of September 2009) registered tricycles.
History
Cabanatuan was founded as Barrio of Gapan in 1750 and
became a Municipality and capital of La Provincia de Nueva Ecija in 1780. In

1899, Emilio Aguinaldo moved the Capital of the First Philippine Republic
from Malolos to Cabanatuan. Cabanatuan is the site of the historical "Plaza
Lucero" and the Cabanatuan Cathedral, where General Antonio Luna was
ambushed on his way to Palanan. Cabanatuan lost the title of capital in 1850
when the capital of Nueva Ecija was moved to San Isidro, another historic
town. It was only in 1917, when the Administrative code was enacted, that
Cabanatuan was restored as capital of the Province. However, in 1965,
Congress created Palayan City, which has been the capital ever since.
During World War II, the occupying Japanese built Cabanatuan Prison
Camp, where manyAmerican soldiers were imprisoned, some of whom
had been forced to endure the infamous "Bataan Death March". In
January 1945 elements of the US Army 6th Ranger Battalion marched
30 miles behind enemy lines to rescue the prisoners in what became
known as the Raid at Cabanatuan.
Cabanatuan was also the epicenter of a massive earthquake at roughly
3 p.m. on July 16, 1990. The earthquake leveled some buildings,

including the Christian College of the Philippines (Liwag Colleges) in
the midst of class time. At 7.7 on the Richter scale, it killed 1653
people.
Transportation
The city is a major hub of transportation services within the province. It
is often called as "Tricycle Capital of the Philippines" with over 40,000+

registered tricycles that roam around the city as of early 2010. The
Cabanatuan City Central Transport Terminal was constructed to handle
all passengers and transport vehicles going in and out of the city.
Within the city, tricycles are used as a major mode of transportation
since buses and jeepneys are mostly headed outside the city.
The Cabanatuan City Central Transport Terminal looks like an airport.

Roads
Maharlika Highway is the main highway in Cabanatuan City. All vehicles

coming from and to Cagayan Valley passes through this highway.
Nueva Ecija-Aurora Highway is also a main road in the city connecting
Cabanatuan City and parts of Aurora Province. The newly constructed
11-kilometer four-lane Felipe Vergara Highway links town of Talavera to
Brgy. Sumacab Este to ease the traffic congestion along the busy
Maharlika Highway, which has a daily vehicle traffic of more than
60,000. Other major roads include Circumferential Roads 1 and 2,
Burgos Avenue, M. De Leon Avenue, Emilio Vergara Boulevard, Mabini
Street
and
del
Pilar
Street.
The
proposed North
Luzon
East
Expressway will pass through the city from Manila all the way to
Tuguegarao City, and also Tarlac-Nueva Ecija-Aurora Expressway that
will link Tarlac to Dingalan Bay.
Banking and Communications
Cabanatuan City was credited for its good access to commercial banks
that is why the city was ranked as one of the most livable cities in the
Philippines together with Makati City in terms of banking. There are 50
commercial banks in the city, including the major players and their
multiple branches citywide. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) has a
branch
in
the
city's
business
district.
Globe
Telecom,
Smart

Communications and Sun Cellular also had their business offices

located in the city. The Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company
(PLDT) had their business office at General Tinio St., while Digitel is in
Mabini Extension. TV and Radio Stations are also present in the city.
Business and Economy
Cabanatuan City boasts of modern establishments serving a large

consumer market that can absorb further commercial development.
Some recent developments in the city include the opening of 2
branches of Mang Inasal, Hotel Sogo Cabanatuan, Puregold (under
construction) and Camella Homes (under land acquisition). The major
car
companies Toyota, Mitsubishi, Hyundai, Ford, Nissan, Isuzu, Kia and Suz
uki had their car dealerships placed along the city's main thoroughfare.
Besides being the trading center of agricultural products from the

surrounding farming communities, there are other markedly vibrant
economic potentials for Cabanatuan City. It is building a reputation of
becoming the IT hub of Central Luzon - as there are thousands of
English-proficient students in the city. The first call center in Nueva
Ecija was established in the city in 2008. It is also fast-becoming a
major investment hub and considered as one of the most competitive
cities for doing business in the country.
The city's continuing urbanization lured investors not only into the city
but also to the suburban municipalities as well. Its properly placed
infrastructure is already having an effect to the city's development.
Education and Health
Cabanatuan City is the educational center of the province, the city is a

university town with 48.21% of the population are students, the city
has 3 universities, 5 institutions, 1 science high school, more than 15
public high schools, and more than 80 public and primary schools.
Notable institutions include Wesleyan University- Philippines, which is
the largest and oldest private university in the province, also the first
and only autonomous university in the province; Araullo University,
owned by PHINMA one of the most modern universities in the province;
Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology; College of the
Immaculate Concepcion; La Fortuna Colleges and the Dr. Gloria Lacson
Foundation Colleges. The city is also the home of a catholic seminary Maria Assumpta Seminary.
Many hospitals can be found in the city proper, mostly private and
clean which made Cabanatuan City the center for medical operations
and research. Notable hospitals include - Dr. Paulino J. Garcia Medical
Hospital is one of the most largest hospitals in the region; Nueva Ecija
Good Samaritan General Hospital, one of the most advanced and
modern hospitals in the province; Wesleyan University General Hospital

Center, one of the most modern and cleanest hospitals in the region,
also the first open-heart surgery outside of Manila was made here.
Entertainment
The city is also home to large malls which provide entertainment for
the
population.
These
malls
include NE
Pacific
Mall, Robinsons
Cabanatuan, Megacenter the Mall, Melanio's, and the NE Mall. SM

Prime is now planning of constructing a supermall by 2011.
Barangays
Cabanatuan City is administratively subdivided into 89 barangays.
Aduas Centro
Fatima (Pob.)
Pula
Aduas Norte
General Luna (Pob.)
Quezon
Aduas Sur
Hermogenes C.
Bagong Sikat
Bagong Buhay
Bakero
Bakod Bayan
Balit
District (Pob.)
Concepcion, Sr.
Rizdelis (Pob.)
Ibabao Bana
Samon
Imelda District
Sanbermecristi
Isla (Pob.)
San Isidro
Kalikid Norte
San Josef Norte
Kalikid Sur
San Josef Sur

Bantug Bulalo
Kapitan Pepe (Pob.)
San Juan Accfa
Bantug Norte
Lagare
San Roque
Barlis
Barrera District (Pob.)

Bernardo District
(Pob.)
M. S. Garcia
San Roque Sur
Sumacab Este
Sumacab
Mabini Extension
Mabini Homesite
Macatbong
Magsaysay North
Magsaysay South
Maria Theresa
Norte
Bitas
Bonifacio District
(Pob.)
Buliran
Bryan Sarmiento's
Matadero (Pob.)
Lourdes
Mayapyap North
Mayapyap South
Melojavilla (Pob.)
Nabao (Pob.)
Obrero
Padre Crisostomo
Padre Burgos (Pob.)
Pagas
Palagay
Great State
Cabu
Caudillo
Calawagan
(Kalawagan)
Caalibang
Camp Tinio
Caridad Village
Cinco-Cinco
Norte
City
Supermarket/Bayan
Sumacab
South
Sanbermicristi
(Pob.)
Sangitan West
Sangitan East
Santa Arcadia
Santo Nio
Sapang
Talipapa
Valdefuente
Valle Cruz
Vijandre
District (Pob.)
Villa Ofelia

(Pob.)
Pamaldan
Communal
Pangatian
Cruz Roja
Patalac
Daang Sarile
Polilio
Dalampang
Dicarma (Pob.)
Dimasalang (Pob.)
D.S. Garcia
Zulueta
District (Pob.)
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Site Selection
The following are some of the basic considerations for the proper
site selection of a microwave terminal station;

1. A description of physical characteristics of the site.
2. Geographical coordinates of the proposed sites,
political
subdivisions, access roads and physical objects with which the

sites can be identified.
3. Relationship of the site to any commercial, military, or private
airport within several miles.
4. Mean sea level elevation of the sites.
5. Any unusual weather conditions to be expected in the area,
including the maximum expected wind velocity and range of
temperatures.
6. Nearest location where commercial electrical power may be
obtained.
Microwave Path
Terrain and other obstructions
The effect of the obstacles of both in and near in the path and
the terrain has a bearing on the propagation of the radio energy from one
point to another even at microwave frequencies.
The microwave beam is influenced by the intermediate path

between stations and by obstacles.
Most physical objects in the line of site will tend to block the
beam causing loss of the signal at the receiver.
An important concept of analyzing microwave propagation

effects particularly those of refraction, diffraction, reflection and the effects
of the terrain and obstructions is that of Fresnel zone.
In order to ensure free space propagation it is essential that all

potential obstructions along path are removed from the beam centerline by
at least 60% of the radius of the first Fresnel zone at the point of
obstructions.
Rain Attenuation
At microwave frequencies of 11GHz and 12GHz or above rain
attenuation can be very serious. The amount of attenuation depends upon

the rate of rainfall, size of raindrops and the length of exposure.
Two things to bear in mind in connection with rain attenuation

are that (1) multipath fading does not occur during the period of heavy
rainfall so the entire path fade margin is available to combat the rain
attenuation
and
(2)
neither
space
nor
frequency
diversity
provide
improvement against rain attenuation.
Atmospheric Absorption
Atmospheric absorption due to oxygen and water vapor also
exists. The magnitude of the effect is quite small at the lower frequencies
(2GHz-8GHz) and is usually neglected.
Equipments
Microwave Antenna Selection

Operating frequency band. To be approved by NTC.
Gain. For a given frequency band, gain is primarily a function of
antenna size.
Wind load.
Radio System Consideration

The amount of radio gain available, as determined by transmitter
power output and receiver noise characteristics.

Operating frequency band and required frequency spacing

between radio channels, as determined by transmitter deviation,
receiver selectivity, and frequency stability.

Primary power requirements and options available.
The receiver threshold or receiver sensitivity should always be
considered.
The data capacity of the radio equipment to determine how
much information it can carry.
Radome
A radome is a protective covering used to prevent snow, ice,
water, or debris from accumulating on a microwave antenna.
Heated
radomes are available for use in areas where severe ice and snow conditions
exist. The use of a radome results in lower antenna gain.
Transmission Line
Transmission lines provide the means of coupling the transmitter
and receiver to the antenna.
The radiated output power of the
transmitter will be substantially reduced if the transmission line is

incorrectly used or if length is too long, so precautions should be taken
to use the correct type of line for the radio equipment used, and to
1.
2.
3.
4.
keep all transmission line length is short.Tower Consideration

Size and weight of the antenna and transmission line system.
The anticipated wind loading.
The required antenna beam stability.
The height necessary to permit the antenna to clear all surrounding
and path obstacles.

5.
The amount of land available in the erection of the tower.
6.
Soil conditions where the tower to be built.
7.
Proximity to airports or airlines, which brings possibility of government
restriction on permissible.
8.
9.
Color coding of the tower is considered.

Provided with beacon light and lightning protection system
COORDINATES CALCULATION

GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE CALCULATION
SITE A:
SITE B:
MAGUINAO,
BULACAN P.
CABANATUAN
SAN
RAFAEL,
CRISOSTOMO,
CITY,
NUEVA
ECIJA
Longitude: 120 56 3.52
Longitude: 120 58
5.03
Latitude: 15 01 28.08
Latitude: 15 28
49.45
Longitude A -
Longitude B
A=
A = 120 56 3.52- 120 58 5.03
A = - 0 2 1.51
Latitude A
b= 90 -
b = 90 - 15 01 28.08
b = 74 58 31.92
c = 90 -
Latitude B

c = 90 - 15 28 49.45
c = 74 31 10.55
cos a = [cos(b) x cos (c)] + [sin (b) x sin (c) x cos (A)]
cos a = [cos (74 58 31.92)x cos (74 31 10.55)]+ [sin (74
58 31.92)x sin (74 31 10.55) x cos (- 0 25 10)]

0.4570975131 x 111.11754
a=
a = 50.7915512 km
km
1
Measued distance = 51 km
ANTENNA ORIENTATION CALCULATION
Site A to B
Site A:
Longitude
120 56 3.52
Latitude
15 01 28.08
Longitude
120 58 5.03
Latitude
Site B:
15 28 49.45
C=|LongitudeA LongitudeB|
C=|120 56 3.52 120 58 5.03|
C=0 2' 1.51' '

LatitudeBLatitudeA
(
)
2
Y X
C
tan (
=
cot
2 ) [ ( 2 )]
LatitudeB+ LatitudeA
cos (
)
2
sin
14 36 58.38 14 25 38.92
(
)
2
Y X
0 25 10 ' '
tan (
=
cot
)] cos 14 36 58.38 +14 25 38.92
2 ) [ (
2
(
)
2
tan
'
sin
=14.00124822
( Y X
2 )
Y X
=85 54 53.09
2
LatitudeBLatitudeA
(
)
2
Y+X
C
tan (
=
cot
2 ) [ ( 2 )]
LatitudeB+ LatitudeA
sin (
)
2
cos
14 36 58.38 14 25 38.92
(
)
2
Y+X
0 25 10 ' '
tan (
=
cot
)] sin 14 36 58.38 +14 25 38.92
2 ) [ (
2
(
)
2
'
cos
tan
( Y +2 X )=12905.19828
Y+X
=89 59 44.02
2


Y X
(
( Y +X
)
2
2 )
X=
X =89 59 44.0285 54 53.09
X =4 4 ' 50.93 ' '
Y=
( Y +2 X )+( Y X
2 )
Y =89 59 44.02 +85 54 53.09
Y =175 54' 37.11 ' '
@ Site A:
N ( 90 x ) E
S ( 90 x ) W
'
90 x=904 4 50.93
90 x=85 55 9.07 ' '
''
'
N ( 85 55' 9.07 ' ' ) E

'
S ( 85 55 9.07 ' ' ) W

@ Site B:
N (Y 90 ) E
S (Y 90 ) W
Y 90 =175 54' 37.11 ' '90

'
Y 90 =85 54 37.11 ' '
N ( 85 54 ' 37.11 ' ' ) E

'
S ( 85 54 37.11 ' ' ) W

ANTENNA HEIGHT CALCULATION
PARAMETERS:
H = Fresnel Clearance,(m)
h0 = total height of the obstruction,(m)
h1 =total height elevation at the lower site,(m)
h2 = total height elevation at the higher site,(m)
D = total distance (km)
d1 = distance of less elevated site to obstruction,(km)
d2 = distance of more elevated site to obstruction,(km)
a1= antenna height of less elevated site,(m)
a2 = antenna height of more elevated site,(m)
T.G. = Tree Growth, 15 meters
e1 = elevation of the less elevated site,(m)
e2 = elevation of the more elevated site,(m)
e0 = elevation of the considered obstruction,(m)
eb = earth bulge,(m)
er = elevation of the of the point of reflection
K = effective earth radius factor, 4/3
F1 = radius of first Fresnel zone,(m)
F = frequency from site A to B, GHz
F = frequency from site B to A, GHz

FORMULAS:
Earth Bulge (eb)
e b=
d1 d2
12.75
4
3
First Fresnel Zone (F1)
F1=17.3
d1 d2
fD
Fresnel Clearance (H)
ho =e b+ e o+ TG
H=0.6 F 1

H=
d 1 (h2h1)
h o+ h1
D
h1=a1+ e1
h2=a2 +e 2

HOP: SITE A TO SITE B
Magunao,
San
Rafael,
Bulacan
to
P.
e0
Crisostomo,
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Given:
F = 7.7477
GHz
25 m
D =51 km
d1=11 km
e2
TG
a1
25 m
d2= 40 km
e1 =10
K=
15 m
4
3
a2
Solution:

eb
eb
d1 d2
4
12.75
3
ho =e b+ e o+ TG
40 11
4
12.75
3
ho =25.88235+25+15
eb = 25.88235 m
ho
65.88235
d1 d2
F1 = 17.3 F D
H = F1 (0.6)
( 40 11)
F1 = 17.3 (7.7477 51)
(18.25580362) (0.6)
F1 = 18.25580362 m
10.95348217m
H=
d 1(h2h1 )
h o + h1

10+ a
( 1)
(25+a 1)
11
10.95348217=
a1 = 70.07113 m
65.88235 + 10 + a1

HOP: SITE B TO SITE A
P. Crisostomo, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija to Magunao,
San Rafael, Bulacan
Given:
F = 8.05902
GHz
25 m
D = 51 km
d1 = 11 km
e2
25 m
d 2= 40 km
e1
10 m
e0
k=
TG=
15 m
4
3
Solution:
eb
d1 d2
4
12.75
3
ho =e b+ e o+ TG

eb
22.5 4
4
12.75
3
ho =25.88235+25+15
eb = 25.88235 m
ho = 65.88235 m
d1 d 2
F1 = 17.3 F ' D
H = F1 (0.6)
(11 40)
F1 = 17.3 (8.0590251)
H = (17.89972)
(0.6)
F1 =17.89972m
H =
10.73983198m
H=
d 1(h2h1 )
h o + h1

10.73983198=
a1 = 63.387 m
11 [(25+ a1) (10+ a1)]

65.88235 + 10 + a1
51
note: For sufficient allowance/Fresnel clearance, use the higher
computed tower height.
VERTICAL PANNING
Formulas:
1= 2=tan 1
( h h
D )
2
h1 = height of antenna of less elevated side
h2 = height of antenna of more elevated side
D = distance from one site to another, (km)
1= 2=Vertical Panning Angle


VERTICAL PANNING
Given:
D=50.7915512 km
Site A:
h1=80 m
Site B:
h2=95 m
Solution:
1= 2=tan 1
( h h
D )
1= 2=tan 1
9580
( 50.7915512
1000 )
1= 2=0 . 01692085883=0 01' 0 . 92' '

POINT OF REFLECTION
HOP 1: SITE A to B
@ Site A
@ Site B
h1=e1 + a1
h2 = e 2 + a 2
h1 = 10m + 70m
h2 = 25m + 70m
h1 = 80m
h2 =95m
D= 50.7915512km
X=
h1
D2
y=
h2
D2
4
3
For K=
Solution:
h1 = 80 m
h2 = 95m
D = 50.7915512km = 31.56040672 mi.
1
1+
1 ft
=
( 0.3048
m)
1 ft
=
( 0.3048
m)
y
x
262.4671916 ft
311.67979 ft

x=
y=
h1
D
h2
D
262.4671916 ft
ft
=0.2635055953 2
2
( 31.56040672mi .)
mi
311.67979 ft
ft
=0.3129128944 2
2
(31.56040672mi)
mi
1+
y
x
1
0.3129128944
1+
0.2635055953
=0.4785319247
d1 =
d1
d2 =
d 2 = 26.48617244km
D=( 0.4785319247 ) 50.7915512km)
=24.30537876km
Dd1 =( 50.7915512km ) (24.30537876km)

REFLECTION ANGLE
Given:
h1=80 m
d1= 24.30537876km
er=10m
h2=95 m
d2= 26.48617244km
K=
4
3
d1 d2
eb 12.75 K
eb
24.30537876 x 26.48617244
4
12.75
3

eb = 37.8680266 m
h1 e reb
d1
A =tan 1
A =tan 1
( 801037.8680266
)
24.30537876
A =50 30' 5. 28
h 2e reb
d2
B =tan1
B =tan1
( 901037.8680266
)
26.48617244
B =62 43 13 . 44
'
ATMOSPHERIC LOSSES
FORMULAS:
AO =
Oxygen Absorption Loss (Ao)
7.19 x 103+
6.09
4.81
+
x f 2 x 103 x D
2
f + 0.227 ( f 57 ) +1.5
2

Water Vapor Loss (AH2O)
f 22.3 +7.3
183.3
f
2+6
AH2O =
2
4
x f x 12 x 10 x D
3
0.067+
Rainfall Attenuation (Ar)
log ( 10 )log ( f )
M = log ( 10 )log(12)
Y=
D
D
1+
0.015 xR
35 e
K=
log
[ log ( K 1 )M ] x [ log ( K 1 )log ( K 2 ) ]
a = a1 M(a1 a2)
Ar = Y x K x Ra

PARAMETERS USED:
F = frequency from site A to B, GHz
F = frequency from site B to A, GHz
D = great circle distance, km
Ao(F)= oxygen absorption loss from site A to B, dB
Ao(F) = oxygen absorption loss from site B to A, dB
AH2O(F) = water vapor loss from site A to B, dB
AH2O(F) = water vapor loss from site B to A, dB
Ar(F) = rainfall attenuation from site A to B,dB
Ar(F) = rainfall attenuation from site B to A,dB
R = rainfall amount, mm/hr
AL(F) = atmospheric loss from site A to B, dB
AL(F) = atmospheric loss from site B to A, dB


Magunao,
San
Rafael,
Bulacan
to
P.
Crisostomo,

Given:
F = 7.7477 GHz
D = 50.7915512 km
Ao(F)=
7.19 x 103+
6.09
4.81
+
x (7.7477)2 x 103 x 50.7915512
2
(7.7477) +0.227 ( 7.747757 )2+1.5
Ao(F) =0.3361182177 dB

7.747722.3 2+7.3
183.3
7.74777
2+6
AH2O=
3
0.067+
x (7.7477)2 x 12 x 104 x 50.7915512
AH2O(F) = 0.2964561301dB
Rainfall Attenuation (AR)
= 375 mm/month **rainfall values acc. to PAGASA
R = 375 mm/month x (1 month/30 days) x (1 day/24 hrs.)
R= 0.5208333333 mm/hr
M=
log ( 7 )log ( 7.7477 )

log ( 7 )log ( 8 )
M(F) = 0.760051101
Y=
50.7915512
50.7915512
1+
35 e0.015 x0.5208333333

Y = 20.62543288
K1=0.00395
** Based on Regression Coefficient Table
K2=0.00265
log
[ log ( 0.00395 )0.760051101 ] x [ log ( 0.00395 ) log ( 0.00265 ) ]
K=
K(F )= 0.2761993838
a1= 1.327 ** Based on Regression Coefficient Table
a2= 1.332 ** Based on Regression Coefficient Table
a= 1.327 0.760051101 (1.327 1.332)
a(F)=1.330800076
1.330800076
Ar = 20.62543288x 0.2761993838x (0.5208333333)
Ar(F) = 2.39115914 dB
AL = Ao + AH20 + Ar
AL = 0.3361182177 +0.2964561301dB + 2.39115914
AL(F )= 3.023733488 dB


San Rafael, Bulacan
Given:
F = 8.05902 GHz
D = 50.7915512 km
AO=
7.19 x 103+
6.09
4.81
+
x( 8.05902)2 x 103 x 50.7915512
2
2
(8.05902) +0.227 ( 8.0590257 ) +1.5
Ao(F) = 0.3385919648 dB
8.0590222.3 2 +7.3
183.3
8.05902
2+6
AH2O=
3
0.067+
x (8.05902)2 x 12 x 104 x 50.7915512

AH2O(F) = 0.3230765811 dB
Rainfall Attenuation (AR)
R = 375 mm/month **rainfall values acc. to PAGASA
R = 375 mm/month x (1 month/30 days) x (1 day/24 hrs.)
R= 0.5208333333 mm/hr
M=
log ( 7 )log ( 8.05902 )

log ( 7 )log ( 8 )
M(F) = 0.03294031718
50.7915512
50.7915512
1+
0.015 x0.5208333333
35 e
Y=
Y = 20.62543288
K1 = 0.00887
K2 = 0.00395
K=
K(F) = 0.1838762566
log
[ log ( 0.00887 )0.03294031718 ] x [ log ( 0.00887 )log ( 0.00395 ) ]
a1 = 1.276 ** Based on Regression Coefficient Table

a2 =1.327
a = 1.276
a(F)=1.277679956
0.03294031718
(1.276 1.327)
Ar = 20.62543288x 0.1838762566x (0.5208333333)
Ar(F) = 1.648012208 dB
1.277679956
AL= Ao + AH20 + Ar
AL= 0.3385919648 + 0.3230765811 + 1.648012208
AL(F) = 2.309670754 dB

TRANSMISSION CALCULATIONS
Parameters Used:
F = Frequency from Site A-B(GHz)
F= Frequency from Site B-A(GHz)
D = Distance (km)
Pt = Transmitted Power (dBm) * radio specification
B = Antenna Diameter (m) * antenna specification
IL= Insertion Loss (dB) *connector specification
AF = Attenuation Factor (dB/m) * waveguide specification
WL = Waveguide Length (m)
RL = Radome Loss (dB) * radome specification

AML = Antenna Misalignment Loss (dB) (0.25 dB)
IT = Improvement Threshold (dBm) * radio specification
TFL = Total Fixed Loss (dB)
NPL = Net Path Loss (dB)
FSL = Free Space Loss (dB)
AG = Antenna Gain (dB)
RSL = Receive Signal Level (dBm)
FM = Fade Margin (dB)
Formulas
AG =20 log F +20 log B+ 17 .8
Total Gain= [ AG ] [2]
Transmission Line Loss=[ AF ][ WL ]
WL=antennaheight +allowance(5 m)
Total Loss=[ TLLTX ]+[TLLRX ]+ [ 2 ][ RL ] + [ AML ] + [ 4 ] [IL]
Free Space Loss=20 log F+20 log D+92 . 44
Total Loss=TFL+ FSL+ AL
Net Path Loss=|TG TL|
Received Signal Level=Pt NPL

Fade Margin=RSLIT

Magunao,
San
Rafael,
Bulacan
to
P.
Crisostomo,
GIVEN:
F =7.7477GHz
RL = 0.8 dB
D = 50.7915512 km
AML = 0.25 dB
B= 1.8 m
WLTX
Pt = 28 dB
WLRX =75 m
IT = - 86 dBm
AL
(F)
3.023733488
dB
= 75m
AF(F) = .0588 dB/m
IL= 0.01 dB
AG =20 log F +20 log B+ 17 .8

AG = 20 log (7.7477) + 20 log (1.8) + 17.8
AG
(F)
= 40.68890602 dB
Total Gain= [ A G(F ) ] [2]

TG = (40.68890602) (2)
TG(F) = 81.37781204 dB

Transmission Line Loss=[ A F(F ) ] [ WL ]
TLLTX / rx(F ) = [0.0588] [75]
TLLTX / Rx(F ) = 4.41 dB
TFL(F) = [4.41] + [4.41] + [2] [0.8] + [0.25] + [4] [0.01]
TFL
(F)
= 10.71 dB
FSL(F) = 20 log (7.7477) + 20 log (50.7915512) + 92.44
FSL
(F)
= 144.2992855 dB
Total Loss=TF L(F )+ FS L(F ) + A L(F )
TL(F) = 10.71 + 144.2992855 + 3.023733488
TL
(F)
= 158.0330189 dB

NPL(F) = |81.37781204 158.0330189 |
NPL(F) = 76.65520686 dB

RSL(F) = 28 76.65520686
RSL
(F)
= -48.65520686 dBm
Fade Margin=RS L(F )IT
FM(F) = -48.65520686 (-86)
FM(F) = 37.34479314 dB

San Rafael, Bulacan
GIVEN:
F= 8.05902 GHz
RL = 0.8 dB
D = 50.7915512 km
AML = 0.25 dB
B= 1.8 m
WLTX
Pt = 28 dB
WLRX =75 m
IT = - 86 dBm
AL(F) = 2.309670754
dB
= 75m
AF(F) = .05705 dB/m
IL= 0.01 dB
AG =20 log F +20 log B+ 17 .8

AG(F) = 20 log (8.05902) + 20 log (1.8) + 17.8
AG(F) = 41.03109477 dB
Total Gain= [ A G (F ) ] [2]

TG(F) = (41.03109477) (2)
TG(F) = 82.06218954 dB

Transmission Line Loss=[ AF ][ WL ]
TLLTX / RX (F ) = [0.05705] [75]
TLLTX / rx ( F )
= 4.27875 dB
TFL(F) = [4.27875] + [4.27875] + [2] [0.8] + [0.25] + [4] [0.01]
TFL(F) = 10.4475 dB
FSL(F) = 20 log (8.05902) + 20 log (50.7915512) + 92.44
FSL
(F)
= 144.6414742 dB
Total Loss=TF L(F ) + FS L(F )+ A L(F )
TL(F) = 10.4475 + 144.6414742 + 2.309670754
TL(F) = 157.398645 dB

NPL(F) = |82.06218954 157.398645 |
NPL(F) = 75.33645546 dB
RSL(F) = 28 75.33645546
RSL(F) = -47.33645546 dBm
Fade Margin=RSLIT
FM = -47.33645546 (-86)
FM
(F)
= 38.66354454 dB

SYSTEM ANALYSIS CALCULATION
Parameters Used:
P1 = Pt = Transmitted Output Power in (dBm) (See radio
specifications)
P3 = EIRP = Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (dBm)
P4 = IRL = Isotropic Received Level (dBm)
P6 = RSL = Received Signal Level (dBm)
TLL = Transmission Line Loss (dB)
AGtx/rx = Antenna Gain (dB)
RL = Radome Loss
FSL = Free Space Loss (dB)
IT = Improvement Threshold (dBm) (See radio specifications)
FM = Fade Margin (dB)
AML = Antenna Misalignment 0.25 (dB) (By: Manny Rule)
IL = Insertion Loss

AL = Atmospheric Loss
Undp = non- diversity probability for a given path

a = roughness factor/ terrain characteristics; 1 for average
terrain
b = climate factor/ characteristics; 0.25 for Philippines
(tropical)
Magunao,
San
Rafael,
Bulacan
to
P.
Crisostomo,
GIVEN:
F=7.7477
PT = 28 dBm
AG
(F)
FSL(F) = 144.2992855
dB
AL
(F)
TLLTX (F ) = 4.41dB
TLLRX (F ) = 4.41dB
=40.68890602
dB
IL = 0.01dB
RL = 0.8dB
=3.023733488 dB
AML = 0.25 dB

P1=PT =28 dBm
P2=P1TLLTX
- 2(IL)
P2=23 . 57 dBm
P3=P2 + AG
P3=64 . 25890602 dBm
P4 =P 3FSL ALRL
P4 =83 . 86411297 dBm
P5=P4 + AG
P5=43.17520695 dBm
P6=P5 TLLRX 2IL RL AML

P6=48 . 65520695 dBm RSL
FM =
48.65520695
- (-86)

FM(F) = 37.34479305 dB
San Rafael, Bulacan
GIVEN:
F=8.05902 GHz
PT = 28 dBm
AG(F)
TLLTX (F ) =
=41.03109474

dB
4.27875dB
FSL(F)
144.6414742dB
AL(F)
TLLRX (F ) = 4.27875d
=2.309670754
dB
AML = 0.25 dB
IL = 0.01dB
RL = 0.8dB
P1=PT =28 dBm
P2=P1TLLTX
- 2(IL)
P2=23 . 70125 dBm
P3=P2 + AG
P3=64 . 73234477 dBm
P4 =P 3FSL ALRL
P4 =83 . 01880018 dBm
P5=P4 + AG
P5=41.98770541 dBm

P6=P5 TLLRX 2IL RL AML

P6=47 . 33645541 dBm RSL
FM =
47.33645541 - (-86)
FM(F) = 38.66354459 dB

SPACE DIVERSITY TRNASMISSION CALCULATION
Parameters Used:
UNDP = Unavailability for Non-diversity Propagation
ISD = Space Diversity Improvement Factor
USDP = Unavailability for Space Diversity Propagation
FM
= Lower Fade Margin
FM = Higher Fade Margin
S = Antenna spacing in site B
S = Antenna spacing in site A
= Wavelength of F(7.7477GHz)
= Wavelength of F(8.05902GHz)
Re =Fictitious Earth radius
Ro = True Earth radius
K = k-factor
Rhs = Reliability with Hot Standby

Formulas:
UNDP = a b f
1.5
(GHz)
FM
10
ISD=
S=
S '=
1 .2 x 10 fsx 10
d
d(km) 3 (3x 10-7) 10-FM / 10
3 Re
D
3 ' Re
D
Re =k Ro
Ro=6370 km
4
k 3
'=
3 x 10 8
F
3 x 10 8
F'

Given:
D=50.7915512km
F=7.7477GHz,
F=8.05902GHz
SITE A: Maguinao, San Rafael, Bulacan
4 ' (6370)
Antenna spacing =
D
=18.6744 m
Waveguide length for site As diversity antenna

=waveguide length of non diversity antenna antenna
spacing
=75 m- 18.6744 m
= 56.3256 m
Transmission line loss for site As diversity Waveguide
TLLRX SD( F ') =AFxWL
TLLRX SD( F ')
= 56.3256x0.05705

TLLRX SD( F ')
= 3.21337548 dB
SITE B: P. Crisostomo, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Antenna spacing =
= 19.4248 m
4 ' (6370)
D
Waveguide length for site Bs diversity antenna

= waveguide length of non diversity antenna antenna
spacing
=75m- 19.4248m
= 55.5752 m
Transmission line loss for site Bs diversity Waveguide
TLLRX SD( F)
TLLRX SD =55.5752x.0588
=AFxWL

TLLRX SD = 3.26782176 dB
SYSTEM CALCULATION FOR SPACE DIVERSITY
Magunao,
San
Rafael,
Bulacan
to
P.
Crisostomo,
P1=PT =28 dBm
P2=P1TLLTX
- 2(IL)
P2=23 . 57 dBm
P3=P2 + AG

P3=64 . 25890602 dBm
P4 =P 3FSL ALRL
P4 =83 . 86411297 dBm
P5=P4 + AG
P5=43.17520695 dBm
P6=P5 TLLRX SD(F ) 2IL RL AML

P6=47 . 51302 871dBm RSL
47.51302871 dB
FM =
FM = 38.48697129dB
- (-86)

San Rafael, Bulacan

P1=PT =28 dBm
P2=P1TLLTX
P2=23 . 70125 dBm
- 2(IL)

P3=P2 + AG
P3=64 . 73234477 dBm
P4 =P 3FSL ALRL
P4 =83 . 01880018 dBm
P5=P4 + AG
P5=41.98770541 dBm
P6=P5 TLLRX SD(F ') 2IL RL AML
P6=46 . 27108089 dBm RSL
46.27108089 - (-86)
FM =
FM = 39.72891911 dB
SPACE DIVERSITY SYSTEM RELIABILITY

Magunao,
San
Rafael,
Bulacan
to
P.
Crisostomo,
Given:
F= 7.7477(GHz)
a=1
b = 0.25
d = 50.7915512 km
FM= 38.48697129 dB
FM
= 37.34479305 dB
UNDP = (1) x (0.25) x (7.7477)1.5 x (50.7915512)3

38.48697129
10
X (3x 10-7) x ( 10
UNDP = 3.002601935x 10-5
18 . 6744
37 . 34479305
10
2 x 10
1. 2 x 103 (7 . 7477)
ISD=
Note: use the antenna spacing of the Site B

ISD= 327.3067655
3.00262912 x 10
USDP=
327.306755
8
USDP=9.173662912x 10
R = (1 USDP) x 100%
8
R = (1 - 9.173662912x 10 ) x 100
R = 99.99999083%

San Rafael, Bulacan
Given:
F= 8.05902(GHz)
a=1
b = 0.25
d = 50.7915512 km
FM= 39.72891911 dB
FM
= 38.66354459 dB
UNDP = (1) x (0.25) x (8.05902)1.5 x (50.7915512)3
-7
39.72891911
10
X (3x 10 ) x ( 10
UNDP = 2.393134637 x 10-5
19 . 4248
38 .66354459
10
2 x 10
1. 2 x 103 (8 . 05902)
ISD=
Note: use the antenna spacing of the Site A

ISD= 488.1123274
5
USDP=
2.393134637 x 10
488.1123274
8
USDP=4.902835889x 10
R = (1 USDP) x 100%
8
R = (1 - 4.902835889x 10 ) x 100
R = 99.9999951 %

OVERALL RELIABILITY
Without Hot Stanby
R(F) =99.99999083% (A to B)
R(F )= 99.9999951 % (A to B)
Solution:
Ro = 100 (R1 x R2 x R3 .. x Rn)
Ro = 100 (0.9999999083x 0.999999951)
Ro = 99.99998593%
With hot standby
RHS= 100 [(R1 + R2) (R1 x R2)]
RHS = 100 (1.9999997186) (0.99999971860001979649)
RHS = 99.999999999998020351%

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The author has not done any actual design yet, that is why this is
not made to be materialized. For this design to be implemented, further

studies should be conducted regarding to those with mentioned delimitations
especially the actual field survey and of course will require an extensive
experience in the field of Microwave Communication.
The design did achieve the required reliability however, in order
to meet such an extremely high reliability required for long haul systems,
some form of redundant or standby equipment is required.


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Microwave Design (Niko Format)

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INTRODUCTION

Microwave communication is a cost-effective and efficient means to

communications using microwave frequencies require such focused designs.

With the introduction of new and affordable digital technologies,

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

frequency, coordinates, great circle

atmospheric losses, point of reflection and transmission calculation.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

SCOPE OF THE DESIGN

The design details, calculations and considerations was based on the

DELIMITATIONS OF THE DESIGN

The following computations are not included in the design:

o Noise performance calculation.

was not done.

Map of the Philippines with Bulacan highlighted

Coordinates: 1500N 12105E / 15N

officially called the Province of Bulacan (or Lalawigan ng Bulakan in

Bulacan is bounded by Nueva Ecija on the north, Aurora (Dingalan) on

Communications Technology; Insurance; Jewelry; leather & leather tanning;

Agribusiness & aquaculture

Transportation and road networks

The MacArthur Highway traverses the province from north to south.

Industrial estate and parks

First Bulacan Industrial City -

Intercity Industrial Estate -

I, II, III & IV - Meycauayan

Sterling Industrial Park Phase

Grand Industrial Estate Plaridel

Sapang Palay Industrial

Bulacan Metro Warehouse

Meycauayan Industrial Subd.

Bulacan ICT Park - Marilao

Golden City Business Park -

Muralla Industrial Project Meycauayan

Sterling Industrial Park MArilao

First Velenzuela Industrial

1,717,600,000.00) and "Top Spender by LGU's" (PhP 1,349,420,000.00), and

Income" (PhP 1,807,600,000.00), second (2nd) in "Top Spender by LGU's"

Based on the Commission of Audit's 2008 Annual Financial

The province is home to several nationally recognized public and

private educational institutions such as the Bulacan State University (Main,

Satellite & International Campuses), Polytechnic University of the Philippines

San Rafael Bulacan

the province of Bulacan, Philippines. According to the latest census, it has a

With the continuous expansion of Metro Manila, the municipality is now

San Rafael is politically subdivided into 34 barangays (5 urban, 29

Nueva Ecija Province

Map of the Philippines with Nueva Ecija highlighted

1535N 12100E / 15.583N

Nueva Ecija (Filipino:Bagong Ekiha) (PSGC: 034900000; ISO:

PH-NUE) is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Central

Proposed Microwave Link from San Rafael, Bulacan to Cabanatuan City,

created as a military comandancia in 1777 by Governor General Clavera,

In 1896, Nueva Ecija became one of the first provinces to revolt

Proposed Microwave Link from San Rafael, Bulacan to Cabanatuan City,

Nueva Ecija is considered the main rice growing province of the

Philippines and the leading producer of onions in the Municipality of

Nueva Ecija is one of the top producers of agricultural products in

Education is very well established as a major industry in the

Health services are also a notable industry and a number of

neighbouring provinces. There are also a number of schools of nursing and

Fabrication of tricycle "sidecars" is widespread in the province,

Several areas have mineral deposits. Copper and manganese

Proposed Microwave Link from San Rafael, Bulacan to Cabanatuan City,