-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HW/Project # 2

For the RPSs three-phase symmetrical steady-state operation

(positive sequence):
1.
For each equivalent power system component calculate
parameters and represent the corresponding equivalent circuit.
Parameters to be defined in per unit at the power system level.
The equivalent power system component means the equivalent of
all power system components of the same type (as generators, or
transformers, or lines circuits, or loads) that are parallel
connected to the same bus (as generators or loads are) or between
the same two buses (as transformers or lines circuits are).
2. At a proper scale draw the RPSs corresponding impedance
diagram.
The parameters of the equivalent power system components
and the impedance diagram are defined within the following
assumptions:
- All main power components installed within RPS are in
operation.
- On each power plant the generating units are parallel connected
to a common bus, and they are equally loaded with the active and
reactive powers.
- On each power substation the transformer units are parallel
connected to common buses.
- Transformers are operating at the rated turn-ratio.
- For loads are considered the initial given data, which correspond
to the annual peak load.

- At the 345 /kV/ level the base quantities are selected as Vb =

345 /kV/ and
Sb = 100 /MVA/. They also are considered as
the base quantities at the power system level.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------It is added that:
- The equivalent circuit and the corresponding parameters for the
equivalent generating unit are included in the impedance diagram.
At this moment the generators parameters are defined as for a
steady-state normal operation.
- The transformers parameters are defined assuming that for 1
/pu/ turn-ratio magnitude, the transformer is modelled with a
gamma equivalent circuit, with the shunt branches represented to
the higher voltage side.
- The line parameters are defined assuming that the line is
modelled as a symmetrical pi equivalent circuit.
- The load parameters are defined assuming that the load is
modeled as a constant shunt impedance/admittance.
For defining the load parameters are counted the given data,
which are the rated voltage, maximum active power, and the
average power factor.
The load equivalent circuit and the corresponding parameters are
included on the impedance diagram.
- For those voltage levels that are different of 345 /kV/, the base
voltage can be selected as:
a) The actual rated voltage at that level that is different of
345 /kV/. Then the equivalent circuit and parameters for the
corresponding equivalent transformer are modelled considering
the actual turn-ratio magnitude, which in per unit can be
different of 1.0, or
b) In agreement with the actual (rated) turn-ratio magnitude of
the transformer connected between the 345 /kV/ level and the

other voltage level. Then the equivalent circuit and parameters

for the corresponding equivalent transformer is the normal one
(gamma, as required).

Regarding the above subject, for sure a such case appears in

connection to the power substation PS45 and the corresponding
power plant G5. Here, the transformers rated turn ratio
magnitude, defined from 345 /kV/ side, is 362.25/24 /kV/.
a)

One version is to select the base voltage at the lower voltage

side as the rated voltage at that level, that is 24 /kV/. Then,
with the base voltages as 345 /kV/ and 24 /kV/, respectively, the
transformers PS45 turn ratio magnitude in per unit results as
(362.25/345)/(24/24) = 1.05 /pu/. In this case for the transformer
equivalent circuit it must be counted that the turn ratio
magnitude is different of 1 /pu/. At the generator level the base
voltage will equal the generator rated voltage.
b)
Another version is to select the base voltage at the generator
level such that the transformers turn ratio magnitude equals 1
/pu/. That is, the base voltage at the generator level to be
24/1.05 = 22.857. /kV/. Then the transformers turn ratio
magnitude in per unit results as (362.25/3450/(24/22.857 ..) = 1
/pu/. Then the transformers equivalent circuit will be a
gamma equivalent circuit, as for the turn ratio magnitude in per
unit equal to 1 /pu/. But the generators parameters in per
unit must be calculated counting the new base voltage at that
level, that now is different from the generators rated voltage.

- It is reminded that for the positive sequence (that corresponds

to the three-phase symmetrical steady-state operation), and
according to the USA standards, for the Y/Y and

transformers windings connection, the line-to-neutral voltage at the

higher voltage side is in phase with the line-to-neutral voltage at
the lower voltage side. But for the Y/ or /Y windings
connection, the line-to-neutral voltage to the higher voltage side
leads with 30 degrees the line-to-neutral voltage to the lower
voltage side. Such, just if the transformers turn-ratio magnitude
in per unit is 1.0, and there is not a phase-shifter installed, a

corresponding phase shift must be included in the transformer

equivalent circuit for a Y/ or /Y windings connection.
- For each individual and/or equivalent power system component
you must show the corresponding final equivalent circuit and the
computation steps used to obtain the given parameters. For each
power system component the corresponding equivalent circuit must
be shown along with its parameters computation steps. Do not
show that equivalent circuit to another location. On that final
equivalent circuit it must be specified the location and the
number/symbol of the corresponding terminal bus/buses of that
equivalent power component. The branch parameters of the final
equivalent circuit to be defined as
and Y (here the
impedance or the admittance is shown with bolded letter, as Z
or Y, respectively, and their magnitude is shown with regular
letters, as Z and Y; you have to take care to use the
correct notation), each of them shown in the rectangular and
angle notation. Parameters value shown on the final equivalent
circuit to be the final rounded value.
- For each quantity involved show the units used.
- It is reminded that in the computation steps all decimals must
be used, and only the final result is rounded to four decimals for
the component terms of the algebraic notation and for the
magnitude, and two decimals for the corresponding angle. The
angle is to be defined in degrees.
- The impedance diagram to be drawn large enough, such to be
clear and readable!!!!!!
It will be frequently used on the next steps.
- On the impedance diagram, for each branch to be specified the
corresponding parameter value (both Z and Y ) in the
rectangular and angle notation, with the algebraic component
terms and the magnitude defined in per unit at the power system
level, and the angle in degrees.
- On the impedance diagram the parameters value to be shown
with four decimal digits for magnitude and two decimal digits for

angle.
- Regarding the other details, review the set with the initial data.
- Since the obtained parameters are to be used for the next steps
of the project, it is recommended to store the calculated
parameters in a data file.
- SINCE DATA AND THE IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM
OBTAINED AT THIS STEP ARE TO BE USED FOR
THE NEXT STEP(S), SAVE A COPY OF THEM.
ALONG THE SEMESTER, THIS RULE APPLIES FOR
ANY OTHER PROJECT STEP THAT FOLLOWS !
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Some general comments about the specified configuration and
data:
It must be known that, just if some of the specified
information and assumptions provided here could be satisfied in
the real life, they are not always in agreement with the actual
practice. The only reason that they have been accepted here is
to simplify the project solution.
Such, it is mentioned that, normally:
- Each synchronous generator is directly connected to its step-up
transformer. Such, on the lower voltage side the transformers are
not connected to the same bus.
- On the higher voltage side, the step-up transformers are or are
not connected to the same bus.
Or, maybe only some of them
are connected to a common bus.
- The (step-up or step-down) transformers are not necessarily
operating at the rated turn-ratio.
- For the parallel transmission lines circuits, just if they follow
the same right-of way, it does not mean that they always have

both terminals connected to common buses.

- Modelling the load with constant parameters is not the only way
and it is not always the correct one of the loads modelling.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Regarding how the impedance/admittance exact and rounded
value calculation has to be handled:
- Before the procedure is described, some comments about the
given data are added.
As it is required here, by starting with data provided for the
Reference Power System (RPS), the branch parameters are to be
defined in per unit, based on their /rpu/ value (generators), or the
component rated data (loads), or their value in actual units
(transformers and lines).
Such, to define the branch parameters in per unit at the power
system level, the first step is to define the base voltage to be used
for each power system component, and then to calculate the value
for the corresponding base admittance/impedance.
After that it is defined the parameters value for each individual
branch.
You have to know that when the parameters (impedance,
admittance) of a branch are calculated, it must be taken all
measures such to have the product (Z x Y) as close as possible to
1.0000000 ./0.0000000. .
- For that purpose, and based on what data are given, first you
calculate the branch impedances value (when R and X
are given), or the branch admittances value (when G and
B are given) in per unit at the power system level. For that
purpose use all decimals that your calculator can carry.
At this
moment on the angle notation your branchs Z or Y looks
like Z/a or Y/b, that is x.xxxxxxxxxxxxxx../x.xxxxxxxxxxx
.., and on the algebraic notation as r.rrrrrr. + j i.iiiiiiii
Also, it is added that when you calculate one parameter in per
unit at the power system level, it is recommended to use only one
equation, and the parameter to be defined at once for the

equivalent power system component.

- On the next step round to four decimals the algebraic
components of the exact value obtained for Z or for Y.
They will look like R.RRRR + j I.IIII. This will be the final,
rounded value for the algebraic components of Z or of Y.
With these rounded algebraic components calculate the
corresponding magnitude and angle for Z or for Y, that will
result as M.MMMMMM ./A.AAAAA.
Round the corresponding magnitude to four decimals and
angle to two decimals, that will look like as M.MMMM/A.AA.
With this magnitude and angle for Z or for Y, calculate
the angle notation for the corresponding Y or Z , that will
look like m.mmmmm/a.aaaaaa..
- By using this value for Y or Z, calculate the
corresponding real and imaginary components of the algebraic
notation, and round them to four decimals, that will look like
R.RRRR + j I.IIII. This will be the final
rounded algebraic notation for Y or for Z.
With these algebraic components calculate the magnitude and
angle for the corresponding Y or Z, and round the
magnitude to four decimals and the angle to two decimals.
- At this moment it will be available the branch impedance and
admittance in the rectangular and the polar (angle) notation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Also, it must be understood that:
- Four decimal digits means: x.xxxx, not x.xxxxE-275.
- A generator, a transformer, a lines circuit, or a load is not a
branch of the power system.
In an electric circuit a branch is a section between two buses

(defined by the corresponding parameter, as impedance or

admittance). For example, for a pi equivalent circuit of a line,
there is a series branch and two shunt branches.

O. Crisan, ECE 6378 Power System Analysis

HW/ PROJECT # 3

For the RPS Network:

1. By a direct inspection of the impedance diagram build the networks
bus admittance matrix [Y].
2. By the inversion of the bus admittance matrix define the networks bus
impedance matrix [Z].
3. Check that the product [Y] x [Z] = [I].
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Important:
To the HW/Project # 3s solution it must be attached the final version of the
HW/Project # 2!
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------It is added:
- The steps required for solving the present HW/Project # 3 are applied
only to the RPSs power network, that is, the generators and loads (the
terminal power system components) are not included.
- The Task # 1 shown above is solved by hand, and Tasks # 2 and # 3 are
solved by using computers.
- For Tasks # 2 and # 3 attach the source program and the initial,
intermediate and the final data printouts.

O. Crisan, ECE 6378 Power System Analysis

- For Task # 3, if the product does not come as [I], it means that there
is/there are some a mistakes on the component matrices. You have to
review and correct them and then try the product again.
- For defining the corresponding driving point and transfer bus admittances
for buses where transformers are involved, look to the transformer bus
equations shown on Chapter 3, Section 3.7, page 2 or page 2 (which
one do you have to use, depends on which equivalent circuit you
considered for that transformer).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Before you start solving HW/Project # 3, you must correct all mistakes
recorded (if it is the case) on the HW/Project # 2!!!!
- But, when the assignment for the HW/Project # 3 is received, you do not
have yet the graded HW/Project # 2, and such you do not know yet if
there are or not corrections to be made. Just if it is so, it is
recommended for you to start working on solving the above Task # 1,
and prepare the computer programs for the subroutines utilization for
solving Tasks # 2 and # 3.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Other supplementary explanations:
- In the case that it must be made corrections to the HW/Project # 2, do not
forget that along to the corrected sections you also have to turn in the
initial graded version of the HW/Project # 2.
- The final value of a branch parameter defined on HW/Project # 2 (that is
that value with the magnitude rounded to four decimals and the angle in
degree rounded to two decimals, and the corresponding real and imaginary
components rounded to four decimals) is considered as the correct value for
defining other parameters, as required in the present HW/Project.
- To define the bus admittances (Task # 1 of the present HW/Project), are
used the component branch admittances defined on HW # 2 in a rectangular

O. Crisan, ECE 6378 Power System Analysis

form and with those
angle!!!!!

components

calculate

admittance

magnitude and

- Be very careful and include the correct value for parameters that you have
on the impedance diagram. It is a common mistake that, just if the
parameters value on the impedance diagram is the correct one, when it is
inserted as the input data it is taken a wrong value.
And clearly show the analytical and the numerical equation used to obtain
the value for each bus admittance term!!!!
- The elements of the bus admittance/impedance matrix to be shown as a
rectangular and as an angle notation. For the angle notation the magnitude
to be shown as rounded to four decimals and the angle to be shown in
degrees rounded to two decimals.
- In the intermediate steps all decimals are carried up, and only the final
result is rounded to four decimals for magnitudes and two decimals for
angles.
- The shunt branches connected to the same bus can be replaced with an
equivalent branch of a corresponding Z or Y. Show how you have
obtained these parameters.
- The final form of the bus admittance matrix (Task # 1), of the bus
impedance matrix (Task # 2), and of their product (Task # 3) to be shown
in a matriceal format.
- The bus admittance/impedance data to be stored in data files. They are to
be used with the next Projects.
- Start the solution as soon as possible.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

HW/PROJECT # 5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------For the RPSs steady-state operation, analyze the effect of only the
speed-governors upon the frequency magnitude.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------It is specified that:
- The RPSs initial steady-state corresponds to the final power flow
solution obtained with your HW/PROJECT # 4.
That is, the generated, consumed and the lost active and reactive
powers, including the reactive power supplied by the supplementary
sources, are the same as those obtained with HW/PROJECT # 4.
- It is known that the initial steady-state power system frequency is the
rated one, that is fRPS.0 = 60 /Hz/.
- The generating units rated active power is defined with the rated
apparent power and the rated power factor, by using the initial
specified set of data.
Also, this time the maximum active power is considered as that one
given with the initial set of data (Pmax)!!
The minimum active power is defined as on HW/Project # 4.
- The speed regulation for each generating unit installed on the power
plant G1 is RG1 % = 5 /%/, and for each generating unit installed
on the power plant G5 is RG5 % = 6 /%/.
It is reminded that if the loading of a unit is within the active power
limits, then the value of the speed regulation remains the same for any
loading of that unit!!!
- The active (electrical and/or mechanical) power lost in the generating

units and prime-movers is neglected, that is, it is assumed that the

mechanical power supplied by a prime-mover equals the electrical
power supplied by the corresponding electrical generator.
- All installed generating units are considered in operation.
- For solution, to each power plant it will be considered an equivalent
generating unit.
- Here it is considered that the active power-speed-frequency control of
the RPS is achieved only by the speed governors control.
- In what follows by active load or loading it is understood the
total active power that must be supplied by the generating unit. That is
the total active power consumed plus total active power lost on the RPS
network.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The following are to be calculated and presented on the Project
Solution:
1.
For the equivalent generating unit of each power plant, calculate
the available rated, maximum and minimum active powers in /MW/.
Also, calculate the available rated, maximum and minimum
generating active powers per total power system (it is like for an
equivalent generating unit at the RPS level) in /MW/.
For each power plant-equivalent generating unit calculate the ratio of
its rated active power to the generating rated active power at the RPS
level.
2.
With the initial steady-state active power loading of the
generating units (according to the power flow results obtained on your
HW/Project # 4), calculate the mechanical power setting and the
frequency setting, in /MW/ and /Hz/, respectively, for the speedgovernor of each power plant-equivalent generating unit, and for the
equivalent generating unit at the power system level.
Also, considering that each power plants equivalent generating unit is
operating within the given active power constraints, calculate the value
of the speed regulation at the power system level.

3.
If, starting with the initial steady-state, the total load active power
of the RPS, including the active power lost (it means the total active
power generated), has an initial increment of ( - 10) /%/, and there is
no change on the speed-governors setting, calculate the value of the new
steady-state frequency in /Hz/.
This time assume that the speed (frequency) regulation of the load
active
power, including the active power lost, is Rl % =
(infinite).
That is, after the load (including losses) increment/decrement is
applied, just if the frequency changes, the new load remains unchanged.
Also, calculate the new steady-state active power in /MW/, delivered
by each power plant-equivalent generating unit, and by the equivalent
unit at the RPS level.
Check if the new steady-state generated active power equals the new
steady-state load (plus losses) active power.
4. With the same loads characteristics as specified at item # 3 (load
speed regulation equal to infinity), repeat the calculation steps shown at
position # 3, for when the total active power of the RPS, including the
active power lost, has an initial increment of (+ 20) /%/.
5.
Repeat the calculation steps shown at position # 3 (for when from
the initial steady-state there is an initial increment of (- 10 %) on the
load total active power, including the active power lost), for when the
load speed regulation is Rl % = 100 /%/, and for when there is no
change on the speed-governor setting.
6.
For the case specified at position # 5, calculate the needed change
in the speed-governors mechanical power setting, such that the
frequency to be recovered to the initial, rated frequency (this is the job
that the frequency and/or Economic Dispatch will handle).
7.
On one graph to be represented the speed-governor
characteristics for the following cases:
- Case shown at the above item # 2, that corresponds to the initial
steady-state operation.
- Case shown at the above item # 6, that corresponds to when the
speed-governor setting was changed accordingly, such to recover

the frequency change.

The speed-governor characteristics to be drawn at a corresponding
scale, and on each characteristic to be shown the data (the rotor
speed/frequency and the prime-mover mechanical/active power value),
corresponding to cases shown above at items # 2 (the initial loading), # 3
(the load increment of 10% and its speed-regulation as infinity), # 4
(the load increment of + 20% and its speed-regulation as infinity), # 5
(the load increment of 10% and its speed regulation as 100%), and # 6
(the load increment -10%, its speed-regulation 100%, and the speedgovernor setting readjusted).
Also, on the speed-governor characteristics to be shown the minimum
and the maximum loading for the equivalent generating unit of each
power plant.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------It is added:
On solving use all decimal digits and results to be shown with four
decimal digits.
To the present Project attach a table with the final results (buses
number, V, , and calculated P and Q values) obtained with
HW/PROJECT # 4.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------