Dr.

Ty Olmstead
Rty.olmstead@gmail.com

ELECTRO-OPTIC DEVICES
- RAY TRACING
LECTURE 1

Outline of Semester

Introduction
Ray Optics
Wave Optics
Beam Optics
Electro-Magnetics
Resonators
Photons and Atoms
Polarization and
Crystal Optics

Semiconductor Photon
Sources
Semiconductor Photon
Detectors
Non Linear Optics
Acousto Optics
Photonic Switching
and Computing

Ray Optics
Postulates of Ray Optics
Simple Components
Mirrors
Planar Boundaries
Spherical Boundaries
Matrix Optics
Ray Transfer Matrices
Matrices for Simple Components
Matrices of Cascades
Periodic Systems

Ray Optics: Postulates

Light Travels in Rays
Optical Media is characterized by a quantity,

n, referred to as the index of refraction. This

quantity is greater than or equal to 1.
The index is used to scale the speed of light in a

particular media.
The time it takes light to travel a distance, d, in

media would be
=
(Optical Path

Length)

Index of refraction
=
- Relative magnetic permeability

( = )

- Relative Electric Permittivity ( = )

For most optically transmissive material

and positive real numbers, thus n is real

and positive

Ray Optics: Postulates

In an inhomogeneous media, the refractive index
n(r) is a function of (x,y,z). The optical path
length along a direction can then be defined by:

ds

Here, ds is the differential length along the path.

The time taken by light to transverse the path from
A to B is proportional to the optical path length.

Ray Optics: Postulates

Fermats Principle: Optical Rays
propagating between two points follow a
path such that the optical path length is an

extrema relative to neighboring paths. i.e.

= 0

This means that light travels between to points

such that it takes the least amount of time.

Propagation in Homogeneous Media

Fermats Principle in
homogenous media:
Light takes the
shortest path.

Rays propagate in straight lines

3D Layout
1/8/2012
LENS.ZMX
Configuration 1 of 1

Propagation in Homogeneous Media

Reflections

Proof: According to

Fermats Principle the

distance + must
be a minima distance. If
is a mirror of ,
then + must also
be minimize to meets
Fermats Principle. This
only happens when
+ is a straight
line. i.e. B coincides with
B and q coincides with q

Propagation in Homogeneous Media

Snells Law: The angle of the refracted ray in a plane in

media n2 is related to the angle of the ray in media n1

by the relation:
1 sin(1 ) = 2 sin(2 )

Propagation in Homogeneous Media

Fermats Principle: 1 + 2 must be

minimized in the time it takes to get from A

to C. (n1 < n2)
1 1
cos()

2 2
+
= minima

cos( )
1 tan + 2 tan( ) = d

Propagation in Homogeneous Media

1 2 + 2

2 2 + 1 2

=0
=0 =

1
2
2

1 1 2 + 2

122 1
2 2 2 + 1 2

Propagation in Homogeneous Media

=0 =

=0 =

sin() =

sin( )

1
2
2

1 1 2 + 2

1 1 2 + 2

1 2 + 2
1
2 2 + 1 2

22 1
2 2 2 + 1 2
1
2 2 2 + 1 2

Propagation in Homogeneous Media

=0 =

sin()
1

sin( )
2

This solves to Snells Law

1 sin() = 2 sin( )

Simple Optical Components

Planar Mirror

Parabolic Mirror

Mirror
Optical Axis

3D Layout
1/10/2012
LENS.ZMX
Configuration 1 of 1

Simple Optical Components

Parabolic Mirror

Definitions
is the focal length, f, of

P
f

3D Layout
1/10/2012
LENS.ZMX
Configuration 1 of 1

the parabola.
The blocked rays are said
to be obscured from the
system.

Simple Optical Components

No Obscuration

Obscuration

3D Layout

3D Layout

1/10/2012

1/10/2012
LENS.ZMX
Configuration 1 of 1

LENS.ZMX
Configuration 1 of 1

Simple Optical Components

No Obscuration

Obscuration
1.0000

1.0000

0.9000

0.9000

0.8000

0.8000

0.7000

0.7000

0.6000

0.6000

0.5000

0.5000

0.4000

0.4000

0.3000

0.3000

0.2000

0.2000

0.1000

0.1000

0.0000

0.0000

Polychromatic FFT PSF

1/10/2012
0.5500 to 0.5500 m at 0.0000, 0.0000 (deg).
Side is 24.93 m.
Surface: Image
Reference Coordinates: 0.00000E+000, 0.00000E+000

Polychromatic FFT PSF

LENS.ZMX
Configuration 1 of 1

Remember nothing is free

1/10/2012
0.5500 to 0.5500 m at 0.0000, 0.0000 (deg).
Side is 24.93 m.
Surface: Image
Reference Coordinates: 0.00000E+000, 0.00000E+000

LENS.ZMX
Configuration 1 of 1

Simple Optical Components

Elliptical Reflector

Diffracted limited spot

1.0000
0.9000
0.8000
0.7000
0.6000
0.5000
0.4000
0.3000
0.2000
0.1000
0.0000

Layout
Object radiating a 320 degree cone
1/10/2012
Total Axial Length: 800.00000 mm

Polychromatic FFT PSF

Elliptical reflector 320 degree light cone .zmx

Configuration 1 of 1

Object radiating a 320 degree cone

1/10/2012
0.5500 to 0.5500 m at 0.0000 (deg).
Side is 3.23 m.
Surface: Image
Reference Coordinates: 0.00000E+000, 0.00000E+000

Elliptical reflector 320 degree light cone .zmx

Configuration 1 of 1

Simple Optical Components

Why Elliptical Cavity Mirrors

Flash Lamp Pumping

Architectures

Lasers

Depending on service life

flash lamps can be cheaper

to operate than laser
diodes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_pumping

Simple Optical Components

Spherical Mirror

Spot looks like

0.0358
0.0322
0.0286
0.0251
0.0215
0.0179
0.0143
0.0107
0.0072
0.0036

0.0000

3D Layout

Polychromatic FFT PSF

1/10/2012

Parabola at 0 degrees.ZMX

Configuration 1 of 1

1/10/2012
0.5500 to 0.5500 m at 0.0000, 0.0000 (deg).
Side is 35.24 m.
Surface: Image
Reference Coordinates: 0.00000E+000, 0.00000E+000

Parabola at 0 degrees.ZMX

Configuration 1 of 1

Simple Optical Components

Spherical Reflector

Parabolic Reflector
0.0358

1.0000

0.0322

0.9000

0.0286

0.8000

0.0251

0.7000

0.0215

0.6000

0.0179

0.5000

0.0143

0.4000

0.0107

0.3000

0.0072

0.2000

0.0036

0.1000

0.0000

0.0000
Polychromatic FFT PSF

Polychromatic FFT PSF

1/10/2012
0.5500 to 0.5500 m at 0.0000, 0.0000 (deg).
Side is 35.24 m.
Surface: Image
Reference Coordinates: 0.00000E+000, 0.00000E+000

Parabola at 0 degrees.ZMX

Configuration 1 of 1

1/10/2012
0.5500 to 0.5500 m at 0.0000, 0.0000 (deg).
Side is 35.51 m.
Surface: Image
Reference Coordinates: 0.00000E+000, 0.00000E+000

Parabola at 0 degrees.ZMX

Configuration 1 of 1

Paraxial Optics
Paraxial Optics
i.e. rays on very near on axis

Spot approaches parabolic

focal spot
0.8992
0.8093
0.7194
0.6295
0.5395
0.4496
0.3597
0.2698
0.1798
0.0899

0.0000

3D Layout

Polychromatic FFT PSF

1/10/2012

Parabola at 0 degrees.ZMX

Configuration 1 of 1

1/10/2012
0.5500 to 0.5500 m at 0.0000, 0.0000 (deg).
Side is 17.31 m.
Surface: Image
Reference Coordinates: 0.00000E+000, 0.00000E+000

Parabola at 0 degrees.ZMX

Configuration 1 of 1

Paraxial Optics
Spherical Optic

Parabolic Optic
0.8992

1.0000

0.8093

0.9000

0.7194

0.8000

0.6295

0.7000

0.5395

0.6000

0.4496

0.5000

0.3597

0.4000

0.2698

0.3000

0.1798

0.2000

0.0899

0.1000

0.0000

0.0000

Polychromatic FFT PSF

1/10/2012
0.5500 to 0.5500 m at 0.0000, 0.0000 (deg).
Side is 17.31 m.
Surface: Image
Reference Coordinates: 0.00000E+000, 0.00000E+000

Polychromatic FFT PSF

Parabola at 0 degrees.ZMX

Configuration 1 of 1

1/10/2012
0.5500 to 0.5500 m at 0.0000, 0.0000 (deg).
Side is 17.34 m.
Surface: Image
Reference Coordinates: 0.00000E+000, 0.00000E+000

Parabola at 0 degrees.ZMX

Configuration 1 of 1

Paraxial Optics:
1 = 0

2 = 0 +
2 + 1 =20
0

1
2

1 1
=
1

2 + 1 =2

+ =2
2
1

1
1 2
+ =
2
1

f=
2

Refraction at a Plane
Two Type of Refraction:
External Refraction
(n1 < n2 ) When a rays are incident from a medium with a smaller index
than the medium that the has higher index, the rays will refract into the
new medium such that the angle of the incident ray from the surface
normal is greater than the angle of the refracted beam from the surface
normal.

Refraction at a Plane
Two Type of Refraction:
Internal Refraction
(n1 > n2 ) When a rays are incident from a medium with a greater
index to a medium that the has lesser index, if the rays refract, the
rays will refract into the new medium such that the angle of the
incident ray from the surface normal is less than the angle of the
refracted beam from the surface normal.

Critical Angle: Total Internal Reflection

Recall Snells Law
1 sin 1 = 2 sin 2
sin 2 is maximum when is 90.

Result:
2
1 =
1
Rays should totaling internally reflect
1

Glass

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/p
eople/abbe.html

Glass Name

Index

Abbe

F2

1.62004

36.37

F5

1.60342

38.03

LAFN7

N-BAK2

1.53996

59.71

N-BK10

1.49782

66.95

N-BK7

N-F2

N-LAF21

N-LAF7

N-LASF31A

N-SF1

N-SF11

1.78472

25.68

N-SK11

1.56384

60.80

P-LASF50

SF56A

LITHOSIL-Q

N-LASF46

F8

SF54

1.74950

34.95

1.51680
1.62005

64.17
36.43

1.78800

47.49

1.74950

34.82

1.88300

1.71736

40.76

29.62

1.80860
1.78470

40.46
26.08

1.45844
1.90138

1.59551
1.74080

67.83
31.64

39.18
28.09

Refraction: Prism

0.4500
0.4750
0.5000
0.5250
0.5500

200.00

OBJ: 0.0000, 0.0000 (deg)

Surface: IMA

Wireframe

IMA: 0.000, 3.972 mm

Spot Diagram

Prism example
1/11/2012

Prism using tilted surface.zmx

Configuration 1 of 1

Prism example
1/11/2012 Units are m.
Field
:
1
RMS radius :
50.913
GEO radius :
95.651
Scale bar : 200

Reference : Chief Ray

Prism using tilted surface.zmx

Configuration 1 of 1

Refraction: Prism
1.0000
0.9000
0.8000
0.7000
0.6000
0.5000
0.4000
0.3000
0.2000
0.1000
0.0000
Y

Polychromatic FFT PSF

Prism example
1/11/2012
0.4500 to 0.5500 m at 0.0000, 0.0000 (deg).
Side is 393.43 m.
Surface: Image
Reference Coordinates: 0.00000E+000, 3.97217E+000

Wireframe
Prism example
1/11/2012

Prism using tilted surface.zmx

Configuration 1 of 1

Prism using tilted surface.zmx

Configuration 1 of 1

Metal Metals (negative index of refraction)

=
most optically

transparent media n>1

> 1
> 1
= +

It is possible for
< 1
< 1
In this case =

Refraction: Prism

= +

1/2

sin cos()

Using the paraxial approximation this can be simplified to

= 1

Refraction: Prisms

Refraction: Prisms

Refraction: Prisms

Refraction: Prisms

Refraction: Prisms

Ray Optics: Beam Splitter

Ray Optics: Refraction

n1>n2

At the boundary, apply

Snells Law:
n1Sin(q1) = n2Sin(q2)
Assume Paraxial condition
n1 (q1) = n2 (q2)
Substitute for angles
n1 (a-j) = n2 (a-j)
Approximating angle by there
tangents

= 2

Ray Optics: Refraction

Rearranging using the
same sign convention
as before:

1
2
2 1
+ =

2 1
= Power of the

refracting surface

Types of Lenses
Convergent Lenses

Divergent Lenses

Ray Optics: Simple Imaging

First, Image through
first refracting surface.
Treat the image from
the first surface as a
virtual object for the
second refracting
surface. Find its image
relative to the 2nd
refracting surface.

Ray Optics: Thin Lens

 Surface 1
1 2 2 1
+
=
1 1
1

Surface 2
2 1 1 2
+
=
2 2
2

Recall, the object for surface 2 is virtual:

2 = 1
If t ->0
s2= -s1
Substituting
1 2 2
1 2 1 1 2
+
+ =
+
1 1 1 2
1
2

1 1 2 1 1 2
+ =
+
1 2
1
2