International Aquafeed Jan - Feb 2016 - FULL EDITION

I N C O R P O R AT I N G
F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y
The future of fish meal replacement:
Cotton Protein
- Offshore aquaculture
and the future of
sustainable seafood
- Field-tested health
protection for Shrimp
feed
- Aquaculture
feed processing
technology
January | February 2016
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CONTENTS: JANUARY 2016 VOLUME 19 ISSUE 1
Publisher
Roger Gilbert
rogerg@perendale.co.uk
Editor
Professor Simon Davies
simond@aquafeed.co.uk
Associate Editors
Dr Albert Tacon
albertt@perendale.co.uk
Dr Yu Yu
yuy@perendale.co.uk
Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition)
mai@perendale.co.uk
Editorial Advisory Panel
Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt)
Professor Antnio Gouveia
(Portugal)
Professor Charles Bai (Korea)
Colin Mair (UK)
Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK)
Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada)
Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece)
Dr Kim Jauncey (UK)
Eric De Muylder (Belgium)
Dr Pedro Encarnao (Singapore)
Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy)
Editorial team
Eloise Hillier-Richardson
eloisehr@perendale.co.uk
Peter Parker
peterp@perendale.co.uk
Malachi Stone
malachis@perendale.co.uk
Andrew Wilkinson
andreww@perendale.co.uk
Roy Palmer (Editor - Asia Pacific)
royp@perendale.com
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14 Aquaculture Training
40
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54
Industry Events
64 The Market Place
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Industry News
66 The Aquafeed Interview

68
COLUMNS
Industry Faces
16 The future of fish meal replacement:

Cotton Protein
20 Gut health in 4 (easy) steps
22 Field-tested health protection for Shrimp

feed
24 Infectious diseases and control strategies
in shrimp
32 Economics of drying aquafeed
38 Dinnissen celebrates 25 years of the

Pegasus Vacuum Coater
Ioannis Zabetakis
4
Roy Palmer
7 Dr Alexandros Samartzis
8
FEATURES
Johan den Hartog
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

46
Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting
50 AKVA Group Feed Barges
Creoso - welcome
Greetings and a Happy New Year!

Welcome to our No one edition of 2016 and wishing all
our readers a very happy belated New Year. It will certainly
be a most eventful year with the US Presidential election
beginning with the primaries and caucuses in various States
leading to the election itself in early November.
President Bush signed the Aquaculture Bill to develop
the offshore sector in the first decade of this Century and
President Obama followed this through. It will be interesting
to see what the next President of the United States will make
of the US industry and whether it will attract more investment
for expansion. The US is still a net importer of seafood
products and this position must be addressed in the future.
In the UK we may get a referendum for our EU
membership, what will be the significance for trade and
export of fish including Scottish salmon and shellfish if
we decided to leave I wonder? Also what would be our
relationship with the commission or involvement on
European grants and other scientific matters following the
referendum?
It will be a most complex situation and yet Norway
seems to do quite well financially in terms of EU scientific
consortium associations and is also a participant in food
safety issues, animal feed legislation and aquaculture policy
as it affects us all.
With respect to research, I participated in the BBSRC/
NERC UK Research Council meeting held in London on
December 8th last year. There were some brief introductions
of the new joint aquaculture research initiative with many

UK Universities being represented.
Many provided a series of Flash presentations of their
current research as well as their interests or aspirations for
future work. It was interesting to see so many potential
researchers who have never been involved in the subject
before seeking to find new associations.
The pot of money on offer is actually relatively small
and its a typical British solution to be seen to do the right
thing and try to make us British scientists happy with some
incentives from the government even in these times of austerity.
Those with omics in their bids were typically in
abundance and the gut micro-biome had a field day
with many institutions vying to take this area into new
dimensions and make aquaculture that much more
sustainable with their gut instinct for so many feed
additives of probiotic potential. Well we will see how
this modest funding stretched over 5 years will make a
difference when so much ground work and fundamental
research needs to be undertaken in many other important
areas of fish nutrition (e.g. bioenergetics, amino acid and
trace element revision of requirements etc.) and feed
technology especially in the macro-feed ingredient domain
and more effective formulations.
The stringent officialdom from the UK legislator
authorities covering fish research (even benign nutritional
trials, on the whim of your local inspector) if undertaken in
British universities present their own additional restrictions
and challenges compared to previous times when pragmatic
and informed common sense was the order of the day.
That combined with most universities in the UK lacking
state of the art fish holding facilities designed for realistic
aquaculture scenarios does not auger well for the future for
us in the UK to compete with the rest of Europe and beyond.
Indeed, as a professor with over 30 years experience I am
most disappointed in the UK Higher Education platform
when it comes to aquaculture research overall and its
perception of this very important industry within the agribusiness sector and lack of foresight.
My work is now more directed overseas these days and
of course it is in SE Asia where most of this industry is
growing anyway and where the research is so badly needed.
In this current issue we have again some exciting features
and articles to launch the New Year. Including an update of
the global catfish conference, and an article by Cesar Marcial
Escobedo Bonilla on shrimp pathogens and their control.
We feature the latest cooling and drying technologies
from Buhler and use of feed barges by AKVA as essential
mechanisms within the industry.
On the feed commodity area we include a timely report on
cottonseed protein as an alternative feed ingredient with its
benefits.
Our guest interview is with Dr Mian Riaz. Additionally
there are major events for 2016 such as this months World
Aquaculture Society conference in Las Vegas, Victam Asia
and Taiwan seafood events.
We are also delighted to have Dr Alexandros Samartzis
join the team as a regular columnist in the magazine - see
his fist piece on page 7 of this edition.
This is a good start to a busy year, so enjoy the current
issue and please maintain your invaluable contributions.
Meet the team at up-coming international events
www.aquafeed.co.uk
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recent report from the World Economic

Forum and the Ellen McArthur
Foundation has reached the rather
damning conclusion that come 2050, our oceans
will contain more plastic than fish.
The report, titled The New Plastics Economy:
Rethinking the Future of Plastics, states that the
best research available estimates that there is
currently over 150 million tonnes of plastic waste
in the ocean, and without significant action, this
will increase drastically, and at the current rate of
pollution, by 2050 the total weight of plastic in the
ocean will be more than that of fish.
The report also estimates that each year,
approximately 8 million tonnes of plastics
contaminate the ocean, which according to the
report, equates to the emptying of one entire
garbage truck into the ocean every single minute.
In another study, titled Stemming the Tide, it is
predicted that even if intensive and collaborative
efforts were to be made to reduce the levels of
plastic pollutants entering the oceans, the volume
of plastic contaminants would not decline, and
would in fact just stabilise.
But if nothing is done at all, the World
Economic Forum and the Ellen McArthur
Foundation (WEF/EMF) report predicts that by
2025 the estimated ratio of plastic to fish in the
ocean is expected to be one to three, as the
plastic mass floating in the worlds oceans grows
to 250 million tonnes.
By analysing the plastic packaging material
currently found in our seas, the WEF/EMF report
found that only 14 percent of plastic packaging
is currently gathered for recycling purposes.
When additional value losses in sorting and
reprocessing are considered, the report also
discovered that as little as five percent of the
material value is actually retained for subsequent
use.
However, it is not all doom and gloom. True to
the title, the report radically rethinks the flow of
plastic into our economy. Instead of becoming a
waste product, the report proposes that plastics
should be re-entered into the economy as
valuable technical or biological nutrients, a vision
underpinned by circular economy principles.
bit.ly/20oARNC
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Oceans to contain more

plastic than fish by 2050
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News
Ioannis Zabetakis
Lets think outside the omega-3 box!
hen considering the nutritional value of fish, one

would be hard pressed to not discuss Omega-3.
However, when doing so, it is crucial that the
following factors are also fully considered.
Firstly, the association of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and
cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has been revised recently by evaluating
all randomised trials on the supplementation of omega-3 PUFAs to
adults. The results of 20 studies on 68 680 patients were evaluated
and omega-3 PUFAs were not found to be statistically significantly
associated with CVDs in various patient populations[1].
Secondly, there is still considerable doubt today if lowering blood
cholesterol is a true prerequisite in order to protect ourselves from
CVDs. In fact, cholesterol can be correlated with CVDs but without
being a causal factor for it. Therefore, people with high levels of High
Density Lipoproteins (HDL) face no higher risk for CVDs as the ratio
(and not only the absolute levels!) of LDL to HDL is also important in
disease prognosis.
Given those facts, it is rather surprising to see that most of the studies
in aquaculture are still not addressing the nutritional value of the final
produce from the consumers point of view. People eat fish because they
have been told that fish is good for you and this is, still, valid and
true. But what is the optimum dose of fish we need to consume every
week? I am afraid that there is not strong scientific evidence behind the
recommended two portions per week.
Do these two portions need to be spread in the week or it does not
matter? Is it ok if I eat three portions one week and only one the week
after? The answers to these questions are well known but the point I
am trying to make in this editorial is that the answers have not been
properly communicated by either B2B (business-to-business) or B2C
(business-to-consumers).
So, at the beginning of 2016, we are facing some interesting challenges:
firstly we must establish why is fish or fish oil (as a whole) as opposed
to omega-3 supplements is more beneficial in terms of protecting
from the onset of CVDs? Then we must discover how we can make
the production of fish more sustainable? In other words, how we can
minimise our dependence in aquaculture for fish oil [3]?
There is no doubt that these issues, being on the interface of food
security and food functionality, need a multidisciplinary approach and I
would like to use this space to make a call to colleagues in our Industry
to join forces in addressing them.
All references are available on request.
izabet@chem.uoa.gr
@yanzabet
After an Academic career spanning 12 years in the Univ.
of Athens, Ioannis joined University of Limerick (UL) as a
Lecturer on Food Lipids where the ongoing focus of his work
will be towards the cardioprotective properties of food lipids
with particular emphasis on dairy and aquaculture products.
International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 3
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Roy Palmer
New Year..New Hopes
n aquaculture, some of us focus on the nutrition

of fish and how to increase the specific growth
rate of fish, digestibility of the feeds for example.
Some others of us focus on the nutritional
value of fish, their content of specific fatty
acids, if these acids are saturated, unsaturated
or polyunsaturated or whether the fish lipids have antiinflammatory activities.
The paperwork and bureaucracy is a constant when
running organisations such as ours. It is very important
that as a charity we meet all deadlines and are very
transparent in our activities, and we pride ourselves
in that regard. The frustration of the requirements is a
necessary evil to ensure donors are fully informed.
Recent news suggests that establishing AwF (UK) is
now very close as we have heard that the UKs Charity
Commission is happy to register the organisation as a
charity, so it is just a question of some finalisation of
necessary processes. If people in the UK are interested
in working with us then please do not hesitate to make
contact.
AwF (Australia) has submitted its first Annual
information Statement to the Australian Charities and
Not-for-profits Commission well before the deadline
and that is now available for public scrutiny. The
organisation had its first Board meeting for 2016 and
has scheduled 3 meetings for rest of the year. The Board
members have all agreed to take on additional roles to
assist and add value to the organisation.
Our collaborations with Deakin University and
CERES Global continue. At the end of last year there
was a terrific meeting at Deakin Warrnambool Campus
with members of the Deakin staff and ourselves. Both
parties engaged with a delegation from the Heywood
Indigenous community. With those key stakeholders we
discussed the development of a staged and reviewable
approach to a range of activities for the community
around practical aquaculture/aquaponics, training and
possible further engagement with Deakin and AwF in
Rural and Regional Development.
With CERES Global the first connection was with
Timor Leste and its pleasing to note that our volunteer
has been able to cement future work in that country with
Worldfish, thus keeping us engaged. Other activities
are planned with Aquaponics connecting with the local
community and in engaging with the other countries
that CERES Global has regular contact.
Additionally AwF (Australia) is expecting to be
working with the Secretariat of the Pacific Community
(SPC) during the year on a long-term activity for
involvement in assisting the Community with their
aquaculture plan and challenges.

In the US we will be announcing a new Memorandum
of Understanding very shortly that will see a new
horizon for AwF. This will be formerly announced at
the AwF Session at Aquaculture America in Las Vegas
on 26 February so if you attending that event please
come and join us. The US Board will meet at the
Boston Convention and Exhibition Centre on 7 March
alongside the Seafood Expo North America (aka Boston
Seafood Show).
Sadly in Las Vegas we will say au revoir to John
Cooksey who has been a stalwart for the organisation
since inception. John has been a board member, the
secretary and treasurer and an incredible volunteer over
all the years of AwF.
We could never thank people like John enough for the
long-standing work done; as he has assisted AwF in so
many ways. The official handing over of the books will
take place in Las Vegas. We are on the lookout for a
capable person in US to handle this activity for us.
Great to see Meryl Williams awarded our Woman
of the Month award for January. Meryl was, like John
Cooksey, one of the original founders of AwF. Another
true champion person thank you Meryl.
Julie Kimber has taken over the reins of the AwF
Womens Network from Virginia Mosk who is pursuing
other activities. Julie has been part of our Melbourne
volunteers coffee meetings and is keen to contribute so
expect some nee activities from that direction.
Finally I just want to mention the trip to India in
November/December as I believe it will be the catalyst
for activities in that country. Unfortunately it was not
possible to get to Chennai because of the floods but
the journey through Kerala and trip to Andhra Pradesh
hopefully will really see some great activities that will
assist the poor.
Our relationship with Organic Life in Kerala has
blossomed and the video, organised by Dr. Janine
Pierce (Uni SA) recoded all of the issues that need
to be addressed. Thanks to Perendale Publishers the
Ornamental Workshop was a great success and will see
us expand our undertakings in that sector.
Heres to a great 2016 - Thanks for your continuing
support!
@AwFComms
Roy Palmer is the Executive Director

at Aquaculture without Frontiers,
Executive Director at Association of
International Seafood Professionals and
Chairman at Global Initiative for Life &
leadership through Seafood (GILLS)
4 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed
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Biotech firm plans

global supply for fishmeal
alternative
U
AwF Social media update
TWITTER
@AwFVols
@AwFComms
LinkedIn (2532 members)
www.linkedin.com
/groups/3950994
FACEBOOK GROUPS
AWF Aquaculture
(1157 members)
www.facebook.com
/awf.aquaculture?fref=ts
Aquaculture without Frontiers
(5600 members Public group)
www.facebook.com
/groups/53013352312/
AwF Aquaponics Club
(85 members)
www.facebook.com
/awfaquaponics/
AwF Women's Network
(168 members)
www.facebook.com
/groups/awfwomen
Ornamental Aquaculture
Club (36 members)
www.facebook.com
/groups/526444844203976/
YOUTUBE
The Aquaculture without
Frontiers YouTube Channel
www.youtube.com
/channel/
UC6lJobwBxfIpoCYHSifFRrQ
AwF in Vakkom
www.youtube.com
/watch?v=SPVk9yJNAQY
S biotech company
Calysta is planning to
build plants around the
globe for a fishmeal alternative,
after the opening of its first
research and development (R&D)
and market introduction facility
in the UK.
Following the startup at the
Teesside-based facility, which
is expected within this year,
Calysta intends to produce
FeedKind protein -- a new fish
feed ingredient made of single
cell protein -- on a global scale,
Alan Shaw, CEO of Calysta,
told Undercurrent News.
A world-scale plant would
involve 100,000 metric tons
[...] and we have ambitions to
have a number of those plants
built within the next five years,
Shaw said.
The market for this product
is huge, its millions of tons.
We believe that this product
will become gold standard for
replacing fishmeal in feed,
going forward, he said.
The world-scale plan would
require an investment of
hundreds of millions dollars,
which Calysta is very seriously
committed to make on the back
of its access to capital markets
and the companys ability to raise
capital, Shaw said.
The companys big plans,
however, have just started. So
far, Calystas project to produce
FeedKind on a global scale is in
its initial phase.
At this stage, R&D facility
in the UK will develop
the production process for
FeedKind protein, providing
contemporary samples to the
industry for potential clients.
This product has been
positioned as a direct replacement
for fishmeal protein and our target
market is absolutely salmon
farmers within Norway and
European aquaculture industry,
Shaw said.
We are not talking about 100%
replacement, we are targeting
10% inclusion levels... so if 10%

of that fishmeal is being replaced
by our product that would be
perfect, he said.
The new feed ingredient is in
very high demand, Shaw said.
FeedKind protein is a natural,
safe, non-GMO sustainable fish
feed ingredient, according to
Calysta.
This product is a safe
replacement for current fishmeal
protein, but more importantly its
non animal and non vegetable
based. Every ton of feed kind
that well produce and sell into
the food industry, we wont take
protein out of the food chain,
Shaw said.
Calystas technology uses
gas-fed fermentation to
produce feed protein with
high nutritional value, the
companys website states.
The new feed ingredient is
created in a stainless steel
fermenter using a technique
developed a decade ago by a
Norwegian firm, has been tested
by the feed supplier EWOS and
approved for use by European
Union safety regulators, Shaw
said at last years GOAL
conference.
FeedKind protein is approved
in the EU for use in the human
food chain in salmon, as well
as in multiple livestock animals
including pigs, chickens, and cattle.
The product and
manufacturing technology
are validated at scale and
can be rapidly deployed
for commercial production,
according to Calysta.
The global demand for
seafood is rapidly outpacing the
industrys capacity. Aquaculture
is still highly dependent on
fishmeal, which is sourced
from commercial fisheries.
The impact of commercial
overfishing and rising fishmeal
costs is driving the industry and
environmental groups to call
for new, alternate feeds from
sustainable sources,
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More robust and accurate global

figures for feed output in 2015
Aqua feed numbers fall despite global
increase in farmed fish production
sk and you shall receive. As global disposable

income increases, consumers have developed a
palate for protein, and, over the past five years the
feed industry has delivered.
Results from the 2016 Global Feed Survey released in
late January by Alltech estimates international feed tonnage
now at 995.50 million metric tonnes, a 1.97 percent increase
over last year and a 14 percent increase since Alltech first
published Global Feed Survey results in 2011 - but still just
4.5 million tonnes short of the one billion tonne mark.
The analysis of five-year trends showed growth
predominantly from the pig, and poultry feed sectors
and intensification of production in the African, Middle
Eastern, Latin American and European regions.
Aquafeed output shows a year-on-year decline according
to these latest figures.
Aquafeeds recorded 35.47 million tonnes, down from 41
million tonnes in the figures released for 2014.
China still accounts for over 50 percent of all farmed
fish produced and its aquafeed output is between 60-70
percent of the total consumed globally.
Aquafeed numbers dont reflect the strong growth in
this sector. We do not see that in this survey, admits Aidan
Connolly, chief innovation officer of Alltech, who headed
up the initiative to conduct the survey when he hosted the
news webinar in January.
The production of farmed fish exceeds what we see in
feed production increases, he acknowledged. He says
this could be due to more efficient farming, better feed
conversion ratios and/or better statistics gathering.
Traditionally, there has been a lot of wastage and we see
production systems are becoming more efficient, he added.
Regarding statistics gathering, Mr Connolly said that while
it has become increasingly easier to collect data and the
figures more comprehensive over the years, there always
would be difficulties in achieving accuracy and that some
estimates had to be used. In addition, this years survey
cover 32,341 feedmills in total, up form 31,043 for 2014.
The feed barometer
The feed industry is an excellent barometer of economic

health and, based on our five years of data, predicts
economic growth more accurately than many other
indices, says Mr Connolly.
The Global Feed Survey assesses the compound feed
production from more than 130 countries through information
obtained in partnership with local feed associations and
Alltechs sales team, who visit the 32,341 feed mills annually.
The 2016 survey showed poultry feed has the market
share and is growing faster than any other species, with
46 percent of total global feed
manufactured specifically for
broilers, egg layers, turkeys,
duck and other fowl. This
years survey also confirmed
that corn and soybean
meal are the standard feed
ingredients globally.
The top 10 feed producers in the world remained the

same: China, the United States, Brazil, Mexico, India,
Spain, Russia, Germany, Japan and France. As a region,
Europe saw the most growth, up 13 million tonnes over
last year, with the largest contributions coming from
Russia, Turkey, Belarus and Poland.
Down two percent from last year, China still holds
the title of leading feed producer in Alltechs annual
Feed Survey with 179.93 million tonnes manufactured
throughout the countrys 8550 feedmills.
However, this is the third year the worlds leader has
reported a consolidation of its feed tonnage production into
a smaller number of feedmills.
The number of feedmills in the United States and Brazil,
the second and third largest markets, also declined. The
US produced 172.73 million metric tonnes from 6012
feedmills (6718 mills in 2014) and Brazil manufactured
68.70 million metric tonnes from 1556 feedmills (1698
mills in 2014).
According to Mr Connolly, the consolidation of feed
production into fewer mills is driven by many factors.
The Chinese, in particular, see a benefit of having fewer
feedmillslower cost, more efficient and easier to control
from the perspective of traceability and food safety, Mr
Connolly said.
Other notable regional and species statistics from the
2016 Feed Survey are:
Europes 5545 feed mills, with Russias contributions,
augmented their production by 22 percent in 2015
compared to the previous year. The Middle East
demonstrated a 17 percent increase with 21.438 million
tonnes from the regions 719 mills. Africa, Asia Pacific
and Latin America were up 5, 4 and 3 percent respectively
while North America remained flat.
Pig feed production was down 2 percent, with 253.53
million tonnes. Aqua, with 35.47 million metric tonnes, is
down 5 percent this year; although outside of China this figure
seems to relate to more accurate data collection and not a
specific decline, especially given that aqua has been a grower,
up 19 percent overall in the past five years. Equine feed, at
8.22 million tonnes, declined 2 percent compared to 2014.
Poultry feed production continues to surge with a 5
percent increase, now at a total 463.69 million metric
tonnes. Ruminant feed was also positive with 201.36
million tonnes, a 3 percent increase. Pets are up 4 percent
at 22.59 million tonnes.
Having met with groups such as the United Nations
Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in Rome and the
International Feed Industry Federation (IFIF), Alltech
appreciates how difficult it is to collect and collate this
data, but also how valuable it is on our journey to feed a
planet with more than nine billion people by 2050, Mr
Connolly said.
With five years of work behind it, this is the most robust
and reliable dataset on the sector available today.
The Global Feed Survey outlines Alltechs estimate of the
worlds feed tonnage and trends and is intended to serve as
open information resource for policy and decision makers
and industry insiders alike.
A summary of the 2016 Alltech Global Feed Survey
findings, including a recording of the webinar with Aidan
Connolly, a booklet of the results and an interactive map, is
available.
bit.ly/alltechfeedsurvey
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News
Dr Alexandros Samartzis
Crude Protein vs Amino Acids
ince prehistoric times, the aquatic elements

have inspired awe in humans. This fear of the
unfamiliar and wonder at the extraordinary
could give an indication of why aquaculture
farming came at such a later time than
terrestrial animal farming and agriculture,
even though aquaculture is now displaying tremendous
capabilities.
The strength of the relatively new aquaculture industry
and its great potential is emphasised by its growth
rate, which is almost as impressive as the beauty of the
environment in which the species live.
This year, for the first time in recent history, aquaculture
(average 8.1% annual growth rate, compare to terrestrial
livestock production at 2.6% per year) outpaced fisheries,
providing more than half of the total seafood produced.
However, this production is now expected to reach 62
percent by 2030, meaning that aquaculture will become
the fastest growing agricultural food sector, according to
credible sources.
That said, it is worth bearing in mind that this extremely
promising industry remains in its infancy when it comes
to meeting the nutritional needs of the cultured species,
compared to other industries like poultry and swine.
The direct translation of the word protein is 'First among
other' or 'protos.' The most characteristic example of this
can be seen in the poultry and swine industry since the
late 1990s. These industries have made a significant move
from crude protein (CP) to ideal amino acid (AA) based
formulations, whilst the majority of the aquaculture sector
is still formulating on a CP basis.
I am definitely of the opinion that such practice is neither
accurate from an analytical perspective, nor optimum from
a nutritional approach.
Currently, proximate analysis is the traditionally applied
method used to evaluate the CP among crude fiber, crude
fat, nitrogen-free extractives, ash and moisture, almost
always using the Kjeldahl method. Since the average
nitrogen level in proteins is estimated to be 16 percent,
the CP levels of ingredients and feeds are obtained by
measuring the total nitrogen content in the sample and
multiplying it by the empirical factor 6.25 (1/16100).
This is inaccurate for two main reasons: (i) the actual
variation between individual proteins is 12-19 percent,
which leads to an error of 15-20 percent and (ii) this method
cannot differentiate between protein and non-protein
nitrogen (NPN, ie ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, urea, uric
acid, melamine, etc) that fish and shrimp have restricted
ability to utilise.
It is not only the fact that the CP value is inaccurate
and misleading but also that these animals do not have a
requirement for protein per se but rather for AAs (the building
blocks of protein). To put it in simple terms, a protein is
catabolised (broken down) gradually from a peptide chain to

oligopeptides and lastly to individual AA particles.
The next step sees the AA absorbed via the small intestine,
then transported via the blood stream to the relevant organs.
Here they are used for protein deposition (growth), tissue
maintenance (due to protein turnover) and synthesis of
various compounds (ie enzymes and hormones).
As a result all organisms, including fish and shrimp, have
a nutritional requirement for AAs. AAs are divided into
non-essential AAs (which can be synthesised in the body)
and essential AAs (EAAs, which cannot). This fact means
that fish and shrimp can either not synthesise at all, or can
do so at a rate in proportion with their need for protein
deposition (Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine,
Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine).
In the early days of aquaculture when nutritional
knowledge was lacking and fishmeal (FM) was available
in abundance and at a good price, the EAA requirements
of the species were met and/or oversupplied by the raw
ingredients, or at least the criteria for growth and low FCR
were not as important as today.
During the last decade, the price of FM has fluctuated
massively and at one point increased almost four-fold,
forcing the nutritionist to reduce it in the feeds and replace
it with other animal or plant protein sources of lower
nutritional value. Advanced analysis of the feed's raw
ingredients, and even of different batches, is necessary to
have a clear and accurate understanding of the AA profile
in order to formulate accordingly.
In almost all cases there is an EAA deficiency, therefore
supplementation with crystalline AA is necessary in order
to meet and balance the requirements of the species,
allowing them to perform to their maximum potential.
The evolution of the aquaculture industry was enabled by
the expansion of nutritional knowledge (scientific research
on AA requirements), advances in analytics (ie Near
InfraRed Spectroscopy, Wet Chemistry) and commercial
availability of feed additives (like crystalline AA).
However, it is now possible to formulate feeds targeting
specific EAA levels customised to each species' individual
requirements.
Therefore, achieving optimum growth by minimising
water pollution, due to lower nitrogen excretion,
significantly reduces feed costs by replacing an expensive
protein source with a more sustainable one, as well as
balancing the AA needs of the species with supplemental
AA.
Dr. Alexandros Samartzis, is the Aquaculture

Technical Sales Manager for Evonik (SEA) Pte.
Ltd., based in Singapore. He holds an MRes
and PhD in fish nutrition from the University
of Plymouth, UK. Also he has an MBA from
the Agricultural University of Athens, GR.
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Johan den Hartog

How to make the global supply of
fishmeal substantially sustainable
ishmeal remains an important ingredient

for aquafeed, although alternatives are used
more and more. The aquaculture industry is
committed to providing products that are both
safe and produced in a sustainable way.
The Peruvian fishmeal industry provides about
one third of the global fishmeal and fish oil supply. Over the past
ten years, the Peruvian sector has been modernised and it has
improved substantially in terms of sustainability and quality.
when exporting to Europe. An important principle of GMP+

FSA certification is that the whole supply chain of feed
ingredients should control risks occurring in the production
process.
Most GMP+ FSA certified companies are fishmeal & oil
production, storage or transshipment facilities, as well as
being fishmeal & oil trading companies. The applicable
GMP+ B standard contains requirements regarding risk
management based on HACCP principles, but also conditions
Production
The average Peruvian fishmeal production volume from

2008 2013 was 1.3 million metric tonnes annually, and
about 5 percent of that volume was fish oil. Current volume
is about 850,000 metric tonnes due to lower catch quotas.
With this volume, Peru still accounts for one third of global
fishmeal production and is the biggest fishmeal producer in
the world, followed by Chile and Thailand.
Responsible sourcing
Over the past 20 years the Peruvian fishery sector has

changed into a sustainable industry. In the 1960s harvesting
of anchovy fish increased to 12 million metric tonnes.
However, this industry collapsed in the early 1970s as a
result of El Nino, excessive fishing and increased processing
capacity. The fishery was able to recover quickly because
the Peruvian government took appropriate measures
regarding fishing time and catch limits. Nowadays, there are
two fishing seasons: from mid-April until July, and between
October and January.
These measures should have a positive impact on the industry, with better programming of fishing activity, longer
fishing seasons, and consequently reduced environmental
impact.
The fishing quota has now been reduced from 4 5 million
metric tonnes to currently 3 3.5 million metric tonnes due
to the appearance of so-called Kelvin waves. These warm
water waves, maybe signs of a coming El Nino, result in
fewer available anchovy fish in the coastal areas with a
natural reduction in catch volumes.
Improved processing
During the last decade, the processing of anchovies into

fishmeal and fish oil has improved drastically due to a
combination of factors: GMP+ Feed Safety Assurance
(FSA) certification, tightened regulatory requirements, and
scaling-up of production facilities.
The requirement for GMP+ FSA certification was
introduced over the course of 2000 2002. Currently, almost
50 percent of all Peruvian fishmeal plants are certified. The
need for GMP+ FSA certification is particularly strong
for good manufacturing practices (prerequisite program),

resulting in increased hygiene status of the facilities - both
improving processes and increasing efficiency.
The number of GMP+ FSA certificates has decreased
since 2013. This is partly due to a temporary shutdown of
processing plants that was caused by a lack of anchovies. It
is also partly due to the scaling-up of production facilities. In
As a result, Peruvian fishmeal is of high quality nowadays.

There are several aspects and reasons for this.
Firstly, the nutritional quality is high. This is due to the
quality of the anchovies as well as the currently high levels
of efficiency and hygiene when processing it into fishmeal.
Hygienic processing avoids decay and loss of nutritional
quality substantially. The final product has low moisture
content with a long shelf life and stable quality.
Secondly, the fishmeal and oil are also very safe because
of the low levels of contaminants and good microbiological
status. Monitoring conducted by the government as well as
the companies themselves stands as proof of this.
However, this could also be down to contaminants such
as dioxin, PCBs, heavy metals, pesticides, and biogenic
amines. Dioxin level is about 0.20 ng/kg (limit: 1.25 ng/kg).
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High quality fishmeal and oil
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previous years, in a process of up-scaling plants by mergers

and deconstruction of older plants, the total number reduced
by about 30 percent. The expectation is that the number of
fish processing plants will decrease slowly.
As soon as Asian countries like China and Japan also require
feed safety assurance, the number of GMP+ FSA certificates is
expected to increase. In Asia, there is increasing awareness of
the need for food safety and sustainability, with GMP+ FSA
certification also becoming well-known across the region.
Moreover, the Peruvian government has now introduced
sanitary conditions and regularly carries out sanitary checks
by taking samples of fishmeal and oil and analysing them
for microbiological condition, heavy metals, etc. Their main
goal is to ensure the export of Peruvian fishmeal worldwide.
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News
Over the course of the last couple of years, there have been
two spikes that saw levels hit 0.8 ng/kg; although the cause
of this has not yet been fully established.
One cause could be pollution due to metal-mining
activities (iron, copper, zinc) in the mountains, but at the
same time the analysis method was adjusted. The level of
PCB currently stands at about 0.20 ppm (limit: 4.0 ng/kg).
The level of heavy metal contamination is normally below
detectable levels, with the exception of cadmium.
The low levels of cadmium that are detected are caused
by the pollution of seawater due to the mining of metals in
the mountains. Pesticides, HCB and PAH4 are all below
detectable levels.
The current low level of contaminants has several
speculated causes. The water of the Pacific Ocean is
typically clean and also the lifecycle of anchovies is very
short (maximum 2.5 years and normally caught at 1 year of
age). The relatively short lifetime of the fish does not allow
contaminants to accumulate to high concentrations.
In conclusion, a high level of hygiene during processing
combined with good quality of seawater and anchovies should
enable the Peruvian industry to market premium quality fishmeal
with a high nutritional quality and a low level of contaminants.
If this is implemented, then Peruvian fishmeal and oil will
become a sustainable ingredient not only for aquafeed, but
for other animal species too.
Johan den Hartog is the Managing
Director of GMP+ International
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True gender champion recognised

Aquaculture without Frontiers is delighted to announce Dr Meryl Williams as the
first woman of the month for 2016!
eryls extensive and

continuing contribution
to international research
in fisheries and aquaculture, and
advocacy of women and gender
in aquaculture is an inspiration to
women globally.
For the past 40 years, Meryl has
worked tirelessly in Australian and
international fisheries, aquaculture,
aquatic resource conservation,
agricultural research and development
and published widely on aspects
of fish harvesting and fisheries
management around the world.
More recently, her work emphasises
fish in relation to food security and
nutrition and its potential in feeding
the worlds anticipated population
of 9 billion people. Her contribution
to women and gender in aquaculture
and fisheries includes the initiation of
the website http://genderaquafish.org/
devoted to the exchange of information
on gender in aquaculture and fisheries
from all parts of the world.
After graduating in 1975 from
James Cook University with a
science degree, she collected the
Dr Palmerston-Rundle Prize for
biological sciences. After being
elected a Fellow of the Australian
Academy of Science, Technology and
Engineering in 1993 she was awarded
an Australian Centenary Medal in
2003. Last year, Meryl was awarded

the prestigious Crawford Fund medal
for her contribution to international
agricultural research, through the
Australian Centre for International
Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and
the CGIAR system.
Meryl commenced work for the
Queensland government in 1977,
moving to the Tuna and Billfish
programme of the (now) Secretariat
for the Pacific Community in 1981,
then to the Australian Department of
Primary Industries and Energy in the
mid-1980s, and later to the Australian
Institute of Marine Science.
From 1994 to 2004, she was Director

General of the WorldFish Centre
where her work focused on reducing
environmental pressure and poverty
and improving the quality of nutrition.
From 2004 until 2007, she chaired
the Board of Management and was
President of the Policy Advisory
Council of ACIAR. In 1990 she
became executive director of the
Bureau of Rural Resources and three
years later, the Director of Australian
Institute of Marine Science.
Meryls contribution to international
committees includes being the Vice
Chair of the Scientific Advisory
Committee of the International Seafood
Sustainability Foundation and an
Honorary Life Member of the Asian
Fisheries Society (AFS).
Currently she is leading the AFS
AsiaPacific-FishWatch project
to develop an online information
system for Asia-Pacific fisheries
and aquaculture. She has also led
a number of key international
evaluation teams for the World Bank
and United Nations FAO. We are
privileged to have Meryl as a member
of the board of Aquaculture without
Frontiers (Australia) Ltd.
We welcome Julie Kimber as our
Womens Network secretariat and
thank Virginia Mosk for her efforts in
helping us establish the network.
BioMarine). Other trials have also

shown that Qardio can reduce dark
spots (melanin), as well as enhancing
fillet quality, reducing inflammation
and boosting HSMI resistance.
Focusing on dark
spots in the fillet
Significant attention is currently

being devoted to the occurrence of
dark spots in salmon fillets, both
by the industry and by specialist
institutions, says Gunnar Molland,
BioMars Product Manager for Fish
Health.
The melanin discolourations
are assumed to be the product of a
permanent inflammation process
and we have also found repeated
indications that feed components
which modulate inflammation help
to reduce the development of spots.
In addition to the role played by
specific vitamins and minerals we
have also seen the effects of the fatty
acid balance. As a consequence, it
did not come as any great surprise to
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new effect of adding krill

to fish feed has recently
been discovered. This most
recent finding is that krill can reduce
dark melanin spots in fish fillets.
In a trial carried out at BioMars
test unit at Senja, phrases such as
unbelievable results were used
when the trial data were processed.
It has become increasingly apparent
that incorporating krill in the feed
will enhance the quality of the fish at
slaughter. In this trial, the test feed
containing krill produced a 19 per
cent reduction in dark melanin spots
in fillets.
These findings are contained in a
brand-new Nofima report in which
200 fish were examined by Turid
Mrkre and her team at Nofima.
The feeding trial was a full-scale
trial conducted at BioMars trial
license off Senja using salmon that
were transferred to seawater in the
spring of 2014. The test feed used in
the trial was Qardio, which contains
krill (QRILL produced by Aker
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Reducing dark spots in fillets by

incorporating krill in fish feed
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find that Qardio, which was already

known to reduce the harmful effects
of virus infections on the heart, has
now also been shown to reduce the
occurrence of dark spots in the fillet.
The discovery that the same virus
(PRV) that causes HSMI is found in
dark spots in fish fillets suggests that
the virus may also play a role in this
context.
Development of new
tools for the industry
Dark spots in fillets are a problem

with which many fish farmers will be
all too familiar, continues Molland.
This development work is being
conducted by BioMar R&D and
involves joint venture projects with
customers and external communities
of expertise. BioMar will apply the
new knowledge generated in this
work in the development of tools
for the industry, our aim being
to launch a product designed to
promote cost-effective prevention of
fillet spots early next year. It is also
important to note that operational
stress appears to be a significant factor
in the development of dark spots,
concludes Mr Molland.
Complete Plants and Machines

for the Production of Fish Feed
Contrary to conventional extruders, the KAHL extruder OEE is equipped

with a hydraulically adjustable die.
AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG Dieselstrasse 5-9 D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg Phone: +49 40 727 71 0
info@akahl.de
www.akahl.de
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Travel grants and student travel scholarships available for

participation at APA16, Indonesia 26-29 April 2016
he World Aquaculture Societys Asia-Pacific

Chapter (WAS-APC) is providing the opportunity
for students to attend Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2016
(APA16) in Grand City, Surabaya, Indonesia from 26 to
29 April 2016. Funding for this opportunity is provided
by WAS-APC, and Aquaculture without Frontiers is
facilitating the process.
The theme for Asia Pacific Aquaculture in Surabaya is
Profitability, Sustainability, and Responsibility for the
Future.
Surabaya is the capital of Jawa Timur (East Java) and the
second-largest city in Indonesia located on the northeastern
coast of Java along the edge of the Madura Strait. The
city is known as Kota Pahlawan - City of Heroes - due
to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya in galvanising
Indonesian and international support for Indonesian
independence during the Indonesian National Revolution.
Surabaya was once the largest city in the Dutch East Indies
and virtually the centre of trading in the nation, exceeding
that of Batavia and competing with the likes of Singapore
and Hong Kong.
Travel grants
There are three grants of US$1000 available which are

intended to assist with accommodation and travel and
WAS-APC will organise and pay registration for the event.
Invest in a growing dynamic and innovative market
Indonesia
The EU Desk within the Indonesia Investment Coordination Board (BKPM) is dedicated to assisting European
companies to better understand the opportunities and
process of investing in Indonesia
Two of the grants are expressly for female students

and the third is for a mature-age female who works in
aquaculture.
Applicants need to complete the application form and
will be assessed against the following selection criteria:
Knowledge and understanding of the role of women in
the Aquaculture industry (20 points)
Capacity to contribute to the future development of the
Aquaculture industry (30 points)
Potential benefits to the individual and the sector that
they work in (30 points)
Demonstrated skills that will enable you to be an
effective member of the WAS-APC information booth. (20
points)
Applicants must be willing to serve and assist at the WASAPC booth - rostered as per arrangements - and be prepared
to be part of a panel involved in the Women in Aquaculture
& Fisheries session at APA16. This panel will discuss
experiences of women in the aquaculture/fisheries area.
Travel grant applications must be made on the Official
Application Form at https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/
TravGrant16.
Student travel scholarships
There are five scholarships of US$500 available which

are intended to assist with accommodation and travel and
WAS-APC will organise and pay registration for the event.
Applicants need to complete the application form and will
be assessed against the following selection criteria:
Your vision of the Global Aquaculture industry for the
next 10 years (40 points)
Capacity to contribute to the future development of the
Global Aquaculture Industry (20 points)
Potential benefits to you and the sector that you currently,
or propose to, work in (20 points)
Ideas on what activities you believe are feasible and
useful for Students that WAS-APC can undertake at
APA16. (20 points)
Applicants must be willing to serve and assist with the
WAS-APC Students activities and assist Aquaculture
without Frontiers (AwF) as necessary. AwF is looking for
students who are interested in presenting an abstract at the
AwF Session communicating issues about their country.
Student scholarship applications must be made on the
Official Application Form at https://www.surveymonkey.
com/r/StTravSchol16
In both cases
EUDesk at BKPM
BKPM - Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board

Jl. Jed. Gatot Subroto No. 44, Jakarta 12190 Indonesia
Tel: +62 21 527 4802
Email: eu.tcf@bkpm.go.id
www.euind-tcf.com
As a result of your experience, after the Event you must

prepare within 30 days a report, including photographs,
outlining issues that need to be considered by any
aquaculture female prior to, during and after the Event to
maximise the benefits of participation.
Successful candidates will need to:
- have reasonable computer literacy and typing skills
- take instructions from the team leader and be able to
work independently
- Closing date for applications is 5 February 2016.
katherinewasapc@gmail.com
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Is your plant
vulnerable to
cyber-attacks?
Easy steps to
closing the door
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High profile cyber attacks on banks, charities, telecom

companies etc have hit the headlines lately, but your
plant is just as much at risk! Have you evaluated how
secure your plant is?
Modern
industrial
control systems (ICS)
have an unprecedented
level of connectedness
to each other and to
the outside world. This
brings numerous benefits now that connected
sensors are cheaper and
easier to develop and
gives the opportunity
for much greater level of
plant data interrogation.
Nowadays, even the most basic control system is invariably
connected to a computer. However, this very connectivity
that brings such great benefits also opens up a hazard - attacks from unfriendly parties.
There are potentially serious consequences should vulnerabilities to ICS be exploited.
Although there are various ways to attack an ICS environment, the most common methods to achieve practical impact on operations fall into three categories: loss, denial and
manipulation. Cyber-attacks on ICS can result in numerous
impediments such as: denial of service, unauthorised control
of the manufacturing process, loss of integrity, loss of confidentiality and damage to your organisations reputation.
Organisations in the processing industry must approach the
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problem of ICS attacks pragmatically; It is not a matter of if

it will happen, but when it will happen!
The processing community must complete the necessary
assessment, engineering and instrumentation tasks to plan for
and deal with the potential for attacks on ICS environments
on the best terms. ICS can no longer use security through
obscurity as a suitable kind of defence against cyber-attacks.
In a bid to help industrialists better prepare for this possible infringement to their ICS network security, experts at
the Wolfson Centre for Bulk Solids Handling Technology
have devised a one day short course that examines this topic
from design through to installation. It will inform attendees
of best practice in industry such as strategies, activities, or
approaches, which have been shown to be effective through
research, evaluation and implementation.
The Chancellor has pledged to increase spending on cyber
security to 1.9 billion by 2020, However, just 490 will secure your place on this one-day course on March 9, 2016 at
the Centres premises in Chatham Maritime, Kent.
www.bulksolids.com
AQUACULTURE TRAINING
In response to the growing demand for Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) certification in
China and across Asia, 35 new auditors recently
completed a six-day training
course in Beijing.
Held from 4th-9th January, certifying body SAI convened a group
including other certification bodies SGS, Bureau Veritas, Intertek
and a number of independent auditors, as well as staff from WWF
and Tesco to undertake training
for the ASC shrimp, tilapia and
bivalve standards. All ASC training includes a mandatory exam to
test the auditor candidates understanding of the standards.
A traceability module was also
provided by MSC on Chain of
Custody Requirements for certification, which are now included in the ASCs new
Certification and Accreditation Requirements.
This auditor training will allow us to meet the
groundswell of demand for ASC certification
throughout the Asian region, said Bas Geerts, Standards Director at ASC.
Thirty-five
new auditors
trained
on ASC
standards
in China
The overwhelming majority of farmed fish comes

from Asia and ASC is expanding operations so more
Chinese farms have the opportunity to become engaged in the ASC certification programme. The
recently trained auditors will be able to work with
farms across the region as they seek to become certified against the most comprehensive standards for reducing environmental impacts, improving conditions
for farm workers and reducing the impact of farming
operations on local communities.
Of the 35 candidate auditors, 26 were trained in all
three species standards. On successfully passing the
final exam administered by the ASC by appointed
trainers, they will be able to conduct independent
assessments in China and other countries across the
Asia-Pacific region.
Over the last two years, ASC certification has
surged in Asia. AEON, the largest retailer in Japan, recently made ASC certified shrimp available
across all stores nationwide. In Hong Kong, YATA
collaborated with KLG Fine Food to promote a limited-time, exclusive range of ASC offerings. Late
last year, Qionghai Zhongpingzi Grobest tilapia
farm and Chengmai Xingyuan Development Co Ltd
become the first Chinese farms to achieve ASC certification.
DONT MISS THE UKS LARGEST AQUACULTURE

EXHIBITION AND CONFERENCE
25 & 26 MAY 2016 AVIEMORE, SCOTLAND

An international event with visitors from over 30 countries, meet:
LAST FEW REMAINING STANDS - BOOK NOW

Visit www.aquacultureuk.com for more information
or contact info@aquacultureuk.com
FEATURE
The future of fish meal replacement:
Cotton Protein
This high-protein, palatable feed
ingredient comes from the cotton
plant and is available today
by Tom Wedegaertner, director of agricultural research, Cotton Incorporated
n the 1985 movie Back to the Future, time travelers

visit 2015. By pure coincidence, the date they
visited coincided with Aquaculture Europe 2015,
giving attendees the opportunity to speculate about
what aquaculture will look like in another 30
years. An exciting prediction was made: by 2045,
more protein from the cotton plant will be used in
aquaculture feeds than that from fishmeal.
The good news is we dont need a tricked-out
DeLorean time machine to take us to the future to confirm
that prediction, because the future is right in front of us. The
industrys quest for a sustainable, plant-based protein to meet
Table 1: Reported tolerance of various aquatic species to gossypol in the
total diet
Species
Maximumtolerance,
ppm (FG)
Toxic Effects
Description
Reference
Channel Catfish
800
No adverse effects
for growth or blood
Yildrim-Aksoy
et al. (2004b)
Channel Catfish
336
Reduced growth
Barros et al.
(1984)
Tilapia (O. spp.)
520
Reduced growth,
increased liver
gossypol level
Mbahinzireki
et al. (2001)
Juvenile Rainbow
Trout
250
Reduced growth,
increased liver
gossypol level
Roehm et al.
(1967)
Adult Rainbow
Trout
495
Normal growth,
lower hematocrit &
hemoglobin
Dabrowski et
al. (2000)
Rainbow Trout
232
Reduced growth
and reduced
hemoglobin
Dabrowski et
al. (2001)
Pacific White
Shrimp
1100
Reduced feed
intake, reduced
growth, high
mortality
Lim (1996)
current and future demands takes us to a present-day cotton field.

Worldwide, the annual cotton crop produces about 10 million
metric tons of pure protein. This is equivalent to 16 million
metric tons of fishmeal, or four times current fishmeal production.
Its no secret that at current worldwide growth rates, which
currently stand at approximately eight percent annually, the
aquaculture industry will soon require fishmeal in volumes far
beyond that which the oceans can sustainably provide. The

United Nations FAO reports that fish populations targeted for
fishmeal production could be depleted by 2030.
Cottonseed protein, byproducts of cotton production, are
expected to be an excellent and far less costly financially
and environmentally replacement for fishmeal in aquaculture
applications.
Unlocking cottonseeds protein potential
Although best known for its use in textiles, the cotton plant
is increasingly valued for its seed, which is crushed for its oil
and sold into the food industry or fed whole as a premium feed
ingredient to high-producing dairy cows. In the ginning process,
the fluffy white fiber is removed, leaving behind a fuzzy, proteinrich cottonseed.
Proven highly palatable to aquatic animals in feeding trials,
cottonseed has great potential but its use has been limited due
to a naturally occurring toxin, gossypol, produced by the tiny
glands distributed throughout the cotton plant. Gossypol, a
defense mechanism designed by nature to discourage predation,
is toxic at some level for all animals, insects and microbes but
is tolerated well by ruminants. The primary mechanism of its
toxicity involves the binding of gossypol with the iron in red
blood cells, severely limiting the bloods ability to transport
oxygen.
Biotechnology now exists to turn off the production of
gossypol just in the seed, and Cotton Incorporated, a notfor-profit research and marketing company, is taking steps to
commercialize this ultra-low gossypol cotton variety. In the
meantime, two immediate opportunities exist for aquaculture to
tap the proven benefits of cottonseed as a fish meal replacement.
First, all cottonseed available today can be formulated to meet
some of the dietary needs of most aquaculture species. Second,
a naturally glandless variety of cottonseed discovered in the
1950s is currently being cultivated on an experimental basis on
about 150 acres in New Mexico, USA, providing the aquaculture
industry with a very limited supply of gossypol-free cotton
protein for research and evaluation. Increased demand for this
product could easily result in a rapid expansion in glandless
cotton acreage in New Mexico where low bug pressure allows it
to be successfully grown.
Jumbo-sized plant-based alternative
In the desert of New Mexico, a commercial inland shrimp
FEATURE
farmer grows out jumbo shrimp on

a diet largely made up of highprotein cottonseed flour. New
Mexico Shrimp Company has
partnered with Cotton Incorporated
in a commercial-scale project that
demonstrates cottonseeds usability
for aquaculture and highlighting
cottons contribution to improving
the sustainability of local shrimp
production.
In this arid pocket of the United
States, commercial cotton growers
have unlimited potential to grow
glandless cotton varieties.
New Mexico Shrimp Company
is set up for conducting research
and feeding trials with diets
containing varying levels of locally
grown cottonseed to analyze feed
efficiency, water quality and growth
rate. The findings are promising.
Complete replacement of fishmeal
with cottonseed protein flour has resulted in no negative effects
on performance. These results are consistent with the findings
of several research projects recently conducted by Texas A&M
University.
Recent research conducted by the University of North Carolina
concluded that menhaden fishmeal can be 100 percent replaced
by cotton protein in the diet of juvenile black sea bass, without
affecting performance. The researchers observed that diets
containing cottonseed protein were consumed voraciously by the

juvenile sea bass.
Recent studies at Auburn University found similar results with
pompano and concluded that glandless cottonseed protein is
acceptable for use in feed for Florida pompano.
Protein from the cotton plant is poised to make a significant
contribution to the sustainability of aquaculture, by extending the
supply of precious and most likely unsustainable fishmeal.
FEATURE
The future: ultra-low gossypol cotton
While glandless cotton can be grown in New Mexico, its

susceptibility to insect pressure prevents it from being grown on
a commercial scale elsewhere. Over the past several decades,
chemical, mechanical and microbial processes have been used
to remove gossypol but have been deemed too expensive or
ineffective for successful commercial application.
The bright spot today is transgenic technology, which silences
the expression of the gene only in the seed creates an otherwise
normal cotton plant. The transgenic cotton plant produces ultralow gossypol seeds while retaining the gossypol component
in the remainder of the plant, keeping its associated defenses
against fungi, insects and disease. While the plant technology is
promising, it may take years to become commercially available.
In addition to regulatory issues, this technology will need to be
inserted into modern, high yielding varieties, a time-consuming
process.
LEIBER BETA-S
EXCELLENT FOR FISH
Table 2: Fish Meal and Cottonseed Meal Amino Acid Comparison
G
in
e
ad
any Made in
REAL
BREWERSViking Pro
YEAST
in G e r m a n
y
M
erm
ad e
M
Beta-S
rm
M ade i n G e
rm
y
an
a
Ge
Amino Acids
in G
ermany M
a
de
For strong, immunocompetent fish:
Fish Meal
Cottonseed
Meal
CSM as a %
of FM
Lysin
8.7
4.9
56%
Threonine
1.6
3.5
76%
Cystine
0.9
1.9
268%
Trytophan
1.3
1.5
115%
Valine
5.5
4.8
87%
Isoleucine
4.7
3.5
75%
Argininine
6.3
12.4
197%
Phenylalanine
4.4
5.9
134%
Tryosine
3.6
3.4
94%
Biertreber
Histidine
2.6
Beta-S
3 Plus
115%
Serine
4.4
4.6
104%
Alaninie
6.8
4.2
62%
Aspartic Acid
10
9.6
96%
Glutamic Acid
14.13
20.5
145%
Glycine
6.6
4.4
67%
Proline
4.3
93%
Aquacultures insatiable demand for protein and its desire

to replace fishmeal with a plant-based protein is the cotton
industrys motivation for investing in ultra-low gossypol cotton
varieties and ensuring a market for this high-value protein source.
Feed cottonseed today
The potential of cottonseed is astounding. Depending on
how cottonseed is processed, it can be made into a meal, flour,
concentrate or isolate with protein levels ranging from 41-93
percent.
Cottonseed is much more palatable than other plant-based
proteins and it is nutritionally very comparable to soybean meal,
with the addition of a small amount lysine. Its proven palatability
is also evident in cottonseeds common use for baits, lures,
attractants and feeding stimulants.
Aquaculture producers can explore ways to use cottonseed meal
today, and even lower the cost of their aquaculture rations, by
understanding the levels of gossypol and the limitations of their
aquatic species [Table 1].
In aquaculture species, the toxicity of gossypol varies widely,
with catfish and shrimp being some of the most tolerant species.
This is presumably due to the lower oxygen requirements of
catfish and the absence of iron in the blood of shrimp.
Other species such as trout and tilapia are moderately tolerant
Improvement of the cellular &

humoral defence mechanisms
Support of immunological competence
in larval and juvenile stages
Improvement of feed conversion
Leiber GmbH
Hafenstrae 24
49565 Bramsche
Germany
Tel. +49 (0)5461 9303-0
Fax +49 (0)5461 9303-29
www.leibergmbh.de
info@leibergmbh.de
oduktanzeige Beta-S 90 x 270 International Aqua Feed ohne Messehinweis.indd 1
24.08.15 12:07
FEATURE
and have been fed feeds containing low levels of cottonseed

meal without a reduction in performance.
Research and documentation exist to guide the formulation
of lower cost aquaculture rations using cottonseed meal
to replace or be used in combination with other protein
sources. The tolerance level to free gossypol of most aquatic
animals is well above what would be found in a typical diet
containing a properly processed cottonseed meal, even at
levels of 25-50 percent (Li & Robinson, 2006). When using
cottonseed meal in an aquatic diet a gossypol analysis is
essential!
Cottonseed meal is readily available from oil mills. Since
many of these mills produce a product that is used to produce
cattle feed, it is not well suited for use in aquaculture feeds,
except catfish.
It can be used at some level by requesting high-protein
cottonseed meal and working with a nutritionist to produce
a cost-effective ration that falls safely within the gossypol
tolerances of your aquaculture species.
In addition to iron, gossypol will bind with lysine, and will
require the addition of lysine and sometimes methionine in
the feed mix. Also, the addition of iron salts to the feed mix
provides additional safety when it is added at a weight ratio
of 1:1 iron to gossypol.
Feeding trials: bring a vision to life
Limited quantities of glandless cottonseed are available

to advance the understanding and use of cottonseed protein
in aquaculture. Feeding trials with New Mexico Shrimp
Company continue; meanwhile, Cotton Incorporated
seeks additional commercial partners for feeding trials and
demonstration projects.
As we learn more about how this, readily available plantbased protein, can transform the aquaculture industry, and
support its continued growth, we realize that the future starts
today.
We recall an iconic line from Back to the Future: Your
future is whatever you make of it, so make it a good one.
For more information on cottonseed as a sustainable
protein alternative to fish meal, or to discuss your interest in
participating in a feeding trial, contact
FEATURE
GUT HEALTH
IN 4 (EASY)
STEPS
uch has been made of

gut health recently. By
unpacking the concept,
we can arrive at a
better understanding
of the driving factors,
influences, indicators and
implications of gut health
for aquaculture.
1 - Gut health is crucial for aquaculture
One of the first challenges that we face in aquaculture is precisely

the environment where fish live, breathe, eat and defecate: the
water. In aquaculture, fish and shrimp live in close connection
with the surrounding environment. Through the ingestion of
water, aquatic farmed animals constantly face pathogens and
environmental stress in the gut. If we would compare, for
example, the amount of bacteria in air and water, you will be
faced with about 1,000,000 bacteria per millilitre of water in
coastal areas. In aquaculture systems or special in intensive
systems, this number will be considerably higher. Adding to this,
most bacteria found in aquatic environments are opportunistic,
and therefore have the potential to become pathogenic. Good gut
health is important in limiting the risk.
2 - Defining gut health
The term gut health is part of a complex animal health definition

that relies on a diverse set of gut performance indicators (depicted
in lower portion of Figure 1). In aquaculture, the diversity of
farmed species makes this even more complex. We would say
that the key feature of the gastrointestinal tract comprises its
ability to digest feed and make it suitable for absorption and
growth under healthy conditions, e.g. in the absence of disease,
leading to improved animal performance. At BIOMIN we define
gut performance management according to three objectives
(Table 1).
3 - Understanding gut health as a whole
Understanding gut health requires the elucidation of the complex

interactions between different components that will allow the gut
to perform under normal physiological functions and to maintain
homeostasis, thereby supporting its ability to withstand infections
and non-infectious stressors. Such complex interactions can
be grouped in three pillars: animal physiology, nutrition and
environment (shown as main categories in Figure 1). These three
main factors interact, influencing the gastrointestinal microbiota
community, and consequently, gut performance.
Fish physiology
An animals physiological status can be characterised by its

metabolism, which is set according to; gastrointestinal anatomy/
physiology variations according to each species, feeding habits,
diet, nutrition and physiological condition. It is further influenced
by health challenges and defense mechanisms. Defence
mechanisms will have particularities inherent to each species and
some pathogens will also be species-specific.
by Rui Gonalves, Scientist,

Gonalo Santos, R&D
Manager at BIOMIN
Nutrition
The second pillar focuses on nutritional aspects, where raw

material quality and origin sources in particular can affect
FEATURE
Nutrition
Cha
lle
ng
ity
mun
o im
t
es
ng
lle
a
Ch
ironment
Env
GUT
HEALTH
Anti-inflammatory
responses
Gut immunity
Pathogens
Defen
ces
/p
a
t
h
og
en
s
Pathogens
(bacteria,
Virus, etc)
Antigenic stimuli
Host physiology
salinity
temperature
oxygen
pH
Rearing densities
Digestability
Anti nutritional factors
Mycotoxins
Oxidation
Palatability
Performance
Impact on the end-product quality
Cost efficiency
Sustainability (FIFO ratio)
Specie phylogeny
Specie ontogeny
dapting mic
Feeding habits
/a
ro
g
b
Diet
in
Nutrition
Physiological conditions
munity
com
ta
io
m
olis
tab
Me
Stre
ss
fac
to
rs
l quality/s
materia
ourc
es
Raw
Effective digestion and absorption

Stable gut microbial population
Structure and function of the gut barrier
Effective function of the immune system
Gu
t pe
ors
rforma
nce indicat
Table 1:
gastrointestinal health. Diet digestibility, anti-nutritional factors,

mycotoxin contamination and lipid oxidation can all influence
the microbiota community. Nutrition is especially important
nowadays due to the pressure to replace fishmeal and fish oil with
alternative ingredients.
Environmental influences
The final pillar, environment, takes into account both the

richness of the aquatic environment, including pathogens and
antigenic stimuli, and the influence of these surroundings on
the animals homeostasis. Aquatic animals are constantly
ingesting the surrounding water, thus pathogens and antigenic
stimuli present in water, are also ingested and will challenge or
adapt the microbiota community. At the same time, aquaculture
species are constantly being exposed to environmental stress,
including; variations of salinity, temperature, oxygen, pH and
rearing stress. This environmental stress will influence the host
homeostasis by directly affecting the microbiota community
and indirectly influencing the energy budget spent to recover
homeostasis.
4 Tools for managing gut health
Microbial metabolic activities ensure the uptake of energy

and the absorption of nutrients, promote gastric development,
and stimulate epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation,
Gut performance management objectives

1) Improve the efficiency of the gut
2) Prevent gastrointestinal disorders and
related side effects
3) Re-establish gut integrity after a
dysfunction
Source: BIOMIN
while maintaining mucosal tolerance and providing protective
functions against pathogens. As a result, there is great scientific
interest in modulation of the intestinal microbiota in favor of
beneficial bacteria through the use of novel feed additives such as
probiotics, prebiotics, phytogenics, organic acids and mycotoxin
risk management tools sometimes in combination.
Conclusion
The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the health

and well-being of aquatic animals. The anatomy and physiology
of aquatic animals gastrointestinal tracts will have important
determinants for the establishment of the quantitative and
qualitative aspects of its microbiota. The three pillars of gut
health will allow us modulate some aspects to achieve an
effective digestive process, a stable gut microbial population,
correct structure and function of the gut barrier, and effective
immune system function. The use of feed additives and
bioremediation tools can in some cases influence the three
factors to effectively support gut health and improve animal
performance.
FEATURE
Field-tested
health protection
for Shrimp feed
by Tilman Wilke 1, Monika Korzekwa1 and Niti Chuchird2
1
Dr. Eckel GmbH, Niederzissen, Germany
2
Aquaculture Business Research Center, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
r. Eckel Germanys pioneer

in functional feed additives is
constantly working on new
solutions to provide reliable
solutions for premium aquaculture
feed. Dr. Eckel now releases
AntaOx Aqua the all-natural
feed additive for intensive Shrimp
production.
Shrimp farmers from around the world have the same goal to
keep their production system in a balance. Endemic pathogens
and epidemic diseases (like EMS/AHPN caused by Vibrio
parahaemolyticus) constantly put this balance at risk.
In the past it was commonplace to keep farming system in
balance by the preventive use of antibiotics. Customers and
retailers in Europe, the US and other markets become more and
more sensitive to the abundance of antibiotic drugs usage in
animal production. Hence, shrimp farmers need alternative tools
to keep their animals healthy.
Functional feed additives are alternative way to strengthen the
natural defence mechanism of the animals and therefore to keep
the production system in balance. The farmer recognizes this by
high growth rates, good feed conversion and low mortalities.
Lab results reconfirmed in large-scale field trials
AntaOx Aqua can directly decrease the bacterial infection and

increase the survival rate of Pacific White Shrimp. This was
confirmed in feeding trial in the lab as well as in the pond.
Trials conducted in cooperation with the renowned Kasetsart
University in Thailand gave spectacular results under laboratory
conditions. The protective and immune-stimulating effects of
AntaOx Aqua at the cellular level were measured and visualized
(Niyamosatha et al. 2015).
In follow-up pond trials conducted under supervision of
Kasetsart University of Bangkok these results have now been
confirmed under commercial farming conditions in South-East
Asia. AntaOx Aqua significantly reduced the number of Vibrio
bacteria in the hepatopancreas (Fig. 1). EMS is known to cause

necrotic cells in the hepatopancreas of shrimp.
In samples of the control group up to 80 percent of the
hepatopancreatic cells were consistently damaged. However, the
hepatopancreas of the shrimps with AntaOx Aqua appeared to
be healthy and normal (Fig. 2). Furthermore, the lower bacterial
infection in AntaOx Aqua fed shrimps accounted for better mean
survival rate (91% vs. 63% in the control group, Fig. 3).
Performance parameters like growth and feed conversion ratio
(1.35 vs. 1.55 in the control group) were positively affected by
adding AntaOx Aqua to the growout feed (Fig. 4). These effects
increased total biomass production and profit in the AntaOx
Aqua group.
In addition to that, lower mortality in the grow out period means
less waste in terms of animals and feed and enables farmers to
plan annual production volumes more reliably.
The mode of action of AntaOx Aqua
Inflammation is a reaction to damage to animal tissues (whether

visible or invisible) caused by various stimuli. Those stimuli
can be physical (e.g. injuries, heat and radiation) chemical
(e.g. acids and toxins) and biological (e.g. bacteria, fungi and
viruses). Numerous of these factors can be found in aquaculture
production, which means that undetected inflammation is likely
to be present almost continuously.
The inflammatory process is controlled and activated by
the transcription factor Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-B).
After stimulation by various inducers, NF-B activates the
expression of genes encoding pro-inflammatory proteins or
enzymes involved in the inflammatory process. The inflammatory
mediators contribute to the disruption of epithelial barriers and
activate other immune cells which enhance the inflammation of
the digestive system. Inflammation in the digestive system and
adjacent organs costs energy, reduces growth performance and
impairs feed utilization of aquaculture species.
The active ingredients in AntaOx Aqua act as natural
antiphlogistics by down-regulation of the NF-B factor and
FEATURE
"Trials gave
spectacular results
under laboratory
conditions. In
follow-up pond
trials conducted
under supervision of
Kasetsart University
of Bangkok these
results have now
been confirmed under
commercial farming
conditions "
inhibition of the formation of pro-inflammatory proteins. This
reduces negative consequences of inflammation like fever, loss of
appetite, cell death, tissue damage and many more (Gessner et al.,
2012, 2013; Fiesel et al., 2014).
Indeed, less necrotic cells were found in the hepatopancreas

of shrimp when fed with AntaOx Aqua, indicating less
inflammation in the digestive system. From classic antibiotic
growth promoters (AGPs) is known that their anti-inflammatory
activity is responsible for their growth-promoting effect
(Niewold, 2007).
Therefore, we assume that the growth enhancing effects of
AntaOx Aqua are the result of the anti-inflammatory property of
AntaOx Aqua. Not only growth but also feed conversion ratio
was improved, indicating that the less energy from feed had to be
used for inflammation processes.
What is the advantage of AntaOx Aqua over existing

products?
AntaOx Aqua proved its effectiveness in numerous international

feeding trials and under commercial farm conditions
demonstrating a breakthrough for the profitability of shrimp
farms throughout the world.
Compared with other feed additives for aquaculture feed,
AntaOx Aqua offers a number of advantages. AntaOx Aqua is
cost-effective even under highly competitive market conditions
in South-East Asia and Latin America. AntaOx Aqua is highly
concentrated and works at low dosages leaving enough space
in the feed formula for maximum energy and nutrient density.
AntaOx Aqua perfectly complements other efforts at farm
level to keep fish and shrimp healthy. It does not interfere with
medications and water treatments. AntaOx Aqua offers a
natural solution meeting exactly the demand for a healthy and
efficient fish and shrimp production perfectly in line with
todays consumer perceptions in regard to food safety and animal
welfare.
FEATURE
INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND

CONTROL STRATEGIES IN SHRIMP
A brief overview of infectious diseases impacting farmed
shrimp and some experimental strategies on disease control
by Csar Marcial Escobedo-Bonilla, Instituto Politcnico Nacional - Centro Interdisciplinario
de Investigacin para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Sinaloa
odern shrimp
aquaculture
began in 1933
in Japan with
the induced
spawning and
hatching of
Marsupenaeus
japonicus larvae.
This technology allowed the production of shrimp
larvae in hatcheries instead of using larvae from the
wild to stock grow-out ponds.
Shrimp farming is an important activity in
several low-income countries in Asia, America
and Africa as it generates employment and wealth.
Nonetheless, intensification of shrimp culture
increased the appearance of infectious diseases due
to deviations in environmental and physiological
factors.
Infectious diseases caused by viruses or bacteria
represent the biggest threat to development of
shrimp farming due to high mortalities. Pathogens
that have caused severe epizootics and high
mortalities to different stages and species of
shrimp include Baculoviruses, Parvo-like viruses,
Dicistrovirus, Ronivirus, Nimavirus and more
recently, a bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus
(Figure 1).
Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis

virus (IHHNV)
Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus

(IHHNV) or Penaeus stylirostris densovirus (PstDNV), was first
reported in 1981 in Hawaii affecting the species Litopenaeus
stylirostris and L. vannamei. This pathogen rapidly spread to
other countries in America (Mexico, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
and Argentina), Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore
and Thailand) and French Polynesia. Its genome is organised
into three open reading frames (ORFs) encoding a non-structural
protein, an unknown protein and a capsid protein, respectively.
IHHNV causes infection to several shrimp species. It appears
that Penaeus monodon is not affected by IHHNV infection since
no clinical signs and no differences in size, weight or fertility
was found in IHHNV-positive animals. Clinical signs of IHHNV
infection depend on the species age and size, being the early
juvenile stages more susceptible to the disease.
In L. stylisrostris, acute IHHNV infection includes reduced
feeding and locomotion, erratic swimming and death. In L.
vannamei, acute IHHNV infection showed reduced growth
rate, marked size differences within a pond and deformity of
the rostrum, antennae and/or cuticle which is known as 'runt
deformity syndrome' (RDS). Histological lesions are Cowdrytype A inclusion bodies in infected animals. This virus became
the main pathogen both in shrimp fisheries and aquaculture in the
1980s in Mexico.
It was estimated that its economical impact was between 0.5
and 1 billion US dollars. This virus is still present in wild and
farmed shrimp in Mexico and other countries.
Taura syndrome virus (TSV)
First reported in shrimp farms near Taura river, Ecuador in

1992, TSV soon spread to several countries in South, Central,
North America and Hawaii. Since 1999, TSV was also detected in
Asia (Taiwan, Thailand and Korea) which imported stocks of L.
FEATURE
Advanced Feature Extrusion

A
15.00
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12.00
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36.91
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67.28
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101.44
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30.38
[772]
108.59
[2759]
BIN
Inlet
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Inlet
Engineered
Pre-Kill Zones
Optimize Petfood Safety

Food safety is rapidly changing the way the world
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278.03
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and increases sanitation18.00
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around NPT
the unit
Incorporates Advanced Venting Technology

(AVT) for suppression of steam and renegade
product mist
03
54
51
06
256T
108.28
[2750]
Figure 1 - (A) IHHNV, (B)TSV, (C) YHV, (D) WSSV and

(E) V. parahaemolyticus
vannamei from South America.

Its genome consists of a single, positive-sense RNA strand
around 10 kilobases long. It has two ORFs separated by a shorty
non-coding intergenic region. ORF 1 encodes a putative nonstructural polyprotein with several domains such as a helicase,
a protease and a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; ORF 2
encodes three structural proteins VP2, VP1 and VP3.
In specific pathogen-free L. vannamei, larger animals are more
susceptible to infection and mortality than early juveniles. TSV
infection has three clinical stages. In the acute stage (three five
days after onset of infection) animals display soft exoskeleton,
melanised multifocal necrosis and expanded chromatophores.
Here, animals become weak, have empty gut and often die (75
95 percent) during moulting. Cellular lesions include pyknosis,
karyorrhexis and necrosis in epithelia of cuticle, digestive tract,
gills, antennal gland and haematopoietic tissues.
The transition stage (four - eight days after onset of infection)
shows a reduction in cellular lesions and melanisation,
indicating the onset of the chronic phase. Here, surviving shrimp
(eight days after infection) show wound repair and regeneration
of epithelial tissues in affected organs. Mortality ceases and
3/4 NPT
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111.12 [2822]
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With increased focus on food safety, Extru-Techs

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of previous and current industry standards.
Contact a system specialist today at

785-284-2153 or visit us online at
www.extru-techinc.com.
P.O. Box 8
100 Airport Road
Sabetha, KS 66534, USA
Phone: 785-284-2153
Fax: 785-284-3143
extru-techinc@extru-techinc.com
www.extru-techinc.com

ET-261A.indd 1
2/12/15 4:52 PM
FEATURE
surviving shrimp molt shedding the necrotised cuticle.

Several shrimp species are susceptible to TSV infection except
for shrimp from the genus Farfantepenaeus (F. aztecus and F
duorarum) which seem to be resistant to TSV infection upon
experimental infection.
The economic impact of TSV during 1992 to 1996 was
estimated between 1.2 to 2 billion US dollars.
Bacterial infections are common in shrimp aquaculture. Many

diseases caused by Vibrio bacteria may kill wild and farmed
shrimp both from hatcheries and grow-out ponds. Worldwide,
several Vibrio species exist in the marine environment.
Recently, a novel disease known as early mortality syndrome
Yellow-head virus (YHV)
It appeared in 1992 in Thailand and later it spread to other

countries in Asia (Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, China,
Philippines, India), Australia and America (USA and probably
Mexico).
YHV has up to six different genotypes including the gillassociated virus (GAV) from Australia. Due to its morphology,
YHV first was thought to be a granulosis-like virus
(Baculoviridae). Later, its genome was found to be a RNA
molecule.
The YHV genome is a single linear (positive strand) RNA
molecule of 26652 nucleotides. It is organised into four distinct
ORFs. ORF1a has a 3C-like protease motif; ORF1b has a SDD
polymerase metal ion binding domain helicase. ORF2 encodes
putative nucleocapsid proteins (g7 and g2) and ORF3 encodes
putative surface glycoproteins (p18/20, p33 and g2.1). ORF4 is
very small and it has no known product.
Many shrimp species are susceptible to YHV. Clinical
signs include pale yellow body colouration, especially in
hepatopancreas and gills in P. monodon. Other clinical signs are
erratic swimming near pond shores and cumulative mortality
up to 100 percent within three - five days after onset of clinical
signs.
YHV causes systemic infection and replicates in organs such
as gills, foregut, lymphoid organ, connective tissues of nerves,
eyestalk, hepatopancreas and muscle. Cellular lesions include
pyknosis and kariorrhexis in epithelial cells in gills, connective
tissues and hematopoietic tissues.
The estimated losses caused by YHV from 1990 to 2007 are 500
million US dollars.
Figure 2 - Mortality curves from shrimp treated with (a) a diet

supplemented with Spirulina platensis, and (b) inoculated
with cidofovir. A slight delay in mortality was observed in the
Spirulina treatment, whereas a better antiviral effect was
shown in the cidofovir-treated shrimp. Nonetheless, either
of these treatments prevented WSSV infection or shrimp
mortality. From Rahman et al., (2006) Aquaculture 255: 600605.
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV)
The virion is bacilliform, non-occluded, enveloped, with a taillike appendage at one end.
WSSV has one of the largest genomes (292 - 308 Kilobasepairs)
recorded for viruses. It contains up to 683 ORFs encoding
peptides from 51 to 6077 aminoacids representing 92 percent of
the total genome information.
WSSV was first recorded in Taiwan and soon after it spread to
several countries in Asia and America. It has a broad host range
including several penaeid shrimp, caridean shrimp, lobsters,
crayfish, crabs and other decapod crustaceans.
Clinical signs include white spots in the inner surface of cuticle,
probably formed by calcium carbonate accumulation due to
dysfunction of epithelial cells; reddish discoloration of the body
due to expansion of chromatophores; reduced feeding, lethargy
and delayed hemolymph clotting.
Cumulative mortality (100%) occurs three- ten days after onset
of clinical signs. Histopathology shows hypertrophied nuclei of
WSSV-infected tissues with intranuclear amphophilic inclusions
and marginated chromatin.
Since it first appeared in 1992 the economic impact of WSSV
on shrimp aquaculture is well over eight billion US dollars and
still is the most damaging viral pathogen for farmed shrimp
worldwide.
Figure 3 - Mortality curves from shrimp treated by

hyperthermia. (a) shrimp inoculated with a low dose of WSSV
by oral route. (b) shrimp inoculated with a high dose of WSSV
by intramuscular route. In both experiments, the effect of
hyperthermia greatly reduced mortality in WSSV-infected
shrimp. From Rahman et al., (2006) Aquaculture. 261: 842-849.
Edinburgh International Conference Centre (EICC)
Edinburgh, Scotland
20-23 September, 2016
Organised by the European Aquaculture society with the cooperation

and support of Marine Scotland, part of the Scottish Government,
and The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland
AE2016 Gold Sponsor
www.easonline.org
FEATURE
system, encapsulation, nodule formation,

phagocytosis) defense responses in shrimp.
Experimental animals fed with
immunostimulants before or during
challenge with bacteria or viruses showed
reduced mortality compared to untreated
controls.
Antivirals
Low water
temperature is also
effective to inhibit
virus replication
in species living in
temperate or cold
water. In shrimp M.
japonicus, water
temperature at 15
C showed better
WSSV inhibition
than 33 C
(EMS) or acute hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome (AHPNS),

is caused by a singular type of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. This
bacterium contains an extrachromosomic plasmid (pVPA31) encoding two toxins (PirA/PirB), related to Photorhabdus
luminiscens that are responsible for shrimp mortality.
EMS can produce high mortalities to affected shrimp early after
pond stocking (10 - 40 days). Surviving shrimp might undergo
stunting. EMS was first reported in 2009 in China and since
then, it has caused massive mortalities to farmed shrimp in Asian
countries such as Vietnam (2011), Thailand (2012) and Malaysia
(2012).
In 2013, EMS was also recorded in Mexico where it caused
severe production losses (up to 80 percent of total production in
Sinaloa, Sonora and Nayarit).
Several strategies have been developed and tested under
experimental conditions to tackle the negative impact of
infectious diseases caused by viruses or bacteria. These include:
Substances from plants, algae or even

synthetic, have been tested in shrimp
with variable results. A diet containing
Spirulina platensis showed no antiviral
effect but only slightly delayed mortality
in WSSV-challenged shrimp. In contrast,
an extract from Indian Cynodon dactylon
supplemented to feed (2 percent), showed
100 percent protection upon a per os
WSSV infection.
An antiviral (bis [2-methylheptyl]
phthalate) extracted from the Indian plant Pongamia pinnata fed
before and during a per os WSSV challenge showed a dosedependent reduction of mortality (60 to 20 percent). A synthetic
antiviral (cidofovir) showed higher efficacy than the Spirulinasupplemented diet to reduce and delay mortality of treated
shrimp. Nonetheless, cidofovir did not prevent WSSV infection
(figure 2).
Induction of a quasi-immune response and virus

neutralisation
This strategy is based on the rationale that some shrimp

surviving a virus outbreak may become resistant to a subsequent
pathogen infection. Therefore it indicates a sort of memory in
these animals.
Several studies evaluated the protective effect of inactive viral
particles or recombinant viral envelope proteins administered
to shrimp to prime their innate defense system. Results showed
reduced mortality of treated animals. In addition, monoclonal
or polyclonal antibodies directed against viral envelope proteins
Immunostimulants
have been used to inactivate viral particles through virus
Substances (peptidoglycans, -glucans or lipopolysaccharides)
neutralisation assays.
extracted from cell walls of bacteria (Bacillus sp.), fungi
Three concentrations (10-1, 10-2 and 10-3) of a WSSV stock each
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizophyllum commune), algae
(Sargassum polycystum) or herbs, which activate humoral
mixed with an equal volume of a purified monoclonal antibody
(antibacterial activity, agglutinins, cytokine-like factors,
against WSSV VP28 showed a dose-dependent neutralisation
modulators, clotting factors) and cellular (prophenoloxidase
effect. Shrimp inoculated only with WSSV showed 100 percent
mortality at seven days post inoculation (dpi).
Shrimp treated with neutralised virus
concentrations 10-1 and 10-2 showed a slight delay
in time to mortality (100 percent at 11 dpi). Animals
treated with the 10-3 neutralised concentration
showed 20 percent mortality at 25 dpi.
Recombinant subunit peptides displayed 20 40
percent shrimp mortality depending on time of
WSSV challenge [3 to 21 days post treatment (dpt),
respectively]. Other experiments reported mortalities
between 48 percent with VP292 to 30 5 percent
with VP28 as these recombinant peptides were
Figure 4 - Mortality curve from shrimp treated with dsRNA against WSSV
administered twice during the experiments.
genes vp26 or vp28 using a high WSSV dose. RNAi against WSSV vp28 or
vp26 effectively reduced WSSV infection and shrimp mortality compared to
an unrelated dsRNA (LacZ) and controls. From Meja-Ruz et al., (2011) J Inv.
Pathol. 107: 65-68.
DNA vaccines
These tools are plasmids encoding WSSV envelope

proteins (VP15, VP28, VP35 and VP281). Shrimp
FEATURE
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FEATURE
P. monodon treated with a vp28 DNA vaccine by intramuscular

route showed 10 percent mortality when challenged with WSSV
seven days post vaccination (dpv).
Mortality increased to 20, 80 and 95 percent when WSSV
challenge was done at 14, 25 and 50 dpv, respectively. A plasmid
containing WSSV vp28 gene and injected to WSSV-challenged P.
monodon showed 10, 24, 33 and 44 percent mortality at 7, 14, 21
and 30 dpv, respectively.
Oral delivery of a plasmid containing the WSSV gene vp28
expressed in attenuated S. typhimurium adsorbed into commercial
feed showed protection against WSSV challenge in crayfish
Cambarus clarkii. Crayfish mortality at 7, 15 and 25 dpv was 17,
33 and 43 percent, respectively.
Water temperature
Using high water temperature (hyperthermia) at 32 C before,

just after or even until 18 hours after WSSV inoculation reduced
virus replication and shrimp mortality (0 30 percent) compared
to controls at 27 C (100 percent) (figure 3). The route of WSSV
inoculation did not influence hyperthermia efficacy. Using
hyperthermia in alternate periods of 18 hours is still effective
against WSSV (0 40 percent mortality). Although hyperthermia
reduced virus replication in shrimp and crayfish, animals remain
infected as determined by PCR.
Low water temperature is also effective to inhibit virus replication
in species living in temperate or cold water. In shrimp M. japonicus,
water temperature at 15 C showed better WSSV inhibition than 33
C. Likewise, crayfish species (Pacifactacus leniusculus Astacus
astacus and P. clarkii) maintained at 4, 10 or 12 C showed zero
percent mortality upon WSSV infection. In contrast, WSSV-infected
animals maintained at 22 - 24 C had 100 percent mortality.
The mechanism of inhibiting virus replication is still unknown,
but it has been suggested that hyperthermia may induce
apoptosis of infected cells. Alternatively, another hypothesis is

that hyperthermia may impair the activity of cellular enzymes
essential for virus replication, thus inhibiting replication but
animals remain infected.
RNA interference (RNAi)
First described in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, RNE

interference is also found in fungi, plants and animals. In plants,
one biological function of RNAi was antiviral. RNAi can be a
useful tool against viral infections in animals.
Several RNAi studies have been done against shrimp viruses.
Sequence-specific RNAi has been used to inhibit replication
of TSV, IHHNV, YHV and WSSV. Double-stranded (ds)RNA
against a TSV protease strongly inhibited TSV replication (11
percent mortality) whereas controls had 100 percent mortality.
The antiviral effect of RNAi against IHHNV was demonstrated
to be both preventative and therapeutic, since dsRNA against
ORF1/2 or ORF3 administered either 12 hours before or 24 hours
after IHHNV challenge, effectively inhibited IHHNV replication.
RNAi treatment (dsRNA) against YHV protease in vivo showed
zero percent mortality at ten days post challenge.
In contrast, controls had greater than 90 percent mortality.
Several RNAi studies have been done against WSSV since this is
the most lethal pathogen in shrimp aquaculture. Variable efficacy
against WSSV replication (0 66 percent mortality) has been
reported depending on the genes targeted by dsRNA.
The antiviral effect against WSSV lasts up to 10 dpt (Figure 4).
Duration of antiviral effect reduced as time between treatment
and WSSV challenge increased. Antiviral effect was extended
up to 30 days post challenge through continuous re-infection of
treated shrimp. Alternatively, continuous dsRNA administration
through feed may also increase the duration of the antiviral effect
in cultured shrimp.
Bacterial infections are common in

shrimp aquaculture. Many diseases
caused by Vibrio bacteria may kill wild
and farmed shrimp both from hatcheries
and grow-out ponds.
FEATURE
TECHNOLOGY
ECONOMICS
OF DRYING
AQUAFEED
How you can improve your bottom line profits

by Justin Hamm Applications Engineer, Bhler
s an aquafeed processor, you are

always aware that your drying
operation has a significant impact
on your bottom line. Drying is a
very energy-intensive operation;
thats why most aquafeed
producers diligently track the
cost of fuel used in their drying
operation.
However, are you aware that your dryer could be costing you
10 times as much in terms of lost production compared to energy
costs? You may be sending over 3 percent of your production out
through the exhaust stack without even knowing it.
Downtime for dryer cleaning and maintenance may also be
costing you more than you know. This article will describe the
economics of drying in more detail, and outline three operational
areas that could significantly improve your bottom line.
Energy Consumption
The cost of energy used in operating the dryer is the most

obvious cost of drying. One need only look at the larger burners
in the dryer, or at the boiler providing steam to the dryer, to
realize that money is being spent to remove moisture in the
drying operation. This energy is essentially needed to cover four
heat loads in the drying operation, these are:
Warming up the product.
Evaporating water from the product.
Heating the make-up air.
Steady-state heat losses.
Since extruded aquafeed leaves the extruder at a high
temperature, very little energy is used in warming up the product.
The pellets cool as they are conveyed to the dryer. Typically,
TECHNOLOGY
the pellets enter the dryer above 65 C. Therefore, most of the

energy in the drying operation is used to evaporate water. The
energy required to change liquid water into vapor (latent heat of
vaporization) is about 2,350 kJ per kg of water evaporated (the
value varies very slightly with temperature).
This is a thermodynamic constant and you cannot change this
value in typical aquafeed dryers, or any other convection dryer
for that matter. Only vacuum dryers operating under an extreme
vacuum can reduce this value, but these dryers are not practical
for extruded aquafeed. However, you may be able to reduce the
energy consumed in evaporating water by reducing the amount of
water that the dryer must remove.
Table 1 shows the tremendous impact that inlet and outlet pellet
moisture can have on the drying load in your dryer. Even a small
increase in product inlet moisture from 24 percent to 27 percent
on a wet weight basis increases the load on the dryer by 27
percent. Naturally, your inlet moisture must be driven by product
quality considerations, but do all of your extruder operators
operate the extruder the same way? If one shift runs the extruder
wetter than the next shift, you are wasting energy by adding
excessive water to your product only to spend money in the dryer
to remove the water.
The third heat load category, heating the make-up air, is
typically the second highest heat load. However, in a poorly
operated or designed dryer, this heat load can be the largest. This
is the area where you as a dryer operator as well as your dryer
supplier can have by far the most impact. Your dryer needs a
steady supply of dry make-up air.
Without this influx of air, the process air in the dryer would
become saturated with moisture and unable to dry your product.
The trick is in knowing how much air to bring into the dryer.
FEATURE
Excessive make-up air will lead to excessive energy

consumption. This is because the make-up air enters the dryer
at a relatively low temperature, and after picking up water in the
dryer, eventually leaves the dryer at a higher exhaust temperature.
Clearly, energy is consumed in heating the make-up air to the
exhaust temperature.
It is important to understand that the exhaust air in your dryer
is basically the make-up air leaving the dryer along with the
evaporated water. If you want to reduce the amount of make-up
air in most dryers, you will typically reduce your exhaust, either
by closing the exhaust damper or turning down the exhaust fan.
The temperature of the exhaust and make-up air also affects
the energy used to heat the make-up air. If the make-up air is
preheated before being introduced into the dryer, the dryer used
to heat this air will then use less energy. In an extruded aquafeed
line, preheated make-up air can be drawn from your cooling
operation. Spent cooling air used to cool the pellets is still
relatively dry and can be used as make-up air to the dryer.
Improper dryer operation, such as excessively shallow
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FEATURE
TECHNOLOGY
bed depths (shorter retention time in the dryer) or internal

air bypasses can lead to high exhaust temperatures, thereby
increasing the energy used to heat the make-up air to the exhaust
temperature. Figure 1 illustrates the significant impact that
heating the make-up air and various operating parameters can
have on your dryers overall energy consumption.
Unless your dryer is very poorly insulated, losses from the dryer
should be low. If, however, you have a dryer design with large
areas of un-insulated or poorly insulated surfaces, thermal losses
from your dryer could also be costing you.
So, how much does it cost to run an extruded aquafeed dryer?
Typically, aquafeed dryers will use between 3 000 kJ per kg and
4 500 kJ per kg of water evaporated. A very poorly-operated or
poorly-designed dryer might even use much more. Based on a
typical value of 3 250 kJ per kg of water evaporated, an extruded
aquafeed line producing 75 000 tons per year will typically use
about 5 x 1010 kJ/year.
If natural gas is used as the heat source in the dryer, and if
the cost of natural gas is 5 x 10-6 US$ per kJ, the yearly cost of
natural gas to produce this tonnage is US$250 000. Naturally, this
cost will change depending on the type and cost of fuel used in
the drying operation.
Figure 1 and our experience in evaluating extruded aquafeed
dryers show that many dryers in the industry are using over 50
percent more energy than they should due to improper design or
operation. This represents a tremendous potential savings for the
aquafeed producer. Imagine saving US$100 000 per year, simply
by adjusting a few dampers and making minor changes in the
way you operate your dryer. Believe it or not, many aquafeed
producers have done just that, after learning how to properly run
their dryers.
Moisture Uniformity
Most extruded feeds are sold by weight. For this reason, if the
product is overdried, it is as if you are sending water at the value
of your product which should have gone to packagingstraight
out your exhaust stack. Suppose that your extruded aquafeed
cannot contain over 10 percent moisture limit and the product
coming out of your dryer has a moisture variation of 3 percent
moisture on a wet-weight basis.
This means you must dryer your product to 7 percent moisture
on average in order to ensure that no product is over the specified
10 percent moisture limit. The result is a 3 percent loss in
production compared to drying the product only to 10 percent
moisture. If your dryer could be made to dry more uniformly,
you could raise your discharge moisture and get more out of
the production line with no additional cost or additional dry
ingredients.
The value of this lost production due to non-uniform drying can
be surprising. Consider the same aquafeed line as in the previous
example, producing 75 000 tons per year. A 3 percent loss in
production from this line represents a possible 2 250 tons per
year of lost production. What is the value of this lost production?
At US$400 per ton, it is US$900 000. At US$600 per ton, it is
US$1.35 million. The numbers are staggering.
The bottom line is that you cannot afford to overdry your
product. A well-designed, well-adjusted aquafeed dryer should be
able to dry your product to within 0.75 percent or better. When
was the last time you checked the moisture uniformity on your
dryer?
Maintenance and Sanitation
Many extruded feed producers struggle to keep old, highmaintenance equipment running. The cost of purchasing
replacement parts for the dryer may be well documented, but

what about the cost of downtime for cleaning and maintaining
the equipment? A dryer producing 10 tons per hour of extruded
aquafeed can be producing well over US $100 000 worth of
product each day.
If you are spending even three hours a week of unplanned
maintenance or cleaning downtime, you have lost 30 tons of
final product per week, which equates to US $650 000 per year
of lost production using the above parameters. The cost of this
downtime must be considered when looking at the economics of
your drying operation.
Drying is a critical operation in the production of dried
aquafeed. Your drying operation does not only determine
the quality of your finished product, but it also significantly
affects your cost of operation. Most aquafeed producers are
well aware of the energy cost for their drying operation;
however, not all producers track the cost of over-drying due to
non-uniform drying, or the cost of downtime for maintenance
and sanitation.
Many producers will significantly reduce their drying costs and
increase their production rates by taking a closer look at their
drying operation. If you want to find untapped potential savings
in your dryer operation, a field engineer specializing in dryer
optimisation can give your dryer a full mechanical and process
evaluation.
Bhler Aeroglide has a long history of teaching customers
how to identify and implement process improvements. The
companys field engineering group has provided expertise and
evaluation services to processors around the world for over 15
years, driven by three guiding principles: educate, evaluate and
enhance.
Education is provided by Bhler is through a series of drying
theory and dryer maintenance seminars calledDrying Theory
Put to Practice. These seminars explore the basics, including
parameters, balancing, evaluating, mechanical inspections and
troubleshooting using a dryer simulation.
By learning how to adjust and regulate the process for the
desired outcome, participants will be able to find previously
undiscovered areas of opportunity.
www.buhlergroup.com
Aquafeed complete solutions from a single source. Turn to Bhler for one of the
most comprehensive lines of aquafeed process technology available anywhere:
from raw material handling, cooking and shaping through extrusion to drying
and coating of finished products. With an extensive know-how and a passion
for quality we ensure not only product uniformity and production efficiency, but
also maximum sanitation and safety. Bhler gentle processing at its best.
More at nutrition@buhlergroup.com
Innovations for a better world.
PHOTOSHOOT
THE BIG PICTURE - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Aquaculture Experimental Research Station at University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff (UAPB) during the
harvest of split ponds (October 28, 2015).
In recent years, the catfish industry has been striving to develop technological solutions to improve
production, including implementing hybridization programs, and intensifying production with the
introduction of new technologies such as the split-pond system and the in-pond raceway system, both
of them variations of the partitioned aquaculture system.
These technological solutions also require optimizing feed formulations and feeds, as well improved
feed management practices to make the catfish industry economical and environmentally
sustainable
FEATURE
TECHNOLOGY
Dinnissen
celebrates 25 years
of the Pegasus
Vacuum Coater
TECHNOLOGY
FEATURE
t is often thought that vacuum coating was first invented in

Norway. The idea might have been Norwegian, but the technology
was developed in the Netherlands. It has been 25 years now since
Dinnissen, together with aquafeed producer Skretting, invented
the first vacuum coater.
The Pegasus Vacuum Coater is intended for everyone who wishes
to manufacture pelleted and extruded products in accordance
with most modern production specifications.
It allows you to create a vacuum environment for your production
process and to deal effectively with a very wide range of future challenges.
International Aquafeed spoke to Peter Raeven, Account Manager for
Dinnissen, about the previous 25 years of the Pegasus Vacuum Coater
as well as any future plans that Dinnissen might have for their now well
established brand.
How would you describe the Pegasus Vacuum coater and

the function that it performs?
In this industry multiple additions have to be added. The Pegasus

vacuum coating system is a batch system, which gives high
flexibilities in the process, making it possible to add as much
additions as required.
At the moment, hygiene is of major importance, and even though
the basics have not changed, all details have been reviewed over
the years resulting in the 8th generation of the Pegasus Vacuum
Coater.
How crucial would you say that vacuum coating has been
to the feed industry over the past 25 years?
Which features are unique to Pegasus; what is it

that makes it better than the other machines that are
available that do a similar job?
The Dinnissen Pegasus vacuum coater is a dedicated coating

system to add liquids, fats, oils enzymes, etc. emulsions and
powders, like attractants or palatants to pellets or extrudates, in
the last phase of the production process. In this last phase of the
process functional ingredients can be added without damaging their
functionality in previous steps of the production process.
Vacuum coating originated from the wish to increase fatpercentages in aqua feed. Until then, a fat percentage of only 20
percent was possible. With our technology, the percentages were
raised to an average of 35 percent; sometimes achieving results as
high as 42 percent.
This was a breakthrough for the quality of aqua feed. High energy
feed could be fed, with other advantages like reduced leaching; thus
preventing pollution and loss of functional ingredients.
Later, Dinnissen introduced the Pegasus Vacuum Coater in the
feed industry. One of the main advantages of vacuum coating is
that the pellets arent greasy on the outside anymore. This increases
the flow out of the silo, prevents pollution of the silo and reduces
contaminations for the farmers.
Furthermore, it improves the feed efficiency and increases the
stability of the feed. This results in huge savings on feed-recall and
improves efficiency for both the feed producers as the farmers.
When the Pegasus was first developed, why was there

a need for such a machine; which problem was it the
inventors were looking to solve?
The development of the Pegasus Vacuum Coater originated in

the question how can we raise the fat-percentage in the core of fish
feed-pellets? How can leaching be reduced?
The question came from one of our clients, a Norwegian aqua
feed producer. As we were, and still are, always looking for ways
to create machines that are of additional value to the production of
feed, we investigated whether we could find a fitting solution for
this particular challenge.
How has the Pegasus Vacuum Coater developed over

the past 25 years, have there been any instances where
the machine has had to be adapted to reflect a change in
the market?
The Dinnissen Pegasus vacuum coating principle is based on

mixing the mix with 2 synchronised paddle shafts. This principle
has not changed over the years. In the late 1990s the system was
also introduced in the pet food industry.
Dinnissen is a supplier of tailor-made solutions. We built

complete processes, integrate our machines into existing processes,
or deliver stand-alone machines. Our machines, however, are never
standard.
We always look at each specific client and see how we can
optimise his or her process. Our Vacuum Coater is a concept, a
technical process that offers ample opportunities for (aqua) feed
producers to develop products that separate themselves from the
competition.
Can you think of any significant changes or challenges

that the Pegasus has faced since its inception?
When starting, the goal was to infuse higher percentages of

liquid in the core of the pellets. Over the years, optimisations were
realised towards product quality. In next years hygiene got more
and more important. Latest improvements are the possibilities of
(C.I.P) cleaning in place and the systems remained hygienic.
Salmonella is a major issue in the pet-food industry. The
Dinnissen vacuum coating systems are designed and can be
supplied to prevent/reduce these issues.
How do you see the Pegasus developing into the future?

How do you feel the vacuum coating market changing;
can you see any current trends that may affect the
development of future models?
Hygiene is becoming more and more a highly important factor in

the feed business. We are already very experienced in this area, and
our Pegasus Vacuum Coater is built for hygienic production. We
will continue to improve and innovate, however, wherever possible.
Why do you think that the Pegasus model has been in

production for such a long time?
The advantages of a Pegasus Vacuum Coater for the production

of (aqua) feed speak for themselves. As we have been and continue
to continuously improve and innovate on the existing concept, we
are able to stay relevant for the market.
CHANNEL CATFISH
Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a
particular species and how its feed is managed.
Arkansas, USA
he Latin names of some aquatic

species can have fascinatingly
obscure meanings that provide
anyone in need of a hobby with
hours of joyful investigation and
speculation. The channel catfish
is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus
punctatus simply means spotty
catfish, and the briefest glance at one
will tell you why.

Not everything about this species is so obvious, however.
Although the US Fish and Fisheries Commission began
collecting this species from its native Mississippi River
Valley in the 1870s, it was 1890 before they got it to spawn in
captivity, and only then did they realise the eggs were guarded
by the male. It would be a further 26 years before farmers
discovered the productive gains to be had by providing the
fish with a container to use as a nest. And only in 1929 was it
understood that the male fish fanned their eggs for a reason,
and that perhaps we ought to start doing so too. Commercial
aquaculture of this species wasnt really considered
economically viable until the end of the 1950s - over 80 years
after collection and stocking first began.
China
Channel catfish have been widely introduced throughout the

USA and abroad: mainly Russia, Latin America and China.
Indeed, China now even exports a small amount of this fish
back to its native country.
In the US and China, channel catfish are grown in ponds,
tanks and raceways. Cages tend not to be used. The water
needs to be warm; in some northern climes this is sometimes
achieved using geothermal waters or even the heated waters
coming from electric power plants. Feed tends to be plantderived proteins, but vitamin supplements may be added,
especially in indoor cultivation systems. Harvesting is done
with wide-mesh seine nets so only fish of marketable size are
taken.
Although currently popular across the US due to its image
as a healthy food, the future market for channel catfish is
uncertain, owing to competition from imported species.
Source: FAO
CHANNEL CATFISH
An overview of nutritional requirements
by Herbert E. Quintero, PhD, Aquaculture/Fisheries Centre, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, USA
he catfish industry is one of the largest

and best developed aquaculture
segments in the United States.
Commercial production of channel
catfish started developing in the late
1950s and early 1960s, and since then
feed formulation for catfish started to be
tested (Hastings and Dupree, 1969).
The main objective of providing
minimal quantities of nutrients has not changed since those
earlier studies, but the need for increasing production and
optimizing resources has changed.
Initially, channel catfish were raised in ponds at low stocking
densities and fed low-cost, incomplete diets. That trend changed
by introducing nutritional balanced diets that were developed
based on the determination of nutrient requirements of this
species starting in the early 1970s (Lovell, 1977).
US catfish production increased rapidly from the early 1980s
until 2003 when it reached 662 million pounds of catfish
processed representing more than half of total aquaculture
production. However that trend shifted and started declining with
300 million pounds of catfish processed in 2012, which represents
approximately 55 percent decrease since 2003 (USDA, 2004,
Hanson & Sites, 2013).
In recent years, the industry has been striving to develop
technological solutions to improve production, including
implementing hybridization programs, and intensifying
production with the introduction of new technologies such as
the split-pond system and the in-pond raceway system, both of

them variations of the partitioned aquaculture system (Brown &
Tucker, 2013; Brown et al. 2014).
These technological solutions also require optimizing feed
formulations and feeds, as well improved feed management
practices to make the catfish industry economical and
environmentally sustainable. Li et al. (2012) indicated because
feed is a major cost in catfish production, representing more than
50 percent of total variable costs, optimizing feeding rate and
frequency would improve feeding efficiency, reduce feed cost,
and improve profit.
Feed formulation is of paramount importance because aquafeeds
are required to provide appropriate nutrient requirements for each
stage of fish development (biological, and physiological features),
and have strong effects on stress tolerance and health.
Feed formulation has to overcome economical challenges
derived from the variability in the cost of feed ingredients, needs
to adjust to stringent availability of certain ingredients (especially
fishmeal and fish oil), and environmental regulations related to
effluents disposal (Boyd et al. 2003, Tacon & Metian, 2008).
A more recent issue that is also affecting fish feed formulation is
related to the quality of the final product from the marketing and
the consumer perspective (human health), especially in regards to
muscle fatty acid composition.
Components in the fish diet include dietary protein and essential
amino acids, which are considered the largest and most costly
component (Trushenski et al. 2006). Historically, fishmeal has
been the main source of protein in compound aquafeeds with
3274 thousand tonnes used in 2006, representing 68.2 percent

of the total reported fishmeal production of that year (Tacon &
Metian, 2008).
Hence, fishmeal replacement has been one of the priorities for
fish nutrition researchers by using different replacement products
such as terrestrial animal by-products meals, by-catch from
fishing, fish processing wastes, plant proteins, and more recently
meals from worms, insects, marine invertebrates, algae, and

single-cell proteins (NOAA/USDA, 2011).
The use of plant proteins may also represent a challenge
from a biological perspective (anti-nutritional effects, nutrient
imbalance, palatability, availability), but there are processing
techniques, and also incorporation of dietary enzymes that are
being used to minimize those potential issues.
GLOBALG.A.P.
AQUACULTURE
STANDARD
VERSION 5
NOW ONLINE
GLOBALG.A.P. COMPOUND FEED

MANUFACTURING STANDARD
Safe Feed - Safe Food
Check out our website for events happening near you!
www.globalgap.org/events
Protein levels of 52 percent and 40 percent are required for

channel catfish fry and fingerlings weighing 0.02 and 20 g,
respectively. When producing fish weighing from 20-200 g
36 percent CP content is recommended. After reaching 200
g and up to 1500 g 32 percent CP is recommended. For fish
weighing, higher than 1,500 g 28 percent CP is typically
recommended(Robinson et al. 1994; NRC, 2011).
While the data available in the literature is somewhat
conflicting regarding performance of stocker to food fish size
catfish, over 97.0 percent of the commercial operations for catfish
production in US use diets with 28 percent and 32 percent crude
protein diets (USDA, 2011). Protein requirements for catfish
broodstock in order to optimize reproductive performance in
terms of spawning and egg production was not influenced by
changing protein level of the broodstock diet from 32 percent to
42 percent, but affected egg size (Quintero et al. 2009).
A second component in fish diets are lipids and fatty acids,
which have an active role in many physiological processes, and
also serve as an energy source. Fish oil constitutes a major source
for lipids, especially for highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs),
and similarly to dietary protein represents a challenge in fish
nutrition because of limited availability and high cost. The use
of alternative vegetable oils affects the fatty acid profile and may
influence consumer acceptabilityand the nutritional benefit of the
final product.
Dietary lipids are also important in broodstock feeds and can
affect fatty acid composition of eggs prior to spawning season
and consequently, offspring performance (Quintero et al. 2011).
Lipid content in catfish diets ranges usually from 4-6 percent, and
there is a requirement of 0.5-0.75 percent (dry-matter basis) for
dietary n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and 1.0-2.0
percent for linolenic acid (18:3n3) (NRC, 2011).
Inclusion of carbohydrates in fish

diets allows sparing the use of lipids
and protein as sources of energy,
maximizing the use of dietary protein
for growth, and reducing feed cost.
Catfish are adapted to diets containing
as much as 40 percent dietary
carbohydrate (Wilson 1991).
Additionally, fiber is an indigestible
plant material composed of
complex carbohydrates (cellulose,
hemicellulose, lignin, and petosan),
which has been associated with
decreased gastric retention time,
increased fecal output, and reduced
nutrient utilization. The fiber content
in catfish diets is recommended to
contain less than 7 percent crude fiber
(Robinson et al. 2004).
Dietary vitamins and minerals are
critical for the wellbeing of catfish.
Excess or deficiency in one or more
of these micronutrients may be
detrimental resulting in toxicity, or
development of disease problems.
Minerals are essential for all life
processes, from maintaining stable
internal osmotic concentrations,
acidbase equilibrium, ossification,
electron transfer, enzyme activators
among others (NRC, 2011).
Vitamins are also required in the
diet for normal growth, reproduction and health. In some cases
vitamins may be synthesized from other precursors if they are in
the diet, for example channel catfish may synthesize choline from
methionine if available in the diet, and also there are cases where
the intestinal flora may be a source of water-soluble vitamins
(NRC, 2011).
Finally, there are other ingredients known as functional
foods which have been promoted as constituents that increase
stress tolerance and disease resistance. Probiotics and prebiotics
used in aquafeeds may result in better health condition,
improved resistance, improved growth performance, reduced
malformations, and improved gastrointestinal morphology and
microbiota balance.
Inmunostimulants are dietary supplements that are intended to
enhance non-specific defense mechanisms to provide resistance
to pathogens and reduce antibiotic use in farmed fish, and include
among others beta-glucans, chitin, lactoferrin, levamisole and
nucleotides derived from bacteria, fungi or yeast (Oliva-Teles,
2012).
The ultimate goal is to formulate a balanced diet that meets all
the nutrient requirements of the species, which provides optimal
growth, resistance to stress and disease problems, reduces excess
nutrient wastes, and offers a final product that is a healthy food
choice for the final consumer.
References available upon request.
About the author
More information: Herbert E. Quintero, PhD, Aquaculture/

Fisheries Centre, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine
Bluff, AR 71602
Tel: +1 870 575 8121, Email: quinteroh@uapb.edu
Exhibition and conferences for feed

ingredients, additives and formulation
Exhibition and conferences for feed

processing technology
29 31 MARCH 2016 . BITEC EXHIBITION HALLS, BANGKOK, THAILAND
Asias premier aquafeed event

Symposium and Summit
The second ASEAN Feed and Rice
Symposium
The second ASEAN Feed Summit
Contact details
For visitor, exhibition stand space and
conference information please visit:
www.fiaap.com or www.victam.com
Specialist conferences
The exhibitions will be supported by their own specialist
conferences. They will include:
FIAAP Asia Animal Nutrition Conference 2016
Aquafeed Horizons Asia 2016
Co-located with
GRAPAS Asia 2016 www.grapas.eu
Supported by
The Thailand Convention and Exhibition Bureau
Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting systems for early stage aquaculture
Over recent times
we have noticed an
increasing amount
of media coverage
and industry chatter
regarding the role of
light in aquaculture.
Most of this has been
in relation to the
use of low-energy
technology to reduce
costs, and in this
area almost all the
talk is about LED.
ight Emitting Diode (LED) technology has proven itself in almost every
environment where artificial lighting is deployed, and the various agricultural
sectors involved in intensive food production are no exception.
Fixture longevity and significant reductions in energy consumption have seen
LEDs becoming increasingly common. Less widely publicised, however, is the
notion that emerging lighting technology may offer the aquaculture industry more
than simply a way to reduce operating costs.
Commercial horticulture has long recognised the critical role of light in
influencing product quality and yield. Growers and their suppliers moved quickly
to adapt LED technology to deliver
the precise spectral and intensity
values needed to dramatically improve
production outcomes, effectively
doubling up any cost-reduction
benefits that the new technology
brought.
Now, a UK-based company has
developed a lighting system to deliver
the same benefits to fish farmers.
Tropical Marine Centre (TMC) is best
known in aquaculture circles as TMC
Commercial for their recirculation
filtration systems, which are widely
used by hatcheries around the world.
Over the last seven years, they have
also been developing LED lighting
systems for aquatic applications,
and extensive research and multiple
trials have led to the launch of a new
commercial lighting brand - BioLumen
Lighting Solutions.
We spoke to Gyles Westcott, part of
the lighting development team at TMC,
to get more information about the range.
Hatchery managers have always
known that light is important indeed,
photoperiod and light intensity are part
of every production protocol.
However, light is more than just two
basic variables! In fact, for some time
now, biologists have understood that the
very specific photic conditions of the
aquatic environment are active, biological drivers, particularly in the early-stages of development.
To complicate matters further, these photic drivers are highly variable across different species, across
the different life-stages of those different species, and across the diverse range of biotopes that they might
occupy as they develop.
So, the conditions under which salmon eggs incubate are vastly different to the conditions under which,
for example, Sea Bass eggs incubate. All of this is quite obvious, yet fish farmers have never had a fully
developed system allowing light conditions to track the changing requirements of the chosen culture species.
The reason for this is that previously, there has never been an economically viable technological solution to
delivering such a complex photic solution.

Of course LED changed all this, and it is now possible
to deliver a precise and cost-effective solution to almost
any lighting specification. In the case of BioLumen,
this has enabled the development of a modular, fully
controllable, flexible and easy-to-install, low-energy
platform which delivers biologically optimised lighting,
according to the specific needs of a culture species, at
any stage of development.
The key question is, of course, can a change in lighting
actually have a positive effect under commercial
conditions, and if so, is any uplift enough to warrant the
cost and effort involved? The general shift towards LED
would indicate that businesses that make the change
would benefit simply by reducing their energy footprint,
but is there more to gain than simply cost savings?
Many would argue that any gains would be marginal
at best Gyles conceded, but then marginal gains,
especially in a hyper-competitive and high-risk
environment such as early-stage aquaculture, can be
the difference between a simply viable yield, and an
exceptional yield!
A recent case-study we worked on, for example, cited

a 1% uplift in survival across each stage of a single
cycle of Sea Bass production, through to harvest, as
the benchmark required to justify a lighting re-fit of the
trial site. The numbers are clearly different for different
species, but in this instance, the resulting uplift in biomass at harvest amounted to more than 30 tons!
Of course, any industry professional will know just how
complex a successful culture protocol can be and many
people will not appreciate the addition of yet another

environmental variable that would need to be defined and
then actively managed. But in the case of lighting, this
may be easier than expected to achieve.
As previously mentioned, intensity and photoperiod
values are already part of every established hatchery
protocol. What TMC is providing is a simple interface
that allows these variables to be precisely defined, using
light that has been spectrally optimised to match what
we know about the photic conditions which the culture
species requires.
In terms of benefits, it is still early days, but results
from ongoing trials paint a positive picture.
There is a great deal to be up-beat about, he
continued. Shorter incubation times; more synchronous
hatching, with fewer deformities; faster yolk absorption
and earlier metamorphosis; faster growth; dramatic
reductions in trauma and mortality associated with
light shock these are just a few of the benefits being
reported in trials on commercially important species
such as Sea Bass, Turbot, Perch, Sea Bream and Senegal
Sole.
He then went on to explain the system in
more detail.
The BioLumen System comprises four
distinct elements. The first of these is our
range of AquaRay and Ecoxotic light fixtures.
These range in power from around 14watts
to the largest Ecoxotic Cannon which is
160watts. More importantly, the spectral
profile of each model is precisely defined,
and this allows us to combine different
elements from the range to precisely match the
prevailing spectral characteristics of almost
any aquatic zone.
A key component in several models is our
industry-patented Nature Perfect diode.
This is effectively a 465nm blue diode which
has been white shifted to produce a peak at
around 540nm, an element of the spectrum that
is dominant in a wide range of aquatic nursery
zones. These include estuaries, inshore coastal
areas and the oceanic surface zone where the
eggs of so many pelagic species incubate.
The second and third elements of the system
are a range of addressable digital drivers,
in IP66 enclosures, and a flexible system of
connectors and mounting accessories that
allow either turn-key or phased installation
to be done quickly and easily, with very little
alteration to new or existing infrastructure.
And lastly, the most important element,
which is our BioLumen Controller. This
is the real brains of the system, providing
dramatically enhanced lighting control via a simple,
networked user interface.
This Controller allows users to select from a number of
setting profiles, the first of these being solar. For this
system the user is able to specify the latitude/longitude
values of a desired location. The system then matches
the photoperiod values for that location, including
sunrise, sunset and the seasonal shift in noon intensity,
relative to winter and summer solstice.
Image: Light
Emitting Diode
(LED) technology
has proven itself
in almost every
environment where
artificial lighting is
deployed, and the
various agricultural
sectors involved
in intensive food
production are no
exception.
Image: The
Controller allows
users to select
from a number
of setting profile.
The system
matches the
photoperiod
values for a
particular
location,
including
sunrise, sunset
and the
seasonal shift in
noon intensity,
relative to winter
and summer
solstice
The next profile that is available is the Simple

setting. For this profile the user defines a fixed set of
values (sunrise, sunset, dim-up duration and maximum
output) to apply each day.
The third and final profile that is available is
referred to by the name manual. For this particular
configuration, a constant value is required, a slider
allows output to be precisely adjusted and then fixed at
a given value.
One unique feature of the system is that daily values
can be advanced or delayed by a specific offset,
something that has proven useful in cycling different
cohorts of brood stock in the same system.
Finally, the system offers four distinct Programs
that can be defined by any of the three modes, and then
targeted to different elements of the system. This
effectively means that hatchery managers can have
different areas of their production cycle running on
different, user-defined photoperiods at the same time.
Wherever we look in our industry, it seems new
technology is challenging conventional wisdom, and
lighting is no exception. So, perhaps the days of
slinging a low-output fluorescent bulb over each tank,
with a simple timer to turn them on and off are now
coming to an end.
There is still a great deal to learn about how
improved lighting can benefit aquaculture outcomes
concludes Gyles, but for now, it is encouraging to
see more and more hatchery managers engage with
this technology as more than just a way to reduce their
energy bills.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY #2

Efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming operations - AKVA Group Feed Barges
The main purpose

of a feed barge is to
provide an efficient
and reliable feed
system for fish
farming operations.
The second purpose
is to provide a
safe worksite
for operators.
KVA group is an international company with offices in a proud total of nine

countries including their head office in Bryne, Switzerland. AKVA is the
leading supplier of feed barges and has an impressive range of steel barges.
The feed barges that they offer are suitable for a wide range of sites and
climates; including inshore, offshore, arctic and tropical areas.
There are more than 20 standard barge models in AKVAs Wavemaster
product portfolio, butthere is really no such thing as a typical AKVA group
barge. Each barge is tailored to the needs of the customer, and the barge team
in AKVA group takes great pride in their ability to be flexible and solution
oriented.
According to Andres Lara, Barge Manager AKVA groupare experienced in producing high quality
barges, but at the end of the day it is the fish farmers who are out there working day in day out. Adding that
this is why we work so closely with our customers in the design process, becausethe customerreally does
know best what is important to them.
During the planning phase of development, AKVA investigate the intended location of use thoroughly to
ensure that the needs of the customer are met with the barge that they eventually. If the barges are going
to be exposed to a harsh environment for example, then the structural requirements and balance will be
carefully adjusted accordingly. Although they do their best to cater customer needs, no compromises are
made when it comes to calculations and structural design.
All of AKVAs barges are certified in accordance with the Norwegian standard NS9415 2009.
But even with the strictest certification demands, AKVAgroup aim to be as flexible as possible
withinrealisticstructural and financial limits,this issomething that they pride themselves on. Although
we are known to be flexible we always make sure all safety aspects are well taken care of and that all
certification criterias are met. Mr Lara added.
All of the latest Wavemaster models are able to provide for the full spectrum of economic efficiency and to
a wide range of cage farming operations, with sizes ranging from 96 to 850 metric tons. These barges also
include the latest innovations in efficient feed handling, storage, logistics and personnel comforts to ensure a
functional and safe farm base for the crew.
The barges are delivered complete, fully self-contained with Akvasmart CCS Feed Systems, generator or
generators, control room, living quarters, safety equipment and all other optional equipment installed, such

as integrated mort silage systems, camera and sensor
systems. However, the giant Wavemaster 850 Panorama
is in a league of its own.
The Wavemaster AC 850 Panorama is the worlds
largest steel feed barge, with a holding capacity of 850
tons salmon feed and up to 12 parallel feeding lines. The
advanced feeding system and storage capacity is usually
the main reason why customers invest in this kind of feed
barge.
However impressive a feeding capacity of 850 tons of
feed may seem the barges storage can be depleted in as
short as one week. At which point a ship is required to
refill the silos. Feed accounts for around 70 percent of the
best selling feed system, for both land based andcage

operations over the past 30 years.
The latest and fully specd 850 Panorama barge to
Marine Harvest is a state-of-the-art barge, built upon AC
850 Panorama standard but designed and customised in
close cooperation with Marine Harvest to fully match
their requirements.
The barge is now in operationsin Mid Norway, on
a site with a production capacity up to 7 200tonsof
salmon with plans to expand.No question the feed
system is of vital importance to a site of this size.
Tore Obrestad, Technical Manager at AKVA group
confirms that the AC 850 Panorama feed barge has
production cost in salmon farming, so feeding correctly

is number one priority.
These barges are truly a testimony of the scale and
complexity of modern aquaculture operations.
The 850 Panorama barge has 16 integrated silos with
the capacity to store 850tons of feed.16 parallel feed
lines are usedin a4 x Quattro systemto distribute
feed to the cages. Sometimesthe feed travelsup to
200 mbefore it is dispensed. This is achieved by using
powerful air blowers.
Additionally, the blowers move air through cooling
channels to prevent overheating. A cleaning plug injector
is used to clean the pipes and make sure operations run
smoothly. TheAkvasmartCCS has been the worlds
impressive specifications. This barge has a feeding

capacity of well over 150 tons per day and a superior
quality feed system to go along with it. This is required
for larger sites; like the one in mid Norway.
High feed storage capacity, advanced on-board
control systems for all the machinery and technology
are central features for Marine Harvest. However, the
feeding system is by far the most important feature for
them, operations Manager in Marine Harvest, Torbjrn
Skjervy stated, according to an article released in
AKVANEWS, AKVA groups own news magazine.
A large scale operation like this also require precise
process control in all aspect of the production, especially
feeding, so this barge is delivered with the latest version

of AKVA connect to help them maintain full operational
control, he continues.
Operational Control:
Image: All
of the latest
Wavemaster
models are able
to provide for
the full spectrum
of economic
efficiency and
to a wide range
of cage farming
operations, with
sizes ranging
from 96 to 850
metric tons.
AKVAconnect is a process control platform with a system

that is designed to give the farm staff with a full overview
as well as control of all aspects of the operations through
different modules. Whether this is RAS (Recirculating
Aquaculture Systems), water treatment for land locked
farms, or camera and feeding control at cage farms.
AKVAconnect is fully scalable and therefore suitable for
all types of farm facilities, from the smallest local farmers,
to the larger multinational aquaculture corporations.
The video cameras on the farm sites continuously monitor
and transmit images to the control room. The operators
can then monitor the status of all the cages (controlling
both underwater and surface cameras) as well as all other
important areas of the farms and feed barges. This frees up
resources, increases efficiency and profitability; with the

feed remaining the biggest part of production costs.
Water quality parameters such as oxygen, temperature
and current are the most important factors that affect the
feeding in commercial fish farming. Overfeeding leads to
feed waste, possible pollution of the seabed and of course,
poor feed conversion rate (FCR). Underfeeding also leads
to poor FCR, as well as poor specific growth rate (SGR),
and prolonged production time. All of the above are
directly linked with overall profitability. With good enough
broadband you can actually sit anywhere in the world and
feed your fish, explains Obrestad.
So far, the released modules of AKVAconnect are AKVA
connect camera, AKVA connect feeding, AKVA connect
environment and AKVA connect barge control. We are
continuously working to further develop and improve
the software and add more modules and functions. Tore
Obrestad added. AKVA connect Barge Control is the latest
release.
This module was released during Aqua Nor 2015 and
allows the operator access to online feed levels for each
silo, as well as remote control of the silo hatches; thus

allowing feed loading without staff onboard the barge.
It is also possible to have tablets built into
the wall, with these tablets connected to the
sameAKVAconnectsystemas the control room computers
the operators are afforded remote accessto much of the
same information and controls. This allows those on board
to move around the barge without losing control of the
operations.With this set up, it wouldbe possible to operate
the entire barge with just one highly skilled technician on
board.
Centralized Feeding:
The challenge for a larger fish farming company is to

attract enough skilled and specialised staff that can feed
the fish correctly and consistently at several different sites.
Every day of the year and according to the companys
best practice experience. With this new technology, 4-5
such specialists can feed
20 different sites from one
location/control room.
With all the different
modules and possibilities
within AKVAconnect, and
all the technical finesse on
the different Wavemaster
barges any farm site is well
equipped for the future of
fish farming whatever scale.
Safety:
In order to manually shut
of air or diesel flow in case
of fire or other emergency
the barge is equipped
withmanual levers and
stopcocks. Emergency
stop electronics boxes are
also installed with fire
extinguishers and 360
degree turning cameras
located all around each
barge. In other words, the Wavemaster barges are well
equipped in terms of safety!
Other features:
The barges also feature a crane with an optional remote
control, ensilage system, veterinary lab, feed selectors,
cleaning plug injectors, large garage, insulated machine
room, accommodation and a wide range of other optional
features.
AKVAgroup isgrowing andthe barges are frequently
growing in size and production. Wide ranges of barge
models are available depending on site demands and
customer preferences. AKVA group currently manufacture
about 24Wavemaster barges globally per year and they are
all different when it comes to features and customizations.
Every single one of the Wavemaster steel feed barges are
produced at shipyards in either Tallinn in Estland, Klaipeda
in Lithuania or Szczecin and Ustka in Poland.
Typically, it takes about six months to produce a barge
like the Wavemaster AC 850 Panorama, withanadditional
three months ifthere is not adesign already in existence
and a lot of tailoring is needed.
Paris Hotel and Convention Center
AquAculture
2016
Las Vegas, Nevada USA

February 22-26, 2016
CO-SPONSORS
ASSOCIATE SPONSORS
American Veterinary Medical Association
America's Tilapia Alliance
Aquacultural Engineering Society
Aquaculture Association of Canada
Aquaculture Feed Industry Association
California Aquaculture Association
Catfish Farmers of America
Global Aquaculture Alliance
International Association of Aquaculture

Economics and Management
Latin America & Caribbean Chapter WAS
Striped Bass Growers Association
US Shrimp Farming Association
US Trout Farmers Association
World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association
Zebrafish Husbandry Association
In Cooperation with California Aquaculture Association
For More Information Contact:
Conference Manager | P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA

Tel: +1.760.751.5005 | Fax: +1.760.751.5003 | Email: worldaqua@aol.com | www.was.org
AQ16 intlaquafeed ad CMYK.indd 1
12/1/15 12:47 PM
Industry Events
Events listing
The World Aquaculture Society

presents the Global Catfish Conference
n 22-26 February 2016

Aquaculture 2016
www.was.org
n 01-02 March 2016
Global Catfish Conference

www.was.org
n 13-15 March 2016
AgraME
www.agramiddleeast.com
n 15-17 March 2016
Oceanology International
www.oceanologyinternational.com
n 29-31 March 2016
FIAAP, VICTAM & GRAPAS ASIA 2016

www.victam.com
n 18-20 April 2016
IFIF 5th Global Feed & Food Congress

http://gffc2016.com
n 26-29 April 2016
Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2016

www.was.org
n 25-26 May 2016
Aquaculture UK 2016
http://aquacultureuk.com
n 02-04 June 2016
Middle East Aquaculture Forum

www.meaf.ae/meaf16
The World Aquaculture Society is pleased to invite you to the Global

Catfish Conference on March 1-2, 2016 in Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico.
Bringing together science and industry, the conference will discuss new
trends and improvements that can be implemented in the production of
catfish.
For a small fee, conference goers will be treated to talks from some of
the leading minds in catfish production. Professors, doctors and leading
experts from an array of institutions will provide in depth analysis on a
wide range of topics. These speakers include, Michael Masser, Deborah
Fracalossi, Bill Daniels, Mike McGee, Gerado Amador Cano, Manuel
Parra Bracamonte, Ana Laura Lara Rivera, to name just a few.
The proposed programme considers such matters as the Statistics of
Production, Fingerling Production of Ictalurus, Grow out Production,
Nutrition, Genetics, Health, Global Markets for Catfish Produciton, as
well as covering a selection of other issues surrounding the production of
catfish.
The Congress will take place in the Club Maeva Miramar Hotel, which
is just in front of the beautiful Miramar beach; it has access from the Coast
Boulevard of Madero City, Tamaulipas, and is only 7 km from the General
Francisco Javier Mina International Airport
Book soon to avoid disappointment. For further booking information and
prices, please go to the World Aquaculture Societys website and follow the
links to the Global Catfish Conference.
For more industry event information

- visit our events register
www.aquafeed.co.uk
n 04-06 June 2016
FutureFish Eurasia 2016

www.future-fish.com
n 20-23 September 2016
Join us for a Short Course in

Aquaculture Feed Manufacturing
Aquaculture Europe
www.easonline.org
n 24-28 October 2016
The Micronutrient Forum - Mexico

www.was.org
n 15-18 November 2016

EuroTier
http://eurotier.com
n 28 November 2016
Latin American & Caribbean

Aquaculture 2016
www.was.org
OUR CONFERENCES
I N C O R P O R AT I N G
F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y
International Aquafeed also organises

conferences - we will be working with
VIV to host the Aquatic series in 2016
Register for your place on this years short course in Aquaculture

Manufacturing, to be held on February 14, 2016 at the Abu Dhabi National
Exhibition Centre.
Bought to you by International Aquafeed Magazine and Dr Mian Riaz of
The Food Protein R&D Centre, Texas A&M University System, this oneday seminar will cover the specialist areas of manufacturing aqua feeds.
Suitable for both those who are already producing aqua feeds or those
who are interested in starting, this course will provide an exciting and
extensive overview of an array of aspects which govern the production of
aqua feeds.
Beginning at 08:00 with a registration and welcome, the course opens
with an introduction to extrusion.
Covering a broad spectrum of topics such as preconditioning, single
and twin-screw extruders, control systems, the differences between fresh
and marine feeds and drying and cooling aqua feeds you will become
well acquainted with the process of making top-quality aqua feeds using
extrusion technology.
The conference takes place prior to VIV MEA, an exciting new trade
show that will be held from February 16-18, 2016 also in Abu Dhabi. VIV
have boasted successful events both in India and Europe, and VIV MEA
looks to be another prodigious event.
Further announcements with regards to our special guest speakers will be
made in due course. Ensure to register early to avoid disappointment!
Industry Events
Aqua BIG 2016 Call for papers
- deadline March 31, 2016
Aqua BIG2016 is being held 2-4 September 2016 in Hong Kong.
This is the inaugural event of what will surely become a regular
must attend activity.
The organisers are requesting abstracts of original papers for the
formal Paper Sessions and Poster Sessions of the Conference.
Technology and innovation is the key to expansion. Technology
transfer is crucial to assist countries which technology is lacking
behind to maximise its harvest. In addition to worldwide
food supply, seafood is also crucial to development of other
industries such as marine renewable energy, cosmetic, health &
pharmacology, environment & clean tech. The Forum & Expo
will be held around the globe as a platform for ideas exchange,
technological transfer, research and possible solutions to technical
issues identified, and for all other related industries to better
understand and maximise marine resources available.
The Conference Program will be made up of formal Sessions,
Workshop Sessions and a stand-alone Poster Session.
The Poster Session will be a single 3-hour session with
no competition from any other Paper or Workshop Session.
Therefore all the delegates will be able to participate in this
important aspect of the Conference. Similarly, the Poster
presenters will be able to attend all the Sessions.
The theme will canvass (though is not limited to) the topics
listed below; particularly topics related to Business, Industry and
Government:
Innovation in fishery, aquaculture and coastal management and
governance;
New concepts in ocean bioscience, ocean engineering and
ocean biotechnology;
Technology including robotics in respect of production and/or
harvesting including underwater activities;
Ocean information technology and knowledge;
Issues of fish bioscience and technology;
Food & Nutrition for humans and fish/seafood;
Cosmetics relating to harvests from the ocean;
Marine Renewable Energy;
Health, Medicines & Pharmacology relating to harvests from
the ocean;
SeaWeb Seafood Summit

The SeaWeb Seafood Summit held February 1-3, 2016 brings together
global representatives from the seafood industry with leaders from the
conservation community, academia, government and the media.
The goal of the Summit is to define success and advance
solutions in sustainable seafood by fostering dialogue
and partnerships that lead to a seafood marketplace that is
environmentally, socially and economically sustainable. The
conference is brought to you in partnership by SeaWeb and
Diversified Communications.
Advancing Solutions in Sustainable Seafood
The 2016 conference program will address The Future of Production,

The Supply Chain of the Future and The Future of Consumption.
Topics will focus on the success and innovation in sustainable
seafood that will lead us into the future the challenges,
strategies and emerging issues that will shape the marketplace a
decade from now.
Environment & Clean Tech;

New concepts in seafood traceability and seafood safety;
Innovation in seafood marketing from harvester through to
consumer;
New concepts relating to ocean research, investment and
funding;
Solutions to Oceanic crimes and deviance including piracy,
food fraud, Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) seafood
and insurance;
Novel Communication into the future;
Fresh packaging concepts to minimise use of plastic with
seafood;
Any novel issues relevant to the Blue Economy not listed
above.
All abstracts must be in English the official language of the
conference.
Each oral presenter shall be entitled to no more than 12 minutes
for a presentation, plus 3 minutes for questions. Authors of
studies involving proprietary products or formulations should
present this information in workshops or the Expo.
Oral presentations should use Power Point, Prezi, etc. Slides,
overhead projectors and video players will not be available or
allowed.
All presenters are required to pay their own registration
accommodation and travel expenses. Aqua BIG2016 cannot
subsidise registration fees, travel, or hotel costs.
A USB Abstract Book will be given to registered attendees.
Aqua BIG2016 encourages the submission of high quality oral
and poster presentations and look forward to seeing you in Hong
Kong.
You can submit papers online at http://bit.ly/1TXNJGJ or
simply via the website at http://www.aquabig.org/
If you are unable to submit your abstract online, contact the
Conference Manager, Doris Lam of Momentous Asia Travel and
Events on (852) 2369 2062.
Deadline for papers: 31 March 2016
Abstract acceptance notification: 30 April 2016
Early bird registration deadline: 31 May 2016
Aqua BIG Forum: 2-4 September 2016
The conference will feature five plenaries and more than 25
breakout sessions including panel discussions, lightning talks and
keynote presentations.
Conference Topics will include; Sustainability across food
production, Combatting IUU fishing in the EU: current and
future perspectives, Spotlight: securing ethical and sustainable
Thai seafood supply chains, Building partnerships to address
human rights and labor issues in seafood supply chains, Market
awareness and demand in Japan, Does consumer engagement
and perception matter in the era of seafood sustainability? and
Market-based approaches to by-catch management in tuna
fisheries, to name but a few.
The conference itself is held February 1-3, 2016, but before the
conference on January 31 and after the conference on February
4, you will have the opportunity to participate in extra, hands on
workshops and field trips.
To find out more, and to register for the Seaweb Seafood
Summit, then go to the following website:
www.seafoodsummit.org
Industry Events
Oceanology International 2016
Following a successful introduction to the Oceanology
International conference lineup in 2014, aquaculture is firmly on
the agenda for the 2016 event.
Reflecting the growing importance of this industry in the marine
environment and heralding opportunities for technology transfer,
OI16 will be dedicating a full day to the Aquaculture Conference,
Wednesday 16th of March 2016, at Londons ExCeL Centre.
The free to attend Aquaculture Conference, chaired by
Professor Peter Davies of the Department of Civil Engineering,
Dundee University, with interests in fluid mechanics in relation
to aquaculture systems, has been developed by a Steering
Committee of four technical and scientific industry experts:
Richard Slaski, Secretariat for the Scottish Aquaculture
Research Forum (SARF), an aquaculture and fisheries
consultant with expertise in international technology transfer,
economic modelling, planning & regulations and applied
research management
Alex Adrian, Aquaculture Officer for The Crown Estate,
reflecting TCEs aquaculture business interests around the UK
in relation to finfish, shellfish and macroalgae
Dr Kenneth Black of the Scottish Association for Marine
Science, a researcher in marine science with particular
expertise on the environmental impact of aquaculture
The programme will consist of a series of 25 minute
presentations, covering topics from the technical challenges of
offshore aquaculture, the latest techniques for monitoring and
management aquaculture systems and the programmes driving
innovation in aquaculture from the UK and abroad.
The line-up of international Aquaculture experts and their
presentations, include:
Challenges facing offshore aquaculture - Richard Slaski of
Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum and Alex Adrian of The
Crown Estate
The strategic implications for the potential shortening of the
pen-based phase of the salmon on-growing cycle Keith
Jeffery of CEFAS
The requirements for moorings and anchors for future
aquaculture developments Lawrie Stove of AquaMoor
Offshore development of shellfish: deployment & growth -
John Holmyard of Offshore Shellfish Ltd

A ruggedised, deployable and autonomous system for the
quantification of faecal indicator bacteria in natural waters for
improving biosecurity in shellfisheries Jonathan McQuillan
of the National Oceanography Centre
SFI Exposed: Pioneering exposed aquaculture & innovations
to unlock the real blue potential- Arne Fredheim of SINTEF Fisheries & Aquaculture
Surface water quality observation moving to the Internet
of Things era: the EcoWatch - Marco Pieterse of BlueLeg
Monitor
A novel system for easy access to critical parameters in modern
fish farms - Ketil Horn of Nortek AS
Satellite based water quality monitoring for shellfish farms
to support management decisions - Peter Miller of Plymouth
Marine Laboratory
The Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre: Technology
requirements to meet objectives - Heather Jones of Scottish
Aquaculture Innovation Centre
Marine biofuel production technology - Phil Kerrison of The
Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)
Biorefining: Extracting maximum benefit - Michele Stanley of
the Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)
Further information on OI16s Aquaculture Conference
schedule and the presenter details, can be found on the OI 2016
website. www.oceanologyinternational.com
The Aquaculture Conference is part of Oceanology International
2016s world-class exhibition and ten track conference
programme, providing a platform for organisations to reach
buyers from key market regions and sectors worldwide and
helps them improve their strategies for measuring, exploiting,
protecting and operating in the worlds oceans.
Register to attend Oceanology International for free.
www.oceanologyinternational.com
Short course in
Aquaculture Feed
Manufacturing
Abu Dhabi
February 14, 2016
Supported by
Abu Dhabi National

Exhibition Centre
(ADNEC)
This one-day seminar

will assist you when
making top-quality aqua
feeds using extrusion
technology
The course is run by International
Aquafeed magazine and The Food
Protein R&D Center, Texas A&M
University System
bit.ly/aquashortcourse
As part of VIV MEA 2016
Industry Events
Full VIV MEA programme
features content-rich seminars
VIV MEA 2016 will be rich in valuable business information
for animal protein producers when it opens in February in Abu
Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates.
The new show takes place 15th-17th February 2016 and is
dedicated to serving animal protein providers from the Middle
East and Africa to Turkey, Iran and the countries of the Indian
sub-continent.
Covering the animal proteins spectrum
Already sure to be the Middle East regions largest trade fair

on modern poultry production and processing, the event will
also give significant attention to the dairy milk sector and to
aquaculture.
What is more, the schedule features a highly informative
programme of seminars and conferences on different animal
proteins, prepared in association with media partners and
technical leaders.
From health and feed to industry structure
On Sunday 14th February, International Poultry Production/

International Hatchery Practice presents a full-day knowledge
session for poultry managers on topics including how to give
chicks a healthy start. A parallel presentation on the same day by
Perendales International Aquafeed will provide a short course on
manufacturing aquaculture feeds.
The morning of Monday 15th February brings a Global Milling
conference from magazine Milling & Grain alongside a Watt
Global Media poultry seminar that covers broiler production
and trade issues in the Middle East/Africa region. The afternoon
sessions include a seminar sponsored by the Dutch Poultry Centre
to look at some egg quality issues and Middle East Agrifood
Publishers MEAP teaming up with the Worlds Poultry Science
Association to discuss commercial and scientific trends in poultry
production.
For the morning sessions of the conference programme on
Tuesday 16th February there is a Reed Business International
focus on poultry health and an International Dairy Topics
seminar that asks Upsizing --- Is it the way forward?.
Vertical integration in the dairy supply chain is the theme for
a Global Dairy Farmers afternoon session while International
Meat Topics runs a discussion on how to meet the meat safety
challenge.
Top Ten countries for advance booking
The early indication is that we will have most pre-registrations

from Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates, Bangladesh, Nigeria
and Saudi Arabia, says VIV shows manager Ruwan Berculo.
The other countries in the Top Ten are Egypt, India, Iran, Sudan
and Jordan. I think it shows that we have succeeded in promoting
the appeal of the inaugural VIV MEA as being for an extended
region of the world, so that it is well on course to become the third
international hub in our portfolio of business events for the animal
protein sectors, alongside VIV Asia and VIV Europe.
As well as the pre-registered individual participants, Mr Berculo
continues, the show is set to receive special VIP delegations from
over a dozen countries. Those confirmed so far will travel not
only from the Middle East area (UAE, Iran, Turkey), but also
from India and Pakistan, from further into Asia (China, Indonesia,
Philippines, Thailand) and from Africa (Egypt, Ethiopia, Nigeria,
Sudan).
Preliminary estimates suggest that there will be approximately
4000 visitors over the three days of the trade fair. The organisers
expect that the largest number will come from the countries
bordering the Persian Gulf along with Iran and Turkey. Another
25 percent or so are likely to be from African countries and
around 10 percent from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Other events add to visitor appeal
VIV MEA 2016 in Abu Dhabi has the added advantage that
it will be co-located at the ADNEC exhibitions complex with a
world event that works with organisations including the United
Nations and the World Bank in offering a showcase for innovative
and sustainable technologies relating to food production. Known
as the Global Forum for Innovations in Agriculture or GFIA, in
2016 this returns to Abu Dhabi for the third consecutive year.
Even more notable for all executives in the poultry industry
is the opening of a conference on 17th February only a short
distance from ADNEC. For the first time, the International
Poultry Council is bringing to Abu Dhabi its spring conference
of poultry world leaders. The conference is open to VIV MEA
visitors who have IPC membership.
Moreover, across at the Dubai World Trade Centre between
21st-25th February there is the opportunity to visit the worlds
largest annual show on food and related hospitality products.
Gulfood in its 2016 edition will have more than 110 international
pavilions in addition to several hundred stands featuring
individual companies, providing valuable insights into food
product developments for all Middle East businesses involved in
animal protein production and processing.
Registration numbers reflect great interest
Exhibition space for VIV MEA 2016 was fully booked in just
eight months, with the leading global suppliers to the animal
protein sectors showing their support. In total there will about 270
exhibitors with stands in three halls of the Abu Dhabi national
exhibition centre (ADNEC).
The strong worldwide interest in this first-ever VIV MEA has
been demonstrated further by the number of people registering
in advance to attend the event. A preliminary count at the start
of 2016 found individual pre-registrations from 84 countries.
Almost 70 percent of applications had come from countries in
the Middle East with Asia and another 9-10 percent were from
Africa. The other large segment involved applications from
Europe and Russia, but South America, North America and
Oceania were also represented.
Regional spread visitors VIV MEA 2016 pre-registration as of 14

January 2016
Industry Events
REVIEW
Opening the Show Representatives from a

complete cross-section
of the Taiwanese fisheries
industry supported the
first Fisheries and Seafood
Show to increase Taiwans
exposure and raise its status
within the international
community
A union of fishing interests captured the

imagination at the first Taiwan Fisheries
and Seafood Show
Taiwan is making its world leading seafood
technology, in both marine and aquaculture
fisheries, accessible to all countries
Industry Events
Taiwan presents the 'complete picture' for

seafood under one roof
Taiwan hosted its first Taiwan Fisheries and Seafood Show

in late November 2015 to widespread international acclaim.
The event was unique in that it drew together the best of
the marine and capture fisheries together with the most
advanced sections of the countrys aquaculture industry; two
fish production systems not often considered comfortable
bedfellows.
It was a union of fishing interests that captured the imagination
of organisers, exhibitors and visitors alike and resulted in one of
the best, albeit small, events in the calendar for fish in 2015.
The event was organised by the non-profit-making, governmentfunded TAITRA, the Taiwan External Trade Development
Council, which was set up in 1970 to promote foreign trade and
My Exhibition Co Ltd.
The show was hosted in Taiwans second largest city, Kaohsiung
which is situated at the opposite end of the country to the capital
Taipei on the countrys southern coastline. Kaoshiung is an
important city for capture fisheries in southern Taiwan.
The modern Kaohsiung Exhibition Centre, in the heart of the city,
made an ideal venue for this new exhibition, which is scheduled
to take place each year from now on. It was supported by 210
exhibitors which saw 412 exhibition booths on show to visitors in
total exhibitors represented companies from over 14 countries.
The show attracted more than 6500 visitors over the three days it
was held, with just under 700 visitors coming from outside Taiwan
and covered areas as diverse as fishing equipment (from fishing
nets and fish finders to weather use instruments) to aquaculture
(from feeds to aquatic breeds to water purifying), to processing
and seafood itself; a most comprehensive array of products and
services including fishing boats, etc.
The last day of the event was open to the public another
innovation for a trade exhibition - with the expressed objective to
increase consumer awareness of the benefits and the technology
behind one of the worlds most advanced marine and fish farming
industries.
A survey conducted of visitors following the show ranked the top
10 buying countries as China, Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, South
Korea, Singapore, The Philippines, USA, Vietnam and Thailand.
According to the president of My Exhibition, Ball Chang, this
was the first time aquaculture had joined with marine fishing to
participate in a joint exhibition.
The event has achieved outcomes beyond our expectations and
the evidence of the potential for growth for all these industries
involved in fishing, fish farming and processing is there for
everyone to see, he says.
The government will support this industry event in the future.
While the diversity of the event provided a host of experts from
throughout the industry in one location, International Aquafeed
Industry Events
was able to distribute its Chinese edition widely and take advantage
to interview several exhibitors from feed nutrition through to fishfarming technology.
One story that captured our attention was concerning food safety,
which we report here. Other stories from the show will be published in
future issues.
Complete traceability
For a small country with just 1/50th of the worlds population,

Taiwan is in the top 20 for fishing. Taiwans fishing industry produces
over 1.4 million tonnes of production each year.
For many years Taiwan relied on imported fish to meet consumer
demand, but today everyone who wants to can enjoy locally-produced
fish from either the marine sector or from our completely traceable
fish farming operations, says Mr Wang Chang Hao who is the CEO of
Taiwans Aqua Development Association.
Aquaculture accounts for a large part of our fish consumption today
and is a larger share than fish from marine fisheries, which is limited
by the environment".
Now we have rapid growth and we are considered as the top value
globally and this has given the organisers and the government agencies
the confidence to hold this exhibition, he says.
Mr Wang Chang Hao says his associations work covers all farmed
fish species covering Threadfish, Milkfish, Grouper and Mullet and
working with 14 production and marketing groups. It has some 1000
members and represents all eight provinces under its umbrella.
The major pillars of the organisation in meeting its mission of
ensuring food safety for consumers includes testing and certification of
its 14 production and marketing groups.
We are responsible for controlling food safety when it comes to
farmed fish, he adds.
The association has adopted a QR code system that allows
consumers to scan and trace and retail product back to the farm and
beyond. The QR code is linked to its website and demonstrates the
quality of the fish product in details consumers understand.
It relies on a locally-developed TGAP program, which stands for
Taiwan Good Aquaculture Practice, and is proving successful due
to its geographical control that controls safety, culture, quality and
enhances the reputation of farmed fish.
This certification has been used for more than eight years and is
now recognised internationally, and includes information from the
hatcheries, whether it was caught or farmed, its packaging date and
presents a complete record of each individual fish on the label. It also
includes recipes on how to prepare and eat the fish, he says.
Mr Wang Chang Hao says geography is a critical issue to ensuring
the safety of fish for consumers. There are three areas of importance in
successfully maintaining food safety in farmed fish: the weather should not
get too hot nor too cold during the production process; the environment
including land and water quality have to be carefully managed.
The people of Taiwan are very hard working and they deserve fish
of the highest quality in the shops and this view is fully supported by
the government through research and development for the industry.
The government of Taiwan is very democratic and this is reflected in
our focus on food safety. It forms 99.5 percent of our activities due to
the regulations that govern us.
Our TGAP was formed by government, not by foreign
organisations, to meet the needs of international markets. Its our
own certification system that is similar to GlobalGAP for exports
particularly to Europe and the USA.
History makes Taiwan very resistant and that all obstacles can be
overcome, he concluded.
Show benefits feed industry
Taiwans feed industry has also benefited from the countrys
Roger Gilbert with My Exhibition president

Ball Chang and Irene Liu who say the event
exceeded all expectations
Mr Wang Chang Hao, CEO of Taiwans Aqua Development Association,

explains the certification documentation behind a sample retail
package of shrimp that consumers can access at any time
Donald Lu of TAITRA discussing the concept behind the

Taiwan Fisheries and Seafood Show with Roger Gilbert
Fish breeding and rearing in automated reticulation systems

come in all shapes and sizes
Industry Events
promotion in recent years of its products abroad.
For example local Kaohsiung City feed company, Shye Yih
Feeding Co Ltd, which produces some 55,000 tonnes of fish
feeds annually for the local market, has found confidence to
begin exploring export markets, and sees the exhibition as a great
benefit for the whole industry.
Mr Kuo En-Chan, from the companys sales department,
says that the success of exports depends largely on the cost of
production plus research of markets and tailoring finished feeds
for the specific species a customer is growing.
Export markets of importance to the company include Malaysia,
India and South Korea.
We are still developing connections in countries such as The
Philippines, but Malaysia is home of our biggest clients. Its the
quality and the standards we are achieving that importers want.
To delivery high-quality products like this we need the very
best raw materials ourselves and imported fishmeal from Peru is
one such product, although
depending on the fish species
being fed we can use the more
profitable vegetable proteins
available today.
Mr Kuo En-Chan says there
is a good future for Taiwan
exporters and exhibiting at the
Taiwan Fisheries and Seafood
Show reached both foreign
buyers and the local market
as well.
Mrs Tzu-Wen Tseng deputy secretary general of Kaohsiung city

government welcomes industry representatives saying protecting
consumers rights and giving them the confidence in seafood
products was paramount
The next Fisheries & Seafood show will

take place on November 10-12, 2016
Mr Tzu-Yaw Tsay, director general of the Fisheries Agency

spoke of a complete picture of the seafood chain with
opportunities for the industry to expand overseas
IndoFisheries-Aquafeed.ai 1 22/01/2016 15:43:58
REG
IS
NOWTER
MEET THE WORLD

CONNECT WITH 520+ EXHIBITORS & 8,400+
INDUSTRY PROFESSIONALS
n Source new products and services from over 520 worldwide suppliers
n Build your knowledge via 90+ hours of technical and industry content
Experience the latest technological innovations in the dedicated show
floor theatre
n Learn about near and far market export opportunities hosted by
international trade groups
n Interact with key industry contacts at the exhibition via free social and
networking events
n View market leading equipment with our live vessel and dockside
demonstration programme
CM
MY
CY
CMY
Register to attend for free at: www.oceanologyinternational.com

Organised by:
Learned Society Patron:
Endorsing associations:
Industry Events
AQUACULTURE
AMERICA
Technology on display
Every three years, the Triennial is held somewhere in the

United States. In 2016, the Triennial returns to the exciting
city of Las Vegas, Nevada!
The Triennial is the largest aquaculture conference and
tradeshow held in the world with nearly 4000 attendees from over
90 countries.
Featuring the annual meetings of the World Aquaculture Society,
National Shell Fisheries Association, American Fisheries Society
(Fish Culture Section), and the National Aquaculture Association,
heres what else is happening at Aquaculture 2016!
Aquaculture America - Annual Meeting of the US Chapter
of World Aquaculture Society, the National Aquaculture
Association, and the US Aquaculture Suppliers Association.
Annual Meeting of the American Tilapia Association
Annual Meeting of the Striped Bass Growers Association
Annual Meeting of the US Trout Farmers Association
Special sessions organised by Aquacultural Engineering
Society and International Association of Aquaculture
Many other meetings of working groups, government agencies
and related aquaculture activities
International Aquafeed takes a look at some of the technology
and products that will be on display at the event.
Alltech Solutions for the

Aquaculture Industry
Alltech provides natural nutritional solutions to overcome
challenges faced by aquaculture species throughout the
production process - from first feeding to harvest. Alltechs
solutions are tailored to provide customers with a competitive
advantage and address issues ranging from daily stressors and
environmental threats to nutritional challenges including the
increasing use of plant proteins, contaminants in raw materials
and nutrient availability.
AQUATE is Alltechs solution platform for aquaculture,
providing a combination of natural technologies based on
proprietary processes. AQUATE technologies create solutions
that maintain a protective balance between your aquaculture
species, its nutrition and its environment. This optimises animal
performance and maintains healthy populations.
Alltech is firmly focused on delivering solutions built by
research and practical application - promoting robust stock,
improved performance, flesh quality and health status; thereby
adding value and profitability to aquaculture products.
Flow meter installed

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Pre-programmed Variable
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Flow meter wired

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Discharge/Effluent
Pump wired into drive

Suction/Influent
Verus Pump
Verus Pump with Constant Flow Technology. (Flanges available as optional accessories. PVC pipe not included.)
Verus 850 Premium Efficiency

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The pump and drive are delivered to you pre-programmed
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Unlike conventional pumps that require manual valve
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Includes:
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3 Phase TEFC motor
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Lightweight for easy installation
6 suction port and 4 discharge port
Optional strainer pot and flanges are available
Outdoor-rated (IP55) pre-programmed variable frequency
drive
Industrial-grade flow meter
pentairaes.com
Industry Events
RotiGrow OneStep
Reed Maricultures new, breakthrough feed ensures consistent hatchery production results
with one easy step. RotiGrow OneStep is a liquid, high-yield microalgal blend rotifer feed that
contains all of the nutritional components needed to produce the most healthy and vigorous
rotifers and larvae in one easy step.
Cleanest, easiest to use, most reliable nutrition for rotifers and larvae on the market.
Nutrition is in the tissue of the rotifers as well as in the gut.
High in the DHA, ARA, and carotenoids that are required by fish such as Cobia, Seriola, and
Red Snapper.
RotiGrow OneStep is an Instant Algae product, Algae When You Need It. Over 500
hatcheries, ornamental growers, universities and research organizations in 90 countries rely on
Reed Maricultures Instant Algae products. Order RotiGrow OneStep and ensure repeatable
hatchery success.
reedmariculture.com/product_rotigrow_onestep.php
YSI Monitoring and Control

Platform
Designed for aquaculture and aquatic life support systems,
the YSI Monitoring and Control (M&C) platform integrates
water quality monitoring, process control, automated feeding,
alarming, and data management into one instrument or network
of instruments depending on your facilitys size and needs
making the system completely scalable.
YSIs M&C instruments can also help you manage your
operations feeding cycle via our FeedSmart software. The
FeedSmart software manages feed delivery based on userselectable inputs for the number of daily feedings, daily feed
weights, total biomass, and feed conversion ratios (FCRs)
along with parameter control based on water quality values
which reduces, or stops feed as water quality deteriorates.
The YSI monitors and expansion modules can be mixed and
matched, allowing you to set up an effective monitoring and
control network to help run your facility and automate many
processes that may have been accomplished manually in the
past allowing for increased efficiency and lower operational
costs.
This system is designed to be an easy-to-use, scalable
solution that can grow with your facility. With the ability to
measure many parameters using a variety of probes at multiple
locations, we can help you design a total facility solution.
YSI.com/aquaculture
Insta-pro International
Extrusion Technology
Insta-Pro International is a world leader in extrusion
technology for food & feed processing with customers in
over 100 countries. Our technology is used to process a
wide range of crops into nutritious food & feed products.
Application examples: oilseed processing, soybean/grain
processing, emergency relief food, animal food and byproduct processing.
Insta-Pro International works closely with processers to
examine challenges and develop chemical free processing
solutions for producing protein that can be used in livestock
feed, vegetable oils, soy food ingredients, pet food and fish feed.
The Insta-Pro Intl method uses an exclusive process with
advantages in the following:
Nutritional quality
Digestibility
Improved flavour
Longer shelf life
Additional Support includes:
Quick response to customer needs
Nutritional advice
Engineering advice
Connectivity to raw ingredient suppliers, business partners
and consumer
As a result, Insta-Pro Intls leadership in mechanical
reliability and nutritional excellence has earned us a top
reputation in the industry.
www.insta-pro.com
Elevator buckets
Alapala
+90 212 465 60 40
www.alapala.com
Tapco Inc
+1 314 739 9191
www.tapcoinc.com
Welcome to the market place, where you will find suppliers of products
and services to the industry - with help from our friends at The International Aquafeed Directory (published by Turret Group)
Additives
Symaga
+34 91 726 43 04
www.symaga.com
Chemoforma
+41 61 8113355
www.chemoforma.com
Evonik
+49 618 1596785
www.evonik.com
Liptosa
+34 902 157711
www.liptosa.com
Elevator & Conveyor Components
Westeel
+1 204 233 7133
www.westeel.com
4B Braime
+44 113 246 1800
www.go4b.com
Enzymes
Ab Vista
+44 1672 517 650
www.abvista.com
GMP+ International
+31703074120
www.gmpplus.org
Analysis
Laboratorio Avi-Mex S.A. de C.V
+55 54450460 Ext. 1105
www.avimex.com.mx
R-Biopharm
+44 141 945 2924
www.r-biopharm.com
Conveyors
Vigan Enginnering
+32 67 89 50 41
www.vigan.com
JEFO
+1 450 799 2000
www.jefo.com
Equipment for sale
Colour sorters
Romer Labs
+43 2272 6153310
www.romerlabs.com
Bhler AG
+41 71 955 11 11
www.buhlergroup.com
Amino acids
ExtruTech Inc
+1 785 284 2153
www.extru-techinc.com
Event organisers
VIV
+31 30 295 2772
www.viv.net
Satake
+81 82 420 8560
www.satake-group.com
Evonik
+49 618 1596785
www.evonik.com
Computer software
Animal Health & Nutrition
Extruders
Adifo NV
+32 50 303 211
www.adifo.com
Cenzone
+1 760 736 9901
www.cenzone.com
Format International Ltd

+44 1483 726081
www.formatinternational.com
Bags
Mondi Group
+43 1 79013 4917
www.mondigroup.com
Almex
+31 575 572666
www.almex.nl
Amandus Kahl
+49 40 727 710
www.akahl.de
Colour sorters
SEA S.r.l.
+39 054 2361423
www.seasort.com
Bin dischargers
Denis
+33 2 37 97 66 11
www.denis.fr
Coolers & driers
Bulk storage
Consergra s.l
+34 938 772207
www.consergra.com
Bentall Rowlands
+44 1724 282828
www.bentallrowlands.com
FrigorTec GmbH
+49 7520 91482-0
www.frigortec.com
Chief Industries UK Ltd

+44 1621 868944
www.chief.co.uk
Croston Engineering
+44 1829 741119
www.croston-engineering.co.uk
Silos Cordoba
+34 957 325 165
www.siloscordoba.com
VAV
+31 71 4023701
www.vav.nl
TSC Silos
+31 543 473979
www.tsc-silos.com
Certification
Sonac
+31 499 364800
www.sonac.biz
Silo Construction Engineers

+32 51723128
www.sce.be
STIF
+33 2 41 72 16 80
www.stifnet.com
Geelen Counterflow
+31 475 592315
www.geelencounterflow.com
Muyang Group
+86 514 87848880
www.muyang.com
Wenger Manufacturing
+1 785-284-2133
www.wenger.com
Andritz
+45 72 160300
www.andritz.com
Brabender
+49 203 7788 0
www.brabender.com
Buhler AG
+41 71 955 11 11
www.buhlergroup.com
Dinnissen BV
+31 77 467 3555
www.dinnissen.nl
Ferraz Maquinas e Engenharia
+55 16 3615 0055
www.ferrazmaquinas.com.br
Insta-Pro International
+1 515 254 1260
www.insta-pro.com
Ottevanger
+31 79 593 22 21
www.ottevanger.com
Ugur Makina
+90 (364) 235 00 26
www.ugurmakina.com
Wenger Manufacturing
+1 785-284-2133
www.wenger.com
Palletisers
Zheng Chang
+86 21 64188282
www.zhengchang.com
PAYPER, S.A.
+34 973 21 60 40
www.payper.com
Aller Aqua
+45 70 22 19 10
www.aller-aqua.com
Muyang
+86 514 87848880
www.muyang.com
Pellet binders
Symaga
+34 91 726 43 04
www.symaga.com
Akzo Nobel
+46 303 850 00
www.bredol.com
Jefo
Borregaard LignoTech
+47 69 11 80 00
www.lignotechfeed.com
SPAROS
Tel.: +351 249 435 145
Website: www.sparos.pt
PellTech
+47 69 11 80 00
www.pelltech.org
Wynveen International B.V.

+31 26 47 90 699
www.wynveen.com
Tornum AB
+46 512 29100
www.tornum.com
Sensors
Aqualabo
+33 2 97 89 25 30
www.aqualabo.fr
Pest control
Rentokil Pest Control
+44 0800 917 1987
www.rentokil.co.uk
Hatchery products
Reed Mariculture
+1 877 732 3276
www.reed-mariculture.com
Agromatic
+41 55 2562100
www.agromatic.com
Pipe systems
Jacob Sohne
+49 571 9580
www.jacob-pipesystems.eu
Laboratory equipment
Dol Sensors
+45 721 755 55
www.dol-sensors.com
Used around
Bastak
+90 312 395 67 87
www.bastak.com.tr
all industrial
Plants
sectors.
Shrimp feed additives
Andritz
+45 72 160300
Visit us! www.pipe-systems.eu
www.andritz.com
Fr. Jacob Shne GmbH & Co. KG, Germany

Tel. + 49 (0) 571 95580 | www. jacob-pipesystems.eu
Level measurement
Buhler AG
+41 71 955 11 11
www.buhlergroup.com
BinMaster Level Controls

+1 402 434 9102
www.binmaster.com
FAMSUN
+86 514 87848880
www.muyang.com
FineTek Co., Ltd

+886 2226 96789
www.fine-tek.com
Dishman
+31 318 545 754
www.dishman-netherlands.com
Training
Aqua TT
+353 1 644 9008
www.aquatt.ie/aquatt-services
Vaccines
Probiotics
Vega
+44 1444 870055
www.vega.com/uk
Biomin
+43 2782 803 0
www.biomin.net
Lallemand
+ 33 562 745 555
www.lallemandanimalnutrition.
com
Moisture analyzers
CHOPIN Technologies
+33 14 1475045
www.chopin.fr
Rolls
Leonhard Breitenbach
+49 271 3758 0
www.breitenbach.de
Doescher & Doescher GmbH

+49 4087976770
www.doescher.com
OJ Hojtryk
+45 7514 2255
www.oj-hojtryk.dk
Ridgeway Biologicals
+44 1635 579516
www.ridgewaybiologicals.co.uk
Vacuum
Wynveen International B.V.
+31 26 47 90 699
www.wynveen.com
Weighing equipment
Parkerfarm Weighing Systems
+44 1246 456729
www.parkerfarm.com
Yeast products
Safety equipment
Rembe
+49 2961 740 50
www.rembe.com
Seedburo
+1 312 738 3700
www.seedburo.com
NIR systems
MYSILO
+90 382 266 2245
www.mysilo.com
Ehcolo A/S
+45 75 398411
www.ehcolo.com
Feed
Hydronix
+44 1483 468900
www.hydronix.com
Obial
+90 382 2662120
www.obial.com.tr
Second hand equipment

Sanderson Weatherall
+44 161 259 7054
www.sw.co.uk
NIR-Online
+49 6227 732668
www.nir-online.de
Silos
Packaging
CB Packaging
+44 7805 092067
www.cbpackaging.com
Kepler Weber Group

+55 11 4873-0300
www.kepler.com.br
Mondi Group
+43 1 79013 4917
www.mondigroup.com
ICC, Adding Value to Nutrition

+55 11 3093 0753
www.iccbrazil.com
Lallemand
+ 33 562 745 555
www.lallemandanimalnutrition.com
Leiber GmbH
+49 5461 93030
www.leibergmbh.de
Phileo (Lesaffre animal care)
+33 3 20 81 61 00
www.lesaffre.fr
To include your company in the International

Aquafeed market place in print, and a
company page on our website contact Tom
Blacker.
+44 1242 267700 tomb@perendale.co.uk
the interview
Dr Mian Riaz
Mian Riaz Ph.D, is the director of the Food Protein R&D Center andhead of the Extrusion Program and Graduate Faculty in the
Food Science and Technology Program at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
Dr Riaz has given more than 235 talks in 50 different countries. He currently offers four short courses in the area of extrusion
annually, two courses are in feed extrusion and two courses are in food extrusion. He has more than 22 years of research
experience in his field.
Dr. Riaz is also an active member of the Institute of Food Technologists, American Association of Cereal Chemists, American Oil
Chemists Society, Pakistan Society of Food Scientists and Technologists and the Association for the Advancement of Industrial
Crops.
This February, International Aquafeed Magazine and Dr Mian Riaz are presenting a one-day Short Course in Aquaculture Feed
Manufacturing.
Speakers from industry and academia will give lectures on the latest technology in aquafeed extrusion and related equipment
on February 14, 2016 at the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre.
This one-day seminar will cover the specialist areas of manufacturing aquafeeds.
IAF recently spoke to Mian Riaz to discuss both the one-day course in Abu Dhabi and to collect his thoughts on the extrusion
industry of today.
You are speaking at the forthcoming extrusion course

in Dubai, which topics will you be discussing?
At the event in Abu Dhabi, I will be talking in general about

introduction to extrusion. Since several people have no idea
about the basics of extrusion, its principles, function and
types of extruders which are available in the market. I will also
provide some general rules of thumb and basic guidelines for
when someone needs to purchase a new extruder.
Can you provide our readers some information about

your duties and responsibilities as director of the Food
Protein R&D Center andhead of the Extrusion Program
and Graduate Faculty in the Food Science and
Technology Program at Texas A&M University?
As head of the extrusion program, I oversee all the activities in

the area of extrusion, which includes research, industry work,
short course and special training in the area of extrusion.
What do you consider to be the key developments in

extrusion since you became involved in the industry?
Has the extrusion industry encountered any major

challenges since you have been involved with the
extrusion process?
Extrusion manufacturers are very progressive and listen to the

industry so they are able to tailor their equipment to meet the
needs of their customers. This industry faced a major challenge
for food and feed safety. Extruder manufacturers overcame
this challenge by improving their hardware and processing
parameters accordingly.
Are you looking forward to seeing any of the other

speakers or exhibitors at this years show, if so, which
ones are you most interested?
There will be three other speakers at this course and I will be

looking forward to meeting all of them. They are, Mr. Joe
Kern vice president for Aqua feed Division, and Dr. Ramesh
G. from Wenger and Dr. Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed, professor
- Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria
University, Egypt
There are several new developments in the last 20 years.

We used to have volumetric feeder, and now we have loss
measurement in feed systems that is much more accurate.
There are several improvements in pre-conditioners, from
single shaft to double shaft to differential diameter shafts to
high intensity pre-conditioners. All of these improvement help
to better mix, cook and hydrate the raw material for cooking.
Now we have conical screw and very unique dies.
There is such a vast array of events coming up over

the next 12 months, but which are the events are you
most looking forward to?
Was 2015 a particularly busy year for you, and what

were your highlights of the past 12 months?
There are several pieces of add-on equipment that have

been made available by the extruder manufacturers. But in
my opinion Back Pressure Valve (BPV) is one of the most vital
pieces of equipment currently available to those, like myself,
who are involved in the extrusion industry.
Yes, we conducted four courses in the area of extrusion and

have has a record number of participants attend our courses.
We saw a major jump in the number of participants enrolling
on aqua feed extrusion short courses.
Most of the events are related to general livestock feed,

however, I am looking forward to Middle East VIV, Victam and
ILDEX.
In your opinion, what is the most vital piece of

equipment available to the modern extruder?
PEOPLE
THE INDUSTRY FACES
Eloise Hillier-Richardson joins International Aquafeed

Magazine as the new Managing Editor
e are pleased to welcome Eloise Hillier-Richardson into the fold as the new
Managing Editor of International Aquafeed Magazine. Eloise joins us with a
Bachelors degree in English Literature from Queen Mary, University of London
and a Masters degree in Comparative Literature from University College London.
Eloise HillierRichardson
I am very excited to embark upon my role here at International Aquafeed Magazine, and
continue in our efforts to take the publication from strength to strength. I am looking forward
to getting to know more about the industry as well as the people within it. I hope to ultimately
help convey the importance of the industry within our society, and continue to be at the
vanguard of innovative developments, bringing our readers the latest advancements in the
industry from around the globe.
International Aquafeed Magazine is pleased to

announce new Asia-Pacific Representative
eter Parker joins our team from New Zealand after doing a three-month residential
internship in the UK at the end of 2015. Peter has a Bachelor Degree in Social Sciences
from Waikato University, graduating in 2014. He has worked as a behavioural therapist
in New Zealand primary schools.
Peter Parker
During his training he displayed a keen interest in aquaculture and fish feeding and
represented International Aquafeed on field and industry events including Europes AquaNor in
Norway and the European Aquaculture Societys event in Rotterdam.
He joins us as our Asia-Pacific Representative and will provide us with both an editorial
input and a sales role with regard to our developing Fish Farming Technology section within
International Aquafeed.
Andrew Wilkinson joins International

Aquafeed as Editorial Journalist
nother recent addition to our ever- expanding editorial team is Andrew Wilkinson.
Andrew joins us with a wealth of journalistic experience, having previously worked
for a number of prestigious establishments including the BBC.
Andrew graduated from the University of Gloucestershire with a BA in journalism

in 2014, having previously been employed in the food service industry at management level.
Andrew Wilkinson
Andrews journalistic experience as well as his in depth knowledge of the food industry,
makes him a key addition to the team. Andrew is relishing the opportunity of working in such a
vastly expanding industry and is looking forward to working with each and every one of you.
Yannis Zabetakis has recently moved

to the University of Limerick
annis Zabetakis, after 12 years in the University of Athens, has recently moved to
the University of Limerick (UL) in Ireland where he will be continuing his academic
career in the area of food lipids in the Department of Life Sciences.
Yannis Zabetakis
He plans to expand his previous work with Nireus SA, a leading Greek aquaculture
company, on the production of novel functional feeds and thus farmed fish. Yannis focus in
UL is on how to render more sustainable the production of aquafeeds and also to identify novel
functional lipids in aquafeeds and farmed fish with anti-inflammatory activities.
By-products of other industries (e.g. dairy and brewing) will be assessed for their potential as
functional feed ingredients. The overall aim is, in close collaboration with Industry, to develop
novel and sustainable aquafeeds that would enrich the cardio-protective properties of farmed
fish.
These applied research efforts should give the aquaculture industry a further competitive edge
based on the functional properties of fish against cardiovascular diseases.
Shrimp feed formulation,

just smarter.
You can count on AMINOShrimp to give you
the best recommendation for shrimp feed.
AMINOShrimp is an interactive and easy to use software
calculating amino acid recommendations for whiteleg shrimp.
The amino acid recommendations are provided according
to species-specific requirements and can be adjusted by the
user to different production scenarios.
animal-nutrition@evonik.com
www.evonik.com/animal-nutrition

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I N C O R P O R AT I N G

The future of fish meal replacement:

Better digestion for

Perendale Publishers Ltd

CONTENTS: JANUARY 2016 VOLUME 19 ISSUE 1

India Marketing Team

Copyright 2016 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved.

Expert Topic - Channel Catfih

64 The Market Place

66 The Aquafeed Interview

16 The future of fish meal replacement:

20 Gut health in 4 (easy) steps

22 Field-tested health protection for Shrimp

38 Dinnissen celebrates 25 years of the

Johan den Hartog

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting

50 AKVA Group Feed Barges

Professor Simon Davies

Greetings and a Happy New Year!

of the new joint aquaculture research initiative with many

Meet the team at up-coming international events

recent report from the World Economic

Oceans to contain more

Lets think outside the omega-3 box!

hen considering the nutritional value of fish, one

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 3

New Year..New Hopes

n aquaculture, some of us focus on the nutrition

aquaculture plan and challenges.

Roy Palmer is the Executive Director

4 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

Biotech firm plans

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 5

10% inclusion levels... so if 10%

More robust and accurate global

sk and you shall receive. As global disposable

The feed barometer

The feed industry is an excellent barometer of economic

The top 10 feed producers in the world remained the

6 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

Crude Protein vs Amino Acids

ince prehistoric times, the aquatic elements

catabolised (broken down) gradually from a peptide chain to

Dr. Alexandros Samartzis, is the Aquaculture

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 7

Johan den Hartog

ishmeal remains an important ingredient

when exporting to Europe. An important principle of GMP+

The average Peruvian fishmeal production volume from

Over the past 20 years the Peruvian fishery sector has

During the last decade, the processing of anchovies into

for good manufacturing practices (prerequisite program),

8 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

As a result, Peruvian fishmeal is of high quality nowadays.

High quality fishmeal and oil

previous years, in a process of up-scaling plants by mergers

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 9

True gender champion recognised

eryls extensive and

2003. Last year, Meryl was awarded

From 1994 to 2004, she was Director

10 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed