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TEKNOLOJK
ARATIRMALAR
www.teknolojikarastirmalar.com
e-ISSN:1309-3991
Derleme
(Review)
Abstract
Nanofiber technologies are appealing huge interest as a functional fabrication method for one dimensional structured
organic, inorganic and hybrid nanomaterials with controlled dimensions. Nanofibers are generated as haphazardly or
oriented continuous nanofibers with possibilities of ordered internal morphologies such as coresheath, hollow or porous
fiber, or even multi channeled microtube arrangements. These various type of materials can be obtained by different
fabrication techniques. Undoubtedly, most appropriate and controllable is method electrospinning.
Keywords : Nanofibers, Electropsinning, Fiber Production
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1. INTRODUCTION
Up to now, much research about nanofiber based composites has been carried out. Because nanofibers
have unique mechanical, electrical and chemical properties, they are accepted as advanced materials.
Nanofibrous mats can be produced intentionally and in desired conditions, which means they can be
regarded as nanomaterial, as well. Since it is very hard to get a single nanofiber, they are produced as
membrane or non-woven form. Countless applications of nanofiber makes itself an attractive material.
Therefore, understanding different production methods and utilizing the methods according to specific
application is crucial for the success of the application. There have been many different ways for
producing nanofibers, such as drawing, phase separation, self-assembly, template synthesis,
electroblowing, centrifugal and electrospinning [1].In this paper, different techniques of nanofiber
production methods are briefly reviewed.
2. ELECTROSPNNNG & CONFGURATONS
From the beginning of this century, researchers have been reinventing an old process known as
electrospinning [2]. It is able to fabricate continual nanofibers from different types of material when
regarding manageability [2]. Moreover, electrospinning is a more inexpensive method than others. Today,
low-cost, high-strength, high-value added nanofibers can be produced in diameter ranging from 20 nm to
1 micron [3,4].
2.1. Basic Electrospinning
First, the technique produces dimension controlled fibers down to nanometer range. A melt or solution of
polymer is fed through a narrow needle or nozzle. The nozzle or needle perform as an electrode
simultaneously applying typically high voltage from 20 to 100 kV. Generally, the distance from electrode
to collector is 10-25 cm in typical laboratory set-up The current varies from nanoamper to microampere
during the electrospinning process. The design of typical electrospinning can be from top to bottom or
bottom to top [4].
If high voltage is applied to an electrode, an electric field is generated between collectorandelectrode.
After critical voltage value, electrostatic force overcomes the surface tension and the charged polymer
solution is forced to leave from the tip of thenozzle or needle. The pulled polymer solution jet passes
through an elongation and instability phase due to the effects of electrostatic force, which makes the jet
very thinandlong. Simultaneously, solvent evaporates and solidification takes place, and an
interconnected layer of fibers on the surface of the collectoris created. In the case of melt, ejected jet
solidifies while traveling in the air [5].
2.2. Melt Electrospinning
Most of the electrospun nanofibers are based on solution spinning. Risky chemicals are used to dissolve
plentiful polymers. These solvents may leave residue that is not compatible withhealth issues. There has
been adesire to produce fibers by concentrating on a cleaner process, through being environmentally safe
and productive. Thus, an electrospinning system that uses molten polymer has gathered great excitement.
Despite many promising applications, little development has been made in the past 20 years [6].
Figure 1 shows the design of typical meltelectrospinning. When high voltage is applied to a spinneret, a
cone is formed. At the critical voltage, electro static forces overcome the surface tension. Viscoelastic
behavior of the melt result in a fine fiber extruded from the orifice residing at small holes. Rheology of
the molten state is critical for the stable spinning [6].
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two or three spinnerets. The receiver is a rotating drum controlled by a stepping motor. The fibers from
the two or three oppositely charged electrospinning spinnerets were collected and stretched by the drum
receiver with a constant speed. The nanofiber yarns,which can be produced by this technique, are dried
under vacuum at room temperature [18].
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technologically relevant opportunities, such as yielding hollow polymer beads,and being applicable to
different types of polymers [29].
Today, a company has improved a new method called ForcespinningTM(Fig 9.) for the nanofiber
production via this technique. ForcespinningTM is applicable for solutions and molten materialsvia
centrifugal force. Because Forcespinning uses less solvent or no solvent at all, it is more productive in
terms of cost when compared to electrospinning. No heated air jets or no heating make it more cost
effective than meltblown. [30].A spinneret with a reservoir containing liquid material is rotated
centrifugally on an axis at high rpm. While the spinneret rotates, liquid material is pushed to the outer
wall through an orifice. In this process, centrifugal and hydrostatic forces together initiate the jet [30].
The extended PTT wire is quickly cooled in air and finally an unclad amorphous PTT nanofiber is created
[32]. Fibers fabricated by this technique not only show low optical losses but also offer good flexibility
[33].
which comes into contact with a solidifying solution giving rise to nanofibers whose diameters are
determined by the pores [1].
Phase Separation
In phase separation, a polymer is firstly mixed with a solvent before undergoing gelation. The main
mechanism in this process is (as the name suggests) the separation of phases due to physical
incompatibility. One of the phases which is the solvent is extracted resulting in leaving behind the other
remaining phase [1]. In other words, the process can be described subsequently as: dissolution of
polymer, liquid-liquid phase separation, polymer gelation, extraction of solvent from gel and quenching,
respectively [39].
Self- Assembly
The main mechanism for a generic self-assembly is the intermolecular forces that bring the smaller units
together. The shape of the smaller units of molecules determine the overall shape of the macromolecular
nanofiber. Molecular self-assembly provides an innovative way to design and produce novel materials at
multiple levels (nanomicromacro) [1].
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