Portuguese language

Portuguese (portugus or, in full, lngua portuguesa)

is a Romance language and the sole ocial language
of Portugal, Brazil, Mozambique, Angola, Cape Verde,
Guinea-Bissau and So Tom and Prncipe.[5] It also
has co-ocial language status in East Timor, Equatorial
Guinea, and Macau. As the result of expansion during colonial times, a cultural presence of Portuguese and
Portuguese creole speakers are also found in Goa, Daman
and Diu in India;[6] in Batticaloa on the east coast of Sri
Lanka; in the Indonesian island of Flores; and in Malacca
in Malaysia.

and merchants, who built Roman cities mostly near the

settlements of previous Celtic or Celtiberian civilizations
established long before the Roman arrivals.
Between 409 CE and 711 CE, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe, the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Germanic peoples (Migration Period). The occupiers, mainly Suebi and Visigoths who originally spoke
Germanic languages, quickly adopted late Roman culture
and the Vulgar Latin dialects of the peninsula and over
the next 300 years totally integrated in the local populations. After the Moorish invasion of 711 CE, Arabic
became the administrative and common language in the
conquered regions, but most of the remaining Christian
population continued to speak a form of Romance commonly known as Mozarabic which lasted three centuries
longer in Spain.

Portuguese is a part of the Ibero-Romance group that

evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia. With approximately 215 to
220 million native speakers and 260 million total speakers, Portuguese is usually listed as the fth most natively spoken language in the world, the third-most spoken European language in the world in terms of native
speakers,[7] and a major language of the Southern Hemisphere. It is also the most spoken language in South
America and the second-most spoken in Latin America
after Spanish, and is an ocial language of the European
Union, Mercosul and the African Union.

Portuguese evolved from the medieval language, known

today by linguists as Galician-Portuguese or Old Portuguese or Old Galician, of the northwestern medieval
Kingdom of Galicia, the rst among the Christian kingdoms after the start of the Reconquista of the Iberian
Peninsula from the Moors. It is in Latin administrative documents of the 9th century that written GalicianPortuguese words and phrases are rst recorded. This
phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from
the 9th century until the 12th-century independence of
the County of Portugal from the Kingdom of Len,
by then reigning over Galicia.[12] Portuguese was heavily inuenced by more than a millennium of perennial
contact with several dialects of both Ol and Occitan
language groups, in lexicon (up to 1520% in some
estimates, at least 5000 word roots), phonology and
orthography.[13][14][15] The inuence of Occitan has been
most marked through the status Provenal in particular
achieved in southwestern Europe around the troubadour
apex in the Middle Ages, when Galician-Portuguese lyric
was developed. Besides the direct inuence of Provenal
literature, the presence of languages from modern-day
France in the Galician-Portuguese area was also strong
due to the rule of the House of Burgundy, the establishment of the Orders of Cluny and Cister, the many
sections of the Way of St. James pilgrimage route that
come from elsewhere in Europe out of the Iberian Peninsula, and the settlement in Iberia of people from the
other side of the Pyrenees, arriving during and after the
Reconquista.[16][17]

Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes once called Portuguese the sweet and gracious language and Spanish
playwright Lope de Vega referred to it as sweet, while
the Brazilian writer Olavo Bilac poetically described it as
"a ltima or do Lcio, inculta e bela" (the last ower of
Latium, rustic and beautiful). Portuguese is also termed
the language of Cames, after one of the greatest literary gures in the Portuguese language, Lus Vaz de
Cames.[8][9][10]
In March 2006, the Museum of the Portuguese Language, an interactive museum about the Portuguese language, was founded in So Paulo, Brazil, the city with
the greatest number of Portuguese language speakers in
the world.[11] The museum is the rst of its kind in the
world.[11]

History

Main article: History of the Portuguese language

When the Romans arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in

216 BCE, they brought the Latin language with them, In the rst part of the Galician-Portuguese period (from
from which all Romance languages descend. The lan- the 12th to the 14th century), the language was increasguage was spread by arriving Roman soldiers, settlers, ingly used for documents and other written forms. For
1

some time, it was the language of preference for lyric poetry in Christian Hispania, much as Occitan was the language of the poetry of the troubadours in France. Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under King
Afonso I of Portugal. In 1290, King Denis of Portugal
created the rst Portuguese university in Lisbon (the Estudos Gerais, later moved to Coimbra) and decreed that
Portuguese, then simply called the common language,
be known as the Portuguese language and used ocially.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

Main article: Geographic distribution of Portuguese

Portuguese is the language of the majority of people
in Brazil[19] and Portugal,[20] and 99.8% of the population of So Tom and Prncipe declared speaking Portuguese in the 1991 census. Perhaps 75% of the population of Angola speaks Portuguese natively,[21] and 85%
are uent.[22] Just over 40% of the population of Mozambique are native speakers of Portuguese, and 60% are
uent, according to the 2007 census.[23] Portuguese is
also spoken natively by 30% of the population in GuineaBissau, and a Portuguese-based creole is understood by
all.[24] No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all
the population is bilingual, and the monolingual population speaks Cape Verdean Creole.

In the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and

16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries, the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia and the
Americas. By the mid-16th century, Portuguese had become a lingua franca in Asia and Africa, used not only
for colonial administration and trade but also for communication between local ocials and Europeans of all There are also signicant Portuguese-speaking imnationalities.
migrant communities in many countries including
Its spread was helped by mixed marriages between Por- Andorra (15.4%),[25] Bermuda,[26] Canada (0.72% or
tuguese and local people, and by its association with 219,275 people in the 2006 census),[27] France (500,000
Roman Catholic missionary eorts, which led to the for- people),[28] Japan (400,000 people),[29] Jersey,[30]
mation of creole languages such as that called Kristang Namibia (about 4-5% of the population, mainly refugees
in many parts of Asia (from the word cristo, Chris- from Angola in the North of the country),[31] Paraguay
tian). The language continued to be popular in parts of (10.7% or 636,000 people),[32] Macau (0.6% or 12,000
Asia until the 19th century. Some Portuguese-speaking people),[33] Switzerland (196,000 nationals in 2008),[34]
Christian communities in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Venezuela (254,000).[35] and the USA (0.35% of the
Indonesia preserved their language even after they were population or 1,228,126 speakers according to the 2007
isolated from Portugal.
American Community Survey),[36]
The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the
publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende, in 1516. The early times of Modern Portuguese,
which spans the period from the 16th century to the
present day, were characterized by an increase in the
number of learned words borrowed from Classical Latin
and Classical Greek due to the Renaissance, which greatly
enriched the lexicon.

Geographic distribution

In some parts of former Portuguese India, namely Goa[37]

and Daman and Diu,[38] the language is still spoken by
about 10,000 people. In 2014, an estimated 1,500 students were learning Portuguese in Goa.[39]

2.1 Ocial status

Main article: List of countries where Portuguese is an ofcial language
The Community of Portuguese Language Countries[5]

Countries and regions where Portuguese has ocial status.

Multilingual sign in Japanese, Portuguese, and English in Oizumi,

Japan. Return immigration of Japanese Brazilians has led to a
large Portuguese-speaking community in the town.[18]

(in Portuguese Comunidade dos Pases de Lngua Portuguesa, with the Portuguese acronym CPLP) consists of
the eight independent countries that have Portuguese as
an ocial language: Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, East
Timor, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal and So
Tom and Prncipe.[5]

2.3

Portuguese as a foreign language

Equatorial Guinea made a formal application for full

membership to the CPLP in June 2010 and would be
required to add Portuguese as its third ocial language
(alongside Spanish and French), as required by the CPLP
for membership. The President of Equatorial Guinea,
Obiang Nguema Mbasog, and Prime Minister Ignacio
Milam Tang approved on 20 July 2011 a new Constitutional bill that intends to add Portuguese as an ocial
language of the country. As of 23 July 2012, the bill is
still awaiting ratication by the Peoples Representative
Chamber and it shall come into force 20 days after its
publication at the ocial states gazette.[40][41][42]
Portuguese is also one of the ocial languages of the Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of
China of Macau (alongside Chinese) and of several international organizations, including the Mercosur,[43] the
Organization of Ibero-American States,[44] the Union of
South American Nations,[45] the Organization of American States,[46] the African Union[47] and the European
Union.[48]

2.2

2.3 Portuguese as a foreign language

The mandatory oering of Portuguese language in school
curricula is observed in Uruguay[50] and Argentina.[51]
Other countries where Portuguese is taught at schools or is
being introduced now include Venezuela,[52] Zambia,[53]
the Republic of the Congo,[54] Senegal,[54] Namibia,[31]
Swaziland,[54] and South Africa.[54]

2.4 Future
According to estimates by UNESCO, Portuguese is the
fastest-growing European language after English and the
language has, according to the newspaper The Portugal
News publishing data given from UNESCO, the highest potential for growth as an international language in
southern Africa and South America.[55] The Portuguesespeaking African countries are expected to have a combined population of 83 million, and Brazil 350 million
by 2050. In total, the Portuguese-speaking countries will
have about 433[56] million people by the same year.[55]
Portuguese is truly a globalized language spoken ocially
in 5 continents, and as a second language by millions
worldwide.

Since 1991, when Brazil signed into the economic comPopulation of countries and jurisdic- munity of Mercosul with other South American nations,
such as Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela,
tions of Portuguese ocial or co- Portuguese is either mandatory, or taught, in the schools
ocial language
of those South American countries.

According to The World Factbook country population estimates for 2013, the population of each of the nine jurisdictions is as follows (by descending order):

Although early in the 21st century, after Macau was

ceded to China and Brazilian immigration to Japan
slowed down, the use of Portuguese was in decline in
Asia, it is once again becoming a language of opportunity
there, mostly because of increased diplomatic and nancial ties with Portuguese-speaking countries in China,[57]
but also some interest in their cultures, mainly Koreans
and Japanese about Brazil. Presently China is doing a
great amount of trade with all of the Portuguese speaking
countries, and the Chinese themselves are learning Portuguese. These factors bode very well for the continued
growth of Portuguese as an important economic, international language.

This means that the population living in the Lusophone

ocial area is of 261,976,607 inhabitants. This number does not include the Lusophone diaspora, estimated
at approximately 10 million people (including 4.5 million
Portuguese, 3 million Brazilians, and half a million Cape
Verdeans, among others), although it is hard to obtain ofcial accurate numbers of diasporic Portuguese speakers
because a signicant portion of these citizens are naturalized citizens born outside of Lusophone territory or are
children of immigrants, and may have only a basic command of the language. It is also important to note that a
large part of the diaspora is a part of the already-counted 3 Dialects
population of the Portuguese-speaking countries and territories, such as the high number of Brazilian and PALOP Main article: Portuguese dialects
emigrant citizens in Portugal or the high number of Por- Voc is used for educated, formal and colloquial respecttuguese emigrant citizens in the PALOP and Brazil.
ful speech in all Portuguese-speaking regions, apart from
The Portuguese language therefore serves more than 250 the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, where its virtumillion people daily, who have direct or indirect legal, ally absent from the spoken language. Riograndense (or
juridical and social contact with it, varying from the only Gacho) Portuguese normally disinguishes formal from
language used in any contact, to only education, contact informal speech by verbal conjugation. Informal speech
with local or international administration, commerce and employs tu followed by third person verbs, formal lanservices or the simple sight of road signs, public informa- guage retains the traditional second person.
tion and advertising in Portuguese.

Conjugation of tu has three dierent forms in Brazil (verb

The use of second person pronouns in the Lusosphere

DIALECTS

The status of second person pronouns in Brazil. Red indicates

near exclusive use of voc". Mauve indicates decidedly predominant use of tu, but with near exclusive third person (voc"-like)
verbal conjugation. Brown indicates 50-50 tu/voc variation, being tu nearly always accompanied by third person (voc"-like)
verbal conjugation. Light blue indicates decidedly predominant
to near exclusive use of tu with reasonable frequency of second person (tu"-like) verbal conjugation. Yellow indicates balanced voc/tu distribution, being tu exclusively accompanied by
third person (voc"-like) verbal conjugation. Green indicates
balanced voc/tu distribution, tu being predominantly accompanied by third person (voc"-like) verbal conjugation.

to see": "tu viste?", in the traditional second person, "tu

viu?", in the third person, and "tu visse?", in the innovative second person), the conjugation used in the Brazilian states of Par, Santa Catarina and Maranho being
generally traditional second person, the kind that is used
in other Portuguese-speaking countries and learned in be confused with a Brazilian dialect by its phonology and
prosody.
Brazilian schools.
The predominance of Southeastern-based media products has established voc" as the pronoun of choice for
the second person singular in both writing and multimedia communications. However, in the city of Rio de
Janeiro, the countrys main cultural centre, the usage of
tu has been expanding ever since the end of the 20th
century (see , a linguistic research on the topic in Portuguese), being most frequent among youngsters and a
number of studies have also shown an increase in its use
in a number of other Brazilian dialects .
Modern Standard European Portuguese (portugus padro or portugus continental) is based on the Portuguese
spoken in the area including and surrounding the cities
of Coimbra and Lisbon, in central Portugal, while modern Standard Brazilian Portuguese (portugus neutro) is
based on the Portuguese spoken in the area including
and surrounding the city of Rio de Janeiro, in southeastern Brazil,[58][59] which if vanished from its stereotypical traits i.e. its strong European avor in phonology and
prosody, is linguistically a halfway between Brazilian dialects and accents.
Standard European Portuguese is also the preferred standard by the Portuguese-speaking African countries. As
such, and despite the fact that its speakers are dispersed
around the world, Portuguese has only two dialects used
for learning: the European and the Brazilian. Some aspects and sounds found in many dialects of Brazil are exclusive to South America, and cannot be found in Europe. However, the Santomean Portuguese in Africa may

Audio samples of some dialects and accents of Portuguese are available below.[60] There are some dierences between the areas but these are the best approximations possible. IPA transcriptions refer to the names
in local pronunciation.

3.1 Brazil
1. Caipira Spoken in the states of So Paulo (most
markedly on the countryside and rural areas); southern Minas Gerais, northern Paran and southeastern Mato Grosso do Sul. Depending on the vision of what constitutes caipira, Tringulo Mineiro,
border areas of Gois and the remaining parts of
Mato Grosso do Sul are included, and the frontier of caipira in Minas Gerais is expanded further
northerly, though not reaching metropolitan Belo
Horizonte. It is often said that caipira appeared by
decreolization of the lngua braslica and the related
lngua geral paulista, then spoken in almost all of
what is now So Paulo, a former lingua franca in
most of the contemporary Centro-Sul of Brazil before the 18th century, brought by the bandeirantes,
interior pioneers of Colonial Brazil, closely related to its northern counterpart Nheengatu, and
that is why the dialect shows many general differences from other variants of the language.[61] It
has striking remarkable dierences in comparison
to other Brazilian dialects in phonology, prosody

3.1

Brazil

and grammar, often stigmatized as being strongly

associated with a substandard variant, now mostly
rural.[62][63][64][65][66]

specic term referring to the accent of the Greater

Rio de Janeiro area by speakers with a uminense
dialect.

2. Cearense or costa norte ; is a dialect spoken more

sharply in the states of Cear and Piau. The variant of Cear includes fairly distinctive traits it shares
with the one spoken in Piau, though, such as distinctive regional phonology and vocabulary (for example, a debuccalization process stronger than that
of Portuguese, a dierent system of the vowel harmony that spans Brazil from uminense and mineiro
to amazofonia but is especially prevalent in nordestino, a very coherent coda sibilant palatalization as
those of Portugal and Rio de Janeiro but allowed in
fewer environments than in other accents of nordestino, a greater presence of dental stop palatalization
to palato-alveolar in comparison to other accents of
nordestino, among others, as well as a great number
of archaic Portuguese words).[67][68][69][70][71][72]

5. Gacho in Rio Grande do Sul, similar to sulista.

There are many distinct accents in Rio Grande do
Sul, mainly due to the heavy inux of European
immigrants of diverse origins who have settled in
colonies throughout the state, and to the proximity
to Spanish-speaking nations. The gacho word in
itself is a Spanish loanword into Portuguese of obscure Indigenous Amerindian origins.

3. Baiano Found in Bahia, Sergipe, northern Minas

Gerais and border regions with Gois and Tocantins.
Similar to nordestino, it has a very characteristic
syllable-timed rhythm and the greatest tendency to
pronounce unstressed vowels as open-mid [] and
[].
Percentage of worldwide Portuguese speakers per country.

6. Mineiro Minas Gerais (not prevalent in the

Tringulo Mineiro). As the uminense area, its associated region was formerly a sparsely populated
land where caipira was spoken, but the discovery of
gold and gems made it the most prosperous Brazilian
region, what attracted Portuguese colonists, commoners from other parts of Brazil and their African
slaves. South-southwestern, southeastern and northern areas of the state have fairly distinctive speech,
actually approximating to caipira, uminense (popularly called, often pejoratively, carioca do brejo,
marsh carioca) and baiano respectively. Areas including and surrounding Belo Horizonte have a distinctive accent.
7.
Variants and sociolects of Brazilian Portuguese.

4.

Fluminense A broad dialect with many variants spoken in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Esprito
Santo and neighbouring eastern regions of Minas
Gerais. Fluminense formed in these previously
caipira-speaking areas due to the gradual inuence
of European migrants, causing many people to distance their speech from their original dialect and incorporate new terms.[73] Fluminense is sometimes
referred to as carioca, however carioca is a more

Nordestino[74] more marked in the Serto (7),

where, in the 19th and 20th centuries and especially
in the area including and surrounding the serto (the
dry land after Agreste) of Pernambuco and southern
Cear, it could sound less comprehensible to speakers of other Portuguese dialects than Galician or
Rioplatense Spanish, and nowadays less distinctive
from other variants in the metropolitan cities along
the coasts. It can be divided in two regional variants, one that includes the northern Maranho and
southern of Piau, and other that goes from Cear to
Alagoas.

8. Nortista or amazofonia Most of Amazon Basin

states i.e. Northern Brazil. Before the 20th century,

3
most people from the nordestino area eeing the
droughts and their associated poverty settled here,
so it has some similarities with the Portuguese dialect there spoken. The speech in and around the
city of Belm has a more European avor in phonology, prosody and grammar.
9. Paulistano Variants spoken around Greater So
Paulo in its maximum denition and more easterly
areas of So Paulo state, as well perhaps educated
speech from anywhere in the state of So Paulo
(where it coexists with caipira). Caipira is the hinterland sociolect of much of the Central-Southern
half of Brazil, nowadays conservative only in the rural areas and associated with them, that has a historically low prestige in cities as Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba, Belo Horizonte, and until some years ago, in
So Paulo itself. Sociolinguistics, or what by times
is described as 'linguistic prejudice', often correlated
with classism,[75][76][77] is a polemic topic in the entirety of the country since the times of Adoniran
Barbosa. Also, the Paulistano accent was heavily inuenced by the presence of immigrants in the
city of So Paulo, especially the Italians.

10. Sertanejo Center-Western states, and also much

of Tocantins and Rondnia. It is closer to mineiro,
caipira, nordestino or nortista depending on the location.

DIALECTS

Portuguese norma culta, which most closely resembles other Brazilian Portuguese standards but with
marked recent Portuguese inuences, the nearest
ones among the countrys dialects along orianopolitano), so that not all people native to the state of Rio
de Janeiro speak the said sociolect, but most carioca
speakers will use the standard variant not inuenced
by it that is rather uniform around Brazil depending
on context (emphasis or formality, for example).
14. Brasiliense used in Braslia and its metropolitan
area.[78] It is not considered a dialect, but more of a
regional variant often deemed to be closer to uminense than the dialect commonly spoken in most
of Gois, sertanejo.
15. Arco do desorestamento or serra amaznica
Known in its region as the accent of the migrants,
it has similarities with caipira, sertanejo and often
sulista that make it diering from amazofonia (in
the opposite group of Brazilian dialects, in which it
is placed along nordestino, baiano, mineiro and uminense). It is the most recent dialect, which appeared by the settlement of families from various
other Brazilian regions attracted by the cheap land
oer in recently deforested areas.[79][80]
16. Recifense used in Recife and its metropolitan
area.

11. Sulista The variants spoken in the areas between

the northern regions of Rio Grande do Sul and 3.2 Portugal
southern regions of So Paulo state, encompassing
most of southern Brazil. The city of Curitiba does
1.
Micaelense (Aores) (So Miguel)Azores.
have a fairly distinct accent as well, and a relative
majority of speakers around and in Florianpolis
2.
AlentejanoAlentejo (Alentejan Portuguese)
also speak this variant (many speak orianopolitano
3.
AlgarvioAlgarve (there is a particular dialect in
or manezinho da ilha instead, related to the Eua
small
part of western Algarve).
ropean Portuguese dialects spoken in Azores and
Madeira). Speech of northern Paran is closer to
4.
Alto-MinhotoNorth of Braga (hinterland).
that of inland So Paulo.
12. Florianopolitano Variants heavily inuenced by
European Portuguese spoken in Florianpolis city
(due to a heavy immigration movement from Portugal, mainly its insular regions) and much of its
metropolitan area, Grande Florianpolis, said to be
a continuum between those whose speech most resemble sulista dialects and those whose speech most
resemble uminense and European ones, called, often pejoratively, manezinho da ilha.
13. Carioca Not a dialect, but sociolects of the uminense variant spoken in an area roughly corresponding to Greater Rio de Janeiro. It appeared after locals came in contact with the Portuguese aristocracy amidst the Portuguese royal family ed in
the early 19th century. There is actually a continuum between Vernacular countryside accents and
the carioca sociolect, and the educated speech (in

5.
6.
7.

8.

Baixo-Beiro; Alto-AlentejanoCentral Portugal

(hinterland).
Beiro Central Portugal.
EstremenhoRegions of Coimbra, Leiria and
Lisbon (this is a disputed denomination, as Coimbra is not part of Estremadura, and the Lisbon dialect has some peculiar features that not only are not
shared with the one of Coimbra, but also are signicantly distinct and recognizable to most native
speakers from elsewhere in Portugal).
Madeirense (Madeiran)Madeira.

9.

NortenhoRegions of the districts of Braga,

Porto and parts of Aveiro.

10.

TransmontanoTrs-os-Montes e Alto Douro.

3.4

Characterization and peculiarities

7
other dialects, especially in their most colloquial forms,
there can also be some grammatical dierences. The
Portuguese-based creoles spoken in various parts of
Africa, Asia, and the Americas are independent languages.

3.4 Characterization and peculiarities

Portuguese, like Catalan and Sardinian, preserved the
stressed vowels of Vulgar Latin, which became diphthongs in most other Romance languages; cf. Port., Cat.,
Sard. pedra ; Fr. pierre, Sp. piedra, It. pietra, Ro. piatr,
from Lat. petra (stone); or Port. fogo, Cat. foc, Sard.
fogu; Sp. fuego, It. fuoco, Fr. feu, Ro. foc, from Lat.
focus (re). Another characteristic of early Portuguese
was the loss of intervocalic l and n, sometimes followed
by the merger of the two surrounding vowels, or by the
insertion of an epenthetic vowel between them: cf. Lat.
salire (to jump), tenere (to hold), catena (chain),
Sp. salir, tener, cadena, Port. sair, ter, cadeia.
When the elided consonant was n, it often nasalized the
preceding vowel: cf. Lat. manum (hand), ranam
(frog), bonum (good), Port. mo, ra, bo (now mo,
r, bom). This process was the source of most of the
languages distinctive nasal diphthongs. In particular, the
Latin endings -anem, -anum and -onem became -o in
most cases, cf. Lat. canis (dog), germanus (brother),
ratio (reason) with Modern Port. co, irmo, razo,
and their plurals -anes, -anos, -ones normally became es, -os, -es, cf. ces, irmos, razes.

Dialects of Portuguese in Portugal

3.3

Other countries

Cape Verde
Portugus cabo-verdiano
The Portuguese language is also the only Romance lan(Cape Verdean Portuguese)
guage that developed the clitic case mesoclisis: cf. darGuinea-Bissau Guineense (Guinean Por- te-ei (I'll give thee), amar-te-ei (I'll love you), contactlos-ei (I'll contact them). It was also the only Romance
tuguese)
language to develop the syntactic pluperfect past tense":
India Damaense (Damanese Portuguese) cf. eu estivera (I had been), eu vivera (I had lived), vs
and Gos (Goan Portuguese)
vivreis (you had lived). Both the tense conjugation and
the mesoclisis are used for literary purposes, but forgotten
Macau Macaense (Macanese Portuguese) elsewhere. These happen in some of the Slavic languages,
Hungarian and Japanese only.
Mozambique Moambicano (Mozambican
Portuguese)
So Tom and Prncipe
Tomean Portuguese)

Santomense (So

4 Vocabulary

Main article: Portuguese vocabulary

SpainOliventian Portuguese and other vari- Most of the lexicon of Portuguese is derived, directly
eties sometimes controversially deemed as separate or through other Romance languages, from Latin. Nevlanguages, such as Galician and Fala.
ertheless, because of its original Celtiberian heritage and
later the participation of Portugal in the Age of Discov
UruguayDialectos Portugueses del Uruguay ery, it has some Gallaecian words and adopted loanwords
(DPU)
from all over the world.

East Timor Timorense (East Timorese A number of Portuguese words can still be traced to the
Portuguese)
pre-Roman inhabitants of Portugal, which included the
Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes. Most of these
Dierences between dialects are mostly of accent and words derived from Celtic and are very often shared with
vocabulary, but between the Brazilian dialects and Galician since both languages share a common origin in

4 VOCABULARY
borne by Visigoth sovereigns and their descendants, and
it dwells on placenames such has Ermesinde, Esposende
and Resende where sinde and sende are derived from
the Germanic sinths (military expedition) and in the
case of Resende, the prex re comes from Germanic
reths (council). Other examples of Portuguese names,
surnames and town names of Germanic toponymic origin include Henrique, Henriques, Vermoim, Mandim,
Calquim, Baguim, Gemunde, Guetim, Sermonde and
many more, are quite common mainly in the old Suebi
and later Visigothic dominated regions, covering todays
Northern half of Portugal and Galicia.

Library of the Mafra National Palace, Portugal

Between the 9th and early 13th centuries, Portuguese

acquired about 800 words from Arabic by inuence of
Moorish Iberia.They are often recognizable by the initial Arabic article a(l)-, and include many common words
such as aldeia village from alai`a (or from
Edictum Rothari: aldii, aldias),[81] alface lettuce from
alkhass, armazm warehouse from almakhzan, and azeite olive oil from azzait.
Portuguese was heavily inuenced by more than a millennium of perennial contact with several French dialects
of both Ol and Occitan language groups, in lexicon
(up to 1520% in some estimates, at least 5,000 word
roots), phonology and orthography.[13][14][15] The inuence of Occitan has been most marked through the status Provenal in particular achieved in southwestern Europe around the troubadour apex in the Middle Ages,
when Galician-Portuguese lyric was developed. Aside
the direct inuence of Provenal literature, the presence
of languages from modern-day France in the GalicianPortuguese area was also strong due to the rule of the
House of Burgundy, the establishment of the Order of
Cluny and the Cistercians, the many sections of the Way
of St. James pilgrimage route that come from elsewhere
in Europe out of the Iberian Peninsula, and the settlement
in Iberia of people from the other side of the Pyrenees,
arriving during and after the Reconquista.[16][17]

Baroque Library of the Coimbra University, Portugal

the medieval language of Galician-Portuguese. A few of

these words existed in Latin as loanwords from a Celtic
source, often Gaulish. Altogether these are about 500
words, a few verbs and toponymic names of towns, rivers,
utensils and plants.
In the 5th century, the Iberian Peninsula (the Roman
Hispania) was conquered by the Germanic Suebi and
Visigoths. As they adopted the Roman civilization
and language, however, these people contributed with
some Germanic words to the lexicon, mainly related
to warfaresuch as espora spur, estaca stake, and
guerra war, from Gothic *spara, *stakka, and *wirro,
respectively. The Germanic languages inuence also exists in toponymic surnames and patronymic surnames

Starting in the 15th century, the Portuguese maritime explorations led to the introduction of many loanwords from
Asian languages. For instance, catana cutlass from
Japanese katana and ch tea from Chinese ch.
From South America came batata "potato", from Taino;
anans and abacaxi, from TupiGuarani nan and Tupi
ib cati, respectively (two species of pineapple), and
pipoca "popcorn" from Tupi and tucano "toucan" from
Guarani tucan.
From the 16th to the 19th centuries, because of the role of
Portugal as intermediary in the Atlantic slave trade, and
the establishment of large Portuguese colonies in Angola,
Mozambique, and Brazil, Portuguese acquired several
words of African and Amerind origin, especially names
for most of the animals and plants found in those territories. While those terms are mostly used in the former
colonies, many became current in European Portuguese
as well. From Kimbundu, for example, came kifumate >

9
cafun head caress (Brazil), kusula > caula youngest
child (Brazil), marimbondo tropical wasp (Brazil), and
kubungula > bungular to dance like a wizard (Angola).
Finally, it has received a steady inux of loanwords from
other European languages, especially French and English
languages. These are by far the most important languages
when referring to loanwords. There are many examples such as: colchete/croch bracket"/"crochet, palet
jacket, batom lipstick, and l/lete steak"/"slice,
rua street respectively, from French crochet, paletot,
bton, let, rue; and bife steak, futebol, revlver, estoque, folclore, from English beef, football, revolver,
stock, folklore.
Examples from other European languages: macarro
pasta, piloto pilot, carroa carriage, and barraca
barrack, from Italian maccherone, pilota, carrozza, and
baracca; melena hair lock, ambre wet-cured ham Map showing the historical retreat and expansion of Portuguese
(in Portugal, in contrast with presunto dry-cured ham (Galician-Portuguese) within the context of its linguistic neighfrom Latin prae-exsuctus dehydrated) or canned ham bours between the year 1000 and 2000.
(in Brazil, in contrast with non-canned, wet-cured presunto cozido and dry-cured presunto cru), and castelhano
Castilian, from Spanish melena mane, ambre and
castellano.
Before the last four decades, Brazilians adopted a greater
number of loanwords from Japanese and other European languages (due to the historical immigration affecting their demographics), and they were and are also
more willing to adopt foreign terms that come from
globalization than the Portuguese, while the degree of
African, Tupian and other Amerindian lexicon in Brazilian Portuguese is shown to be surprisingly lesser than
that commonly expected of the said variant by the local Africanist and Indianist academia (that also has to
some degree inuenced the common sense of what gives
a dierent cultural identity of Brazilians in relation to the
Portuguese), so that its lexicon is almost identical (about
Map showing mostly contemporary West Iberian and Occitano99%) to that of European Portuguese.[82][83][84]
Many Portuguese settlers to Colonial Brazil were from
northern and insular Portugal,[85] apart from some historically important illegal immigrants from elsewhere in Europe, such as Galicia, France and the Netherlands.[86] It
should be noted that Brazil received more European immigrants in its colonial history than the United States. Between 1500 and 1760, 700,000 Europeans (overwhelmingly Portuguese) settled in Brazil, while 530,000 Europeans settled in the United States for the same given
time.[87]

Romance languages, as well many of their mainland European

dialects (take note that areas colored green, gold or pink/purple
represent languages deemed endangered by UNESCO, so this
may be outdated in less than a few decades). It shows European Portuguese, Galician, Eonavian, Mirandese and the Fala
as not only closely related but as dialect continuum, though it excludes dialects spoken in insular Portugal (Azores and Madeira
Canaries is not shown either).

Portuguese belongs to the West Iberian branch of the

Romance languages, and it has special ties with the following members of this group:

Classication and related languages

Galician, Fala and portunhol do pampa (the way riverense and its sibling dialects are referred to in Portuguese), its closest relatives.

Main articles: Iberian Romance languages, GalicianPortuguese and Comparison of Spanish and Portuguese

Mirandese, Leonese, Asturian, Extremaduran and

Cantabrian (Astur-Leonese languages). Mirandese
is the only recognised regional language spoken in

10

5
Portugal (beside Portuguese, the only ocial language in Portugal).

Spanish and calo (the way cal, language of the

Iberian Romani, is referred to in Portuguese).
Portuguese and other Romance languages (namely
French and Italian) are not mutually intelligible, although
they share considerable similarities in both vocabulary
and grammar. Portuguese speakers will usually need
some formal study before attaining strong comprehension in those Romance languages, and vice versa. However, Portuguese and Galician are mutually intelligible. Given that Portuguese has a larger phonemic inventory than Spanish, Portuguese is only moderately intelligible to many Spanish speakers, despite the strong
lexical and grammatical similarity (89%) between the
two.[88][89][90][91]

CLASSIFICATION AND RELATED LANGUAGES

According to Unescos philologist Tapani Salminen, the

proximity with the Portuguese language makes Galician
a special language that is protected due to its proximity to the Portuguese language.[94] Nevertheless, the core
vocabulary and grammar of Galician are still noticeably
closer to Portuguese than to those of Spanish. In particular, like Portuguese, it uses the future subjunctive,
the personal innitive, and the synthetic pluperfect. Mutual intelligibility (estimated at 90% by R. A. Hall, Jr.,
1989)[95] is excellent between Galicians and northern
Portuguese, and also between Galicians and Brazilians.
Many linguists consider Galician to be a co-dialect of the
Portuguese language.

Another member of the Galician-Portuguese group, most

commonly thought of as a Galician dialect, is spoken in
the Eonavian region in a western strip in Asturias and the
westernmost parts of the provinces of Len and Zamora,
along the frontier with Galicia, between the Eo and Navia
Portunhol, a form of code-switching, has a more lively use rivers (or more exactly Eo and Frexulfe rivers). It is called
and is more readily mentioned in popular culture in South eonaviego or gallego-asturiano by its speakers.
America. Said code-switching is not to be confused
The Fala language, known by its speakers as xalims,
with the portunhol spoken on the borders of Brazil with
maegu, a fala de Xlima and chapurru and in PorUruguay (dialeto do pampa) and Paraguay (dialeto dos
tuguese as a fala de Xlima, a fala da Estremadura, o
brasiguaios), and of Portugal with Spain (barranquenho),
galego da Estremadura, valego ou galaico-estremenho, is
that are Portuguese dialects spoken natively by thouanother descendant of Galician-Portuguese, spoken by a
sands of people, which have been heavily inuenced by
small number of people in the Spanish towns of Valverde
Spanish.[92]
del Fresno (Valverdi du Fresnu), Eljas (As Ellas) and San
Portuguese and Spanish are the only Ibero-Romance lan- Martn de Trevejo (Sa Martn de Trevellu) in the auguages, and perhaps the only Romance languages with tonomous community of Extremadura, near the border
such thriving inter-language forms, in which visible and with Portugal.
lively bilingual contact dialects and code-switching have
There is a number of other places in Spain in which
formed, in which functional bilingual communication is
the native language of the common people is a deachieved through attempting an approximation to the tarscendant of the Galician-Portuguese group, such as La
get foreign language (known as 'Portunhol') without a
Alamedilla, Cedillo (Cedilho), Herrera de Alcntara
learned acquisition process, but nevertheless facilitates
(Ferreira d'Alcntara) and Olivenza (Olivena), but in
communication. There is an emerging literature focused
these municipalities, what is spoken is actually Poron such phenomena (including informal attempts of stantuguese, not disputed as such in the mainstream.
dardization of the linguistic continua and their usage).[92]
It should be noticed that the diversity of dialects of the
Portuguese language is known since the time of medieval
5.1 Galician-Portuguese in Spain
Portuguese-Galician language when it coexisted with the
Lusitanian-Mozarabic dialect, spoken in the south of PorThe closest language to Portuguese is Galician, spoken tugal. The dialectal diversity becomes more evident in
in the autonomous community of Galicia (northwestern the work of Ferno d'Oliveira, in the Grammatica da
Spain). The two were at one time a single language, Lingoagem Portuguesa, (1536), where he remarks that
known today as Galician-Portuguese, but since the po- the people of Portuguese regions of Beira, Alentejo, Eslitical separation of Portugal from Galicia they have di- tremadura, and Entre Douro e Minho, all speak dierverged, especially in pronunciation and vocabulary. But ently from each other. Also Contador d'Argote (1725)
there is still a linguistic continuity, the variant of Galician distinguishes three main varieties of dialects: the local direferred to as galego-portugus baixo-limiao spoken in alects, the dialects of time, and of profession (work jarseveral Galician villages between the municipalities of gon). Of local dialects he highlights ve main dialects:
Entrimo and Lobios and the transborder region of the the dialect of Estremadura, of Entre-Douro e Minho, of
natural park of Peneda-Gers/Xurs. Considered a rar- Beira, of Algarve and of Trs-os-Montes. He also makes
ity, a living vestige of the medieval language that ranged reference to the overseas dialects, the rustic dialects, the
from Cantabria to Mondego [...]".[93] As reported by UN- poetic dialect and that of prose.[96]
ESCO, due to the pressure of the Spanish language in
In the kingdom of Portugal, Ladinho (or Lingoagem
the standard ocial version of the Galician language, the
Ladinha) was the name given to the pure Portuguese
[93]
Galician language was in the verge of disappearing.

5.3

Derived languages

language romance, without any mixture of Aravia or

Gerigona Judenga.[97] While the term lngua vulgar
was used to name the language before D. Dinis decided
to call it Portuguese language,[98] the erudite version
used and known as Galician-Portuguese (the language of
the Portuguese court) and all other Portuguese dialects
were spoken at the same time. In a historical perspective the Portuguese language was never just one dialect.
Just like today there is a standard Portuguese (actually
two) among the several dialects of Portuguese, in the past
there was Galician-Portuguese as the standard, coexisting with other dialects.

5.2

Inuence on other languages

See also: List of English words of Portuguese origin,

Loan words in Malayalam Portuguese, Loan words in
Indonesian, Japanese words of Portuguese origin, List
of Malay loanwords, Portuguese loanwords in Sinhala,
Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil Portuguese and Sri
Lanka Indo-Portuguese language
Portuguese has provided loanwords to many languages,
such as Indonesian, Manado Malay, Malayalam, Sri
Lankan Tamil and Sinhalese, Malay, Bengali, English,
Hindi, Swahili, Afrikaans, Konkani, Marathi, Tetum,
Xitsonga, Papiamentu, Japanese, Lanc-Patu (spoken in
northern Brazil), Esan and Sranan Tongo (spoken in Suriname). It left a strong inuence on the lngua braslica,
a TupiGuarani language, which was the most widely
spoken in Brazil until the 18th century, and on the language spoken around Sikka in Flores Island, Indonesia.
In nearby Larantuka, Portuguese is used for prayers
in Holy Week rituals. The JapanesePortuguese dictionary Nippo Jisho (1603) was the rst dictionary of
Japanese in a European language, a product of Jesuit
missionary activity in Japan. Building on the work of
earlier Portuguese missionaries, the Dictionarium Anamiticum, Lusitanum et Latinum (AnnamitePortuguese
Latin dictionary) of Alexandre de Rhodes (1651) introduced the modern orthography of Vietnamese, which is
based on the orthography of 17th-century Portuguese.
The Romanization of Chinese was also inuenced by
the Portuguese language (among others), particularly regarding Chinese surnames; one example is Mei. During 158388 Italian Jesuits Michele Ruggieri and Matteo
Ricci created a PortugueseChinese dictionarythe rst
ever EuropeanChinese dictionary.[99][100]

11
(p'ort'oxali), Turkish portakal and Amharic birtukan.[101]
Also, in southern Italian dialects (e.g. Neapolitan), an orange is portogallo or purtuallo, literally "(the) Portuguese
(one)", in contrast to standard Italian arancia.

5.3 Derived languages

Main article: Portuguese-based creole languages
Beginning in the 16th century, the extensive contacts
between Portuguese travelers and settlers, African and
Asian slaves, and local populations led to the appearance of many pidgins with varying amounts of Portuguese inuence. As each of these pidgins became the
mother tongue of succeeding generations, they evolved
into fully edged creole languages, which remained in use
in many parts of Asia, Africa and South America until
the 18th century. Some Portuguese-based or Portugueseinuenced creoles are still spoken today, by over 3 million
people worldwide, especially people of partial Portuguese
ancestry.

6 Phonology
Main article: Portuguese phonology
Portuguese phonology is similar to those of languages
such as French (especially that of Quebec), the GalloItalic languages, Occitan, Catalan and Franco-Provenal,
unlike that of Spanish, which is similar to those of
Sardinian and Southern Italian dialects. Some would describe the phonology of Portuguese as a blend of Spanish,
Gallo-Romance (e.g. French) and the languages of northern Italy (especially Genoese), but with a deeper Celtic
inuence.[103]
There is a maximum of 9 oral vowels, 2 semivowels and
21 consonants; though some varieties of the language
have fewer phonemes. There are also ve nasal vowels,
which some linguists regard as allophones of the oral vowels.

6.1 Vowels

Like Catalan and German, Portuguese uses vowel quality to contrast stressed syllables with unstressed syllables:
For instance, as Portuguese merchants were presumably isolated vowels tend to be raised, and in some cases centhe rst to introduce the sweet orange in Europe, in tralized, when unstressed.
several modern Indo-European languages the fruit has
been named after them. Some examples are Albanian portokall, Bulgarian (portokal), Greek 6.2 Consonants
(portokali), Macedonian portokal, Persian
( porteghal), and Romanian portocal.[101][102] Phonetic notes
Related names can be found in other languages, such as
Arabic ( bourtouqal), Georgian
Semivowels contrast with unstressed high vowels in

12

7 GRAMMAR

i,

u,

e,

o,
,

Brazilian dialects. Similarly, [d] is an allophone of

/d/ in the same contexts.
In northern and central Portugal, the voiced stops
/b/, /d/, // are usually lenited to fricatives [],
[], and [] respectively, except at the beginning of
words, or after nasal vowels;[115][116] a similar process occurs in Spanish.

7 Grammar
Main article: Portuguese grammar

Chart of monophthongs of the Portuguese of Lisbon, with its /,

/ in central schwa position.

A notable aspect of the grammar of Portuguese is the

verb. Morphologically, more verbal inections from classical Latin have been preserved by Portuguese than by
verbal conjugation, as in (eu) rio /i.u/ and (ele) riu any other major Romance language. The Portuguese and
/iw/.[108] Phonologists discuss whether their nature Spanish grammars are very close. It has also some inis vowel or consonant.[109]
novations not found in other Romance languages (except
Galician and the Fala):
In most of Brazil and Angola, the consonant hereafter denoted as // is realized as a nasal palatal ap which nasalizes the vowel that pre The present perfect has an iterative sense unique to
proximant [j],
[110][111]

the Galician-Portuguese language group. It denotes

cedes it: [nju].
an action or a series of actions that began in the past
Bisol (2005:122) proposes that Portuguese posand are expected to keep repeating in the future. For
sesses labio-velar stops /k/ and // as additional
instance, the sentence Tenho tentado falar com ela
phonemes rather than sequences of a velar stop and
would be translated to I have been trying to talk to
/w/.[107]
her, not I have tried to talk to her. On the other
hand, the correct translation of the question Have
The consonant hereafter denoted as // has a variety
you heard the latest news?" is not *Tem ouvido a
of realizations depending on dialect. In Europe, it
ltima notcia?, but Ouviu a ltima notcia?, since
is typically a uvular trill []; however, a pronunciano repetition is implied.[117]
tion as a voiced uvular fricative [] may be becom Vernacular Portuguese still uses the future
ing dominant in urban areas. There is also a realizasubjunctive mood, which developed from medieval
tion as a voiceless uvular fricative [], and the origiWest Iberian Romance and in present-day Spanish
nal pronunciation as an alveolar trill [r] also remains
and Galician has almost entirely fallen into disuse.
very common in various dialects.[112] A common reThe future subjunctive appears in dependent clauses
alization of the word-initial // in the Lisbon accent
that denote a condition that must be fullled in the
is a voiced uvular trill fricative [].[113] In Brazil, //
future so that the independent clause will occur.
can be velar, uvular, or glottal and may be voiceless
English normally employs the present tense under
unless between voiced sounds;[114] it is usually prothe same circumstances:
nounced as a voiceless velar fricative [x], a voiceless
glottal fricative [h] or voiceless uvular fricative [].
See also Guttural R in Portuguese.
Se eu for eleito presidente, mudarei a lei.
/s/ and /z/ are normally lamino-alveolar, as in English. However, a number of dialects in northern Portugal pronounce /s/ and /z/ as apico-alveolar
sibilants (sounding somewhat like a soft [] or []),
as in the Romance languages of northern Iberia. A
very few northeastern Portugal dialects still maintain
the medieval distinction between apical and laminal
sibilants (written s/ss and c//z, respectively).
As a phoneme, /t/ only occurs in loanwords, with a
tendency for speakers to substitute in //. However,
[t] is an allophone of /t/ before /i/ in a number of

If I should be elected president, I will change

the law.
Quando fores mais velho, vais entender.
When you grow older, you will understand.
The personal innitive: innitives can inect according to their subject in person and number, often
showing who is expected to perform a certain action;
cf. melhor voltares It is better [for you] to go
back, melhor voltarmos It is better [for us] to go

13
back. Perhaps for this reason, innitive clauses replace subjunctive clauses more often in Portuguese
than in other Romance languages.

Writing system

Main article: Portuguese orthography

Portuguese is written with 26 letters of the Latin
script, making use of ve diacritics to denote stress,
vowel height, contraction, nasalization, and etymological assibilation (acute accent, circumex, grave accent
accent, tilde, and cedilla). Accented characters and
digraphs are not counted as separate letters for collation
purposes.

8.1

Spelling reforms

Main article: Reforms of Portuguese orthography

[4] Nordho, Sebastian; Hammarstrm, Harald; Forkel,

Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). Portuguese.
Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary
Anthropology.
[5] Estados-membros da CPLP (in Portuguese). 28 February 2011.
[6] Michael Swan, Bernard Smith (2001). Portuguese
Speakers. Learner English: a Teachers Guide to Interference and Other Problems. Cambridge University Press.
[7] CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
[8] Henry Edward Watts. Miguel de Cervantes: His Life &
Works.
[9] Joseph T. Shipley (1946). Encyclopedia of Literature.
Philosophical Library. p. 1188.
[10] Prem Poddar, Rajeev S. Patke, Lars Jensen (2008). Introduction: The Myths and Realities of Portuguese (Post)
Colonial Society. A historical companion to postcolonial
literatures: continental Europe and its empires. Edinburgh
University Press. p. 431. ISBN 0-7486-2394-9.
[11] NOVAimagem.co.pt / Portugal em Linha (8 March 2006).
Museu da Lngua Portuguesa aberto ao pblico no dia
20. Noticiaslusofonas.com. Retrieved 23 July 2012.

See also

[12] County of Portugal

Anglophone pronunciation of foreign languages

(Portuguese section)

[13] (Portuguese) Exhibition at the Museum of the Portuguese

Language shows the French inuence in our language

Angolan literature

[14] (Portuguese) Contacts between French and Portuguese or

the rsts inuences on the second

Brazilian literature
List of countries where Portuguese is an ocial language
List of international organisations which have Portuguese as an ocial language
List of Portuguese-language poets
Mozambican Portuguese
International Portuguese Language Institute
Portuguese in Asia and Oceania
Portuguese poetry
Portuol

10

References

[1] Vrldens 100 strsta sprk 2010 (The Worlds 100

Largest Languages in 2010), in Nationalencyklopedin

[15] (Portuguese) The inuence of loanwords in the Portuguese

language: a process of globalization, ideology and communication
[16] A lngua que falamos: Portugus, histria, variao e discurso Luiz Antnio da Silva, 2005.
[17] Occitejano: Sobre a origem occitana do subdialeto do Alto
Tejo portugus Paulo Feytor Pinto, 2012.
[18] Carvalho, Daniela de (1 February 2013). Migrants and
Identity in Japan and Brazil: The Nikkeijin. ISBN 9781-135-78765-3.
[19] Portuguese language in Brazil. Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
[20] Special Eurobarometer 243 Europeans and their Languages"" (PDF). European Commission. 2006. p. 6. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
[21] Angola: Language Situation (2005). Keith Brown, ed.
Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2 ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-044299-4.
[22] Medeiros, Adelardo. Portuguese in Africa Angola

[2] Portuguese language. University of Leicester. Retrieved 30 June 2014.

[23] A. D. Medeiros, Adelardo. Portuguese in Africa

Mozambique. Retrieved 12 June 2015.

[3] See Galician language#Classication and relation with

Portuguese

[24] A. D. Medeiros, Adelardo. Portuguese in Africa

Guinea-Bissau. Retrieved 12 June 2015.

14

[25] 13,100 Portuguese nationals in 2010 according to

Population par nationalit on the site of the Dpartement
des Statistiques d'Andorre
[26] Bermuda. World InfoZone. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
[27] Population by mother tongue, by province and territory
(2006 Census)". Statistics Canada.
[28] ~500,000 use it as their mother tongue in the 2012 estimate, see Rpartition des trangers par nationalit

10

REFERENCES

[47] Article 11, Protocol on Amendments to the Constitutive

Act of the African Union
[48] Languages in Europe Ocial EU Languages. EUROPA web portal. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
[49] The World Factbook Field Listing Population CIA.
Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 14 January 2015.

[29] Japo: imigrantes brasileiros popularizam lngua portuguesa (in Portuguese). 2008.

[50] Uruguayan government makes Portuguese mandatory

(in Portuguese). 5 November 2007. Retrieved 13 July
2010.

[30] 4.6% according to the 2001 census, see. Cia.gov. Retrieved 23 July 2012.

[51] Portuguese will be mandatory in high school (in Spanish). 21 January 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2010.

[31] Carin Pretorius Developed CEIT Development CC.

The Namibian. The Namibian.
[32] Paraguay Ethnologue.
[33] Languages of Macau.
[34] Fibbi, Rosita (2010). Les Portugais en Suisse (PDF).
Oce fdral des migrations. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
[35] See Languages of Venezuela.
[36] Carvalho, Ana Maria (2010). Portuguese in the USA.
In Potowski, Kim. Language Diversity in the USA. Cambridge University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-521-745338.
[37] Portuguese Language in Goa. Colaco.net. Retrieved 21
April 2010.
[38] The Portuguese Experience: The Case of Goa, Daman
and Diu. Rjmacau.com. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
[39] 1.500 pessoas estudam portugus em Goa. Revistamacau.com. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
[40] Factoria Audiovisual S.R.L. (20 July 2010). El portugus
ser el tercer idioma ocial de la Repblica de Guinea
Ecuatorial Pgina Ocial del Gobierno de la Repblica
de Guinea Ecuatorial. Guineaecuatorialpress.com. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
[41] Decreto sobre el portugues como idioma ocial Pgina
Ocial del Gobierno de la Repblica de Guinea Ecuatorial (PDF). Retrieved 23 July 2012.
[42] Factoria Audiovisual S.R.L. (25 July 2010). El Presidente Obiang asiste a la Cumbre de la CPLP Pgina Ocial del Gobierno de la Repblica de Guinea Ecuatorial.
Guineaecuatorialpress.com. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
[43] Ocial languages of Mercosul as agreed in the Protocol
of Ouro Preto". Actrav.itcilo.org. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
[44] Ocial statute of the organization. Oei.es. Retrieved
23 July 2012.

[52] Portuguese language will be option in the ocial

Venezuelan teachings (in Portuguese). 24 May 2009.
Retrieved 13 July 2010.
[53] Zambia will adopt the Portuguese language in their Basic
school (in Portuguese). 26 May 2009. Retrieved 13 July
2010.
[54] Congo will start to teach Portuguese in schools (in Portuguese). 4 June 2010. Archived from the original on 7
August 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
[55] Portuguese language gaining popularity. Anglopress
Edices e Publicidade Lda. 5 May 2007. Retrieved 18
May 2011.
[56] http://www.exactinvest.dk/media/2466/mapping_
speakers_of_portuguese_around_the_world.pdf
[57] Leach, Michael (2007). talking Portuguese; China and
East Timor. Arena Magazine. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
[58] (Portuguese) The process of Norm change for the good
pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and
dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007
[59] (Portuguese) Carioca accent is the standard The socalled supremacy of the carioca speech, an issue of
norm
[60] Audio samples of the dialects of Portuguese. Instituto
Cames. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
[61] Nheengatu and caipira dialect. Sosaci.org. Retrieved
23 July 2012.
[62] (Portuguese) Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the
Brazilian Portugueses retroex /r/: data from respondents
in Pato Branco, Paran. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 1921

[45] Artculo 23 for the ocial languages Archived 27 May

2014 at the Wayback Machine

[63] (Portuguese) Syllable coda /r/ in the capital of the

paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analysis. Cndida
Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached
PDF)

[46] General Assembly of the OAS, Amendments to the Rules

of Procedure of the General Assembly, 5 June 2000

[64] (Portuguese) Callou, Dinah. Leite, Yonne. Iniciao

Fontica e Fonologia. Jorge Zahar Editora 2001, p. 24

15

[65] (Portuguese) To know a language is really about separating correct from awry? Language is a living organism that
varies by context and goes far beyond a collection of rules
and norms of how to speak and write Museu da Lngua
Portuguesa. Archived 22 December 2012 at the Wayback
Machine
[66] (Portuguese) Linguistic prejudice and the surprising (academic and formal) unity of Brazilian Portuguese
[67] http://www.protexto.ufc.br/genero_academico/artigo_
cientifico/AAC12.doc

[86] (Portuguese) Eduardo Fonseca, the Dutch Brazilians

Brazilians in the Netherlands
[87] Renato Pinto Venncio, Presena portuguesa: de colonizadores a imigrantes i.e. Portuguese presence: from
colonizers to immigrants, chap. 3 of Brasil: 500 anos
de povoamento (IBGE). Relevant extract available here
Archived 24 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine
[88] Jensen 1989
[89] Penny 2000: 14

[68]

[90] Dalby 1998: 501

[69]

[91] Ginsburgh and Weber 2011: 90

[70]
[71]
[72] Revisitando a palatalizao no portugus brasileiro
Silva Revista de Estudos da Linguagem. ufmg.br.
[73] Learn about Portuguese language. Sibila. Retrieved 27
November 2012.
[74] Note: the speaker of this sound le is from Rio de Janeiro,
and he is talking about his experience with nordestino and
nortista accents.
[75] por Caipira Z Do Mr dia 17 de maio de 2011, 6 Comentrios. O MEC, o portugus errado e a linguistica... |
Imprena. Imprenca.com. Archived from the original
on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
[76] Cartilha Do Mec Ensina Erro De Portugus. Saindo da
Matrix. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
[77] None (26 May 2011). Livro do MEC ensina o portugus
errado ou apenas valoriza as formas lingusticas? - Jornal de Beltro (in Portuguese). Jornaldebeltrao.com.br.
Retrieved 23 July 2012.
[78] Sotaque branco. Meia Maratona Internacional CAIXA
de Braslia accessdate=25 September 2012.

[92] Lipski, John M (2006). Face, Timothy L; Klee, Carol

A, eds. Too close for comfort? the genesis of portuol/portunhol"" (PDF). Selected Proceedings of the 8th
Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project): 122. Retrieved 2015-0621.
[93] A Fala Galego-Portuguesa Da Baiza Limia e Castro Laboreiro (PDF). Retrieved 12 June 2015.
[94] Grupo El Correo Gallego. O galego deixa de ser unha
das linguas. Galicia Hoxe Noticias en galego a diario.
Retrieved 30 May 2015.
[95] Ethnologue. Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
[96] Jernimo Cantador de Argote e a Dialectologia Portuguesa (continuao)". Lusograas. Retrieved 30 May
2015.
[97] Diccionario da lingua portugueza.
2015.

Retrieved 30 May

[98] D.Dinis: o Rei a Lngua e o Reino (PDF). Retrieved 12

June 2015.
[99] Camus, Yves. Jesuits Journeys in Chinese Studies
(PDF). Retrieved 12 June 2015.

[79] O Que ? Amaznia. Associao de Defesa do Meio

Ambiente Araucria (AMAR). Retrieved 25 September [100] Dicionrio PortugusChins : Pu Han ci dian:
PortugueseChinese dictionary, by Michele Ruggieri,
2012.
Matteo Ricci; edited by John W. Witek. Published 2001,
[80] Fala NORTE. Fala UNASP Centro Universitrio AdBiblioteca Nacional. ISBN 97-2565-298-3. Partial preventista de So Paulo. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
view available on Google Books
[81] Rothari -Edictus (PDF). Retrieved 12 June 2015.

[101] Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database: Sorting

Citrus Names. University of Melbourne <http://www.
[82] Say It in Portuguese, p. vii, Prista. Courier Dover Publisearch.unimelb.edu.au>. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
cations. 1979. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
[83] Keller, Karen (2006). Portuguese for Dummies, p. 9. Re- [102] Ostergren, Robert C. and Le Bosse, Mathias (2011). The
Europeans, Second Edition: A Geography of People, Cultrieved 12 June 2015.
ture, and Environment. Guilford Press. p. 129. ISBN
[84] Swan, Michael; Smith, Bernard (2001). Learner English,
978-1-60918-140-6.
p. 113. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 12 June
2015.
[103] Handbook of the International Phonetic Association pg.
126130
[85] Florentino, Manolo, and Machado, Cacilda. (Portuguese)
Essay about Portuguese immigration and the patterns of [104] Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
miscegenation in Brazil in the 19th and 20rh centuries
(PDF le)
[105] Barbosa & Albano (2004:228229)

16

10

REFERENCES

[106] Sobre os Ditongos do Portugus Europeu. Carvalho,

Joana. Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto.
Page 20 (page 10 of PDF le). Citation: A concluso
ser que nos encontramos em presena de dois segmentos
fonolgicos /k/ e //, respetivamente, com uma articulao voclica. Bisol (2005:122), tal como Freitas (1997),
arma que no estamos em presena de um ataque ramicado. Neste caso, a glide, juntamente com a vogal que a
sucede, forma um ditongo no nvel ps-lexical. Esta concluso implica um aumento do nmero de segmentos no
inventrio segmental fonolgico do portugus.

10.2 Phonology, orthography and grammar

[107] Bisol (2005:122). Citation: A proposta que a sequencia

consoante velar + glide posterior seja indicada no lxico
como uma unidade monofonemtica /k/ e //. O glide
que, nete caso, situa-se no ataque no-ramicado, forma
com a vogal seguinte um ditongo crescente em nvel ps
lexical. Ditongos crescentes somente se formam neste nvel.
Em resumo, a consoante velar e o glide posterior, quando
seguidos de a/o, formam uma s unidade fonolgica, ou
seja, um segmento consonantal com articulao secundria
voclica, em outros termos, um segmento complexo.

Bisol, Leda (2005), Introduo a estudos de fonologia do portugus brasileiro (in Portuguese), Porto
Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul: EDIPUCRS, ISBN 857430-529-4

[108] Rodrigues (2012:3940)

[109] Bisol (2005:123)
[110] Thomas (1974:8)
[111] Perini (2002:?)
[112] Mateus & d'Andrade (2000:56, 11)
[113] Grnnum (2005:157)
[114] Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
[115] Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)

Barbosa, Plnio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004).

Brazilian Portuguese.
Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227232.
doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756.
Bergstrm, Magnus & Reis, Neves Pronturio Ortogrco Editorial Notcias, 2004.

Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995).

European Portuguese.
Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2):
9094.
doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223.
Grnnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen
og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000),
The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University
Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
Rodrigues, Marisandra Costa (2012), Encontros
Voclicos Finais em Portugus: Descrio e Anlise
Otimalista (PDF) (thesis), Universidade Federal do
Rio de Janeiro
Thomas, Earl W. (1974), A Grammar of Spoken Brazilian Portuguese, Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt
University Press, ISBN 0-8265-1197-X

[116] Mateus & d'Andrade (2000:11)

[117] Squartini, Mario (1998) Verbal Periphrases in Romance
Aspect, Actionality, and Grammaticalization ISBN 3-11016160-5

Histria da Lingua Portuguesa Instituto Cames

A Lngua Portuguesa in Universidade Federal do Rio
Grande do Norte, Brazil

10.1

Literature

Poesia e Prosa Medievais, by Maria Ema Tarracha

Ferreira, Ulisseia 1998, 3rd ed., ISBN 978-9-72568124-4.
Bases TemticasLngua, Literatura e Cultura Portuguesa in Instituto Cames
Portuguese literature in The Catholic Encyclopedia

A pronncia do portugus europeuEuropean Portuguese Pronunciation

Dialects of Portuguese at the Instituto Cames
Audio samples of the dialects of Portugal
Audio samples of the dialects from outside Europe
Portuguese Grammar

10.3 Reference dictionaries

Antnio Houaiss (2000), Dicionrio Houaiss da Lngua Portuguesa (228,500 entries).
Aurlio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira, Novo Dicionrio da Lngua Portuguesa (1809pp)
EnglishPortugueseChinese Dictionary (Freeware
for Windows/Linux/Mac)

17

10.4

Linguistic studies

Cook, Manuela. Portuguese Pronouns and Other

Forms of Address, from the Past into the Future
Structural, Semantic and Pragmatic Reections, Ellipsis, vol. 11, APSA, www.portuguese-apsa.com/
ellipsis, 2013
Cook, Manuela. Uma Teoria de Interpretao das
Formas de Tratamento na Lngua Portuguesa, Hispania, vol 80, nr 3, AATSP, 1997
Cook, Manuela. On the Portuguese Forms of Address: From Vossa Merc" to Voc", Portuguese
Studies Review 3.2, Durham: University of New
Hampshire, 1995
Lindley Cintra, Lus F. Nova Proposta de Classicao dos Dialectos Galego- Portugueses (PDF)
Boletim de Filologia, Lisboa, Centro de Estudos
Filolgicos, 1971.

11

External links

Portuguese language at DMOZ

18

12

12
12.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Portuguese language Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language?oldid=701977417 Contributors: Joao, Kpjas, Brion

VIBBER, Mav, Ap, Youssefsan, Danny, Gritchka, Unukorno, PierreAbbat, William Avery, Perique des Palottes, Tox~enwiki, Comte0,
Ryguasu, Montrealais, Hephaestos, Olivier, Leandrod, Jpcarver, Frecklefoot, Ubiquity, Patrick, Tillwe, Wshun, DopeshJustin, Norm,
Crenner, Gabbe, Menchi, Zeno Gantner, Sannse, Theanthrope, Delirium, Paul A, Ensjo, Ihcoyc, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Muriel Gottrop~enwiki, Darrell Greenwood, , Julesd, Goblin, Error, Susurrus, Jiang, Kaihsu, Deisenbe, Jonik, Tobias Conradi, Raven
in Orbit, Dwo, Hauser, RodC, Charles Matthews, Guaka, Timwi, Nohat, Bemoeial, Lfh, JCarriker, N-true, Marco Neves, WhisperToMe,
Wik, Zoicon5, DJ Clayworth, Haukurth, Vancouverguy, Tpbradbury, Maximus Rex, Furrykef, SEWilco, Nricardo, Portcult, Christopher
Sundita, Joy, Miguels, Raul654, Dpbsmith, Secretlondon, GPHemsley, Branddobbe, Robbot, Benwing, Jotomicron, RedWolf, Bon,
Altenmann, Naddy, Chris Roy, Tim Ivorson, Babbage, Stewartadcock, Henrygb, PedroPVZ, SchmuckyTheCat, Yacht, Hippietrail, DHN,
Jondel, Zubras, UtherSRG, Naelphin, Shannonr, Bobierto, Kyk, GreatWhiteNortherner, SpellBott, Filemon, Davidcannon, Adam78, David
Gerard, Dave6, Gwalla, Crculver, DocWatson42, Chemica, Wonder al, Haeleth, Seabhcan, Nickdc, Lethe, Lupin, Peruvianllama, Everyking, Lord KRISHNA, Curps, Hans-Friedrich Tamke, Cantus, Gilgamesh~enwiki, Guanaco, BigHaz, Martani, Jorge Stol, Mboverload,
Carlosar~enwiki, Dagestan, Matt Crypto, Chameleon, Angelo.romano, Pne, Bobblewik, Deus Ex, Wiki Wikardo, Peter Ellis, Pinnecco,
Manuel Anastcio, Mackeriv, SoWhy, VoX, Toytoy, J. 'mach' wust, CryptoDerk, Knutux, Sonjaaa, J3, CaribDigita, Brooker, Rdsmith4,
Al-Andalus, Vbs, Gauss, RetiredUser2, Saopaulo1, Sam Hocevar, TreyHarris, Rellis1067, Gary D, Neutrality, Cataphract, Jp347, Fg2, Sarcelles, Agari, Trevor MacInnis, JamesTeterenko, Lacrimosus, Jimaginator, Qui1che, Corti, Everlong, Mike Rosoft, CES~enwiki, Poccil,
Pasquale, Felix Wan, A-giau, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Paulo Oliveira, Cfailde, MCBastos, Ruipedro.sousa, HeikoEvermann, Gimferrer, MeltBanana, Quiensabe, Sn0wake, Stbalbach, Bender235, Pc13, Swid, Fenice, Livajo, Diego UFCG~enwiki, Lycurgus,
SpencerWilson, Kwamikagami, Koenige, The bellman, Tverbeek, Aude, Joaopais, Susvolans, Triona, Aaronbrick, Femto, Circeus, Smalljim, PAlc, Cmdrjameson, Malafaya, Dupuy, Pokrajac, Doppelzoo, Man vyi, Alfred300p, Rje, Shorne, RussBlau, Ekevu, Sanmartin, Jumbuck, Felyduw, Zachlipton, ThePedanticPrick, JNM~enwiki, Atlant, Bathrobe, Hippopha~enwiki, Lectonar, Echuck215, Pedro Aguiar,
Dark Shikari, XLR8TION, Ksnow, ProhibitOnions, Garzo, Asrail, Drbreznjev, Embryomystic, Ceyockey, Rauh, Mahanga, Gmaxwell,
Thryduulf, Angr, Velho, Woohookitty, Carlos Porto, Vikramkr, Alanmak, Benbest, Hdante, SugarKane, Mmcarvalho, El Duccio del
Kyratopia, P04~enwiki, Eras-mus, Karmosin, Jcbos, Waldir, Jonnabuz, Jon Harald Sby, Toussaint, Doric Loon, Stevey7788, Cataclysm,
Paxsimius, Tslocum, Graham87, Kbdank71, Dpr, Melesse, BorgHunter, Sadangel, Behemoth, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Amire80, GregAsche,
Dracontes, Dinosaurdarrell, FlaBot, Rodolfof, Latka, Nihiltres, Gary Cziko, RexNL, Tequendamia, Vertigo200, Alphachimp, Malhonen,
Richard George, Russavia, CiaPan, CJLL Wright, Chobot, Jersey Devil, DTOx, Metropolitan90, Benlisquare, Gdrbot, Bgwhite, Roboto
de Ajvol, YurikBot, Wavelength, RobotE, Sceptre, Wester, Dannycas, RussBot, Ivirivi00, Guslacerda, Fsolda~enwiki, Qwertzy2, Chamdarae, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Yyy, Eleassar, Rsrikanth05, NawlinWiki, SEWilcoBot, Aeusoes1, The Ogre, Forgotten the
crackers, Stevehorne, RazorICE, Cleared as led, Vitor cunha, Rbarreira, LodeRunner, Denihilonihil, Syrthiss, Bota47, Qrfqr, Cfbergmann,
Dddstone, TimK MSI, Pelister, ElHornberg, FF2010, Superdude99, Donbert, Zzuuzz, Squib, Edouard-lopez, Bhumiya, Nikkimaria, Spacebirdy, Donald Albury, GraemeL, Diogo sfreitas, Caballero1967, Curpsbot-unicodify, Allens, Kungfuadam, Philip Stevens, Marlosfabris,
Bibliomaniac15, NickelShoe, Luk, Guifa, Sardanaphalus, Amalthea, Neier, SmackBot, Tomyumgoong, Macgreco, Bushhopper, Jb05-rsh,
Reedy, Jasy jatere, Martin.Budden, Tterrag, Bomac, Jagged 85, Big Adamsky, Francisco de Almeida, Bradtcordeiro, Opinoso, Canthusus,
Kintetsubualo, Alex earlier account, Sebesta, Peter Isotalo, Gilliam, Hmains, Kaiwen1, Jose Manuel, Izehar, Ciacchi, SlimJim, DMS,
SchftyThree, Bazonka, CSWarren, Grandmasterka, Croquant, Colonies Chris, Rodolfou, Gyrobo, MaxSem, Ascentury, Groubani, Emrrans, Vogensen, JonHarder, Australia boy, Mr.Z-man, SundarBot, Phaedriel, Grover cleveland, Cameron Nedland, M baptiste, Arab Hafez,
Khoikhoi, Jwy, Caniago, Jiddisch~enwiki, MHoerich, Mfelicio, Dantadd, NCPW, Pedro.Guero, Wybot, Aaker, Kolins, Curly Turkey, Drmaik, Synthe, Gbnogkfs~enwiki, Cast, SashatoBot, SoftPaleColors, MaliNorway, Xuxo, Batzarro, Kuru, Ergative rlt, J. Finkelstein, Denismaco, Epocalypse, Shlomke, JorisvS, Capmo, Enelson, Deviathan~enwiki, Fernando S. Aldado~enwiki, CJ Withers, JHunterJ, Hvn0413,
Vaniba12, Mijzelf, CharlesMartel, TastyPoutine, Aotearoa, KirrVlad, Andrwsc, Zapvet, Jose77, Pedro Bingre, Norm mit, Boni2006,
Joseph Solis in Australia, GDallimore, Dp462090, T B Pereira, Unitedtowardgod, Gil Gamesh, Civil Engineer III, Bruinfan12, Tawkerbot2, Pudeo, Paulogcarvalho, Wolfdog, Phillip J, CmdrObot, Sb184br, Dread Specter, JDDunn9, Morgantzp, Page Up, Dub8lad1, Gyopi,
CWY2190, Kylu, Pseudo-Richard, Qrc2006, FilipeS, Jac16888, Cydebot, Celshader97, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Jerse, Ningum, Mato,
Jakubukaj, Gteramatsu~enwiki, Arthurian Legend, Alvesgaspar, Yelocab, Icemanofbarcelona101, Davss, KnightMove, Dusty relic, DumbBOT, Nasugbu batangas, Mpbb, Eboracum, Mathew5000, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Barticus88, Biruitorul, Marek69, Missvain, Mafmafmaf,
Helldisplay, GregMinton, Grayshi, EdJohnston, Haleth, Portuguezzz, Deipnosophista, Hempfel, Escarbot, Mentisto, AntiVandalBot, The
Obento Musubi, Yupik, RobotG, Seaphoto, Lumbercutter, TuvicBot, Ioeth, JAnDbot, Husond, Felipe Menegaz, The Transhumanist, Mcorazao, Coreydragon, Ilunga Shibinda~enwiki, Veryinteresting1, PhilKnight, Rothorpe, Joshua, Naval Scene, Enchanted~enwiki, Agoston,
VoABot II, AtticusX, Mileage, Ling.Nut, Lucyin, Lazv, Avicennasis, KumfyKittyKlub, Samuelgames, Dasondas, Arthal, Dmichelsohn,
Botsys~enwiki, Edward321, Seansinc, Electriceel, JdeJ, Ekotkie, Bacian, Pikolas, Luan, AliaGemma, MartinBot, Adjwilli, Apc02d, Uhy,
Anaxial, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, ASDFGH, AlexiusHoratius, DBlomgren, Boston, El0i, J.delanoy, 031586, Brastein, Adriao, Maxyboymaxy, Zzzyyy, Guilherme Paula, Neonuke, Skumarlabot, Nsq, Bot-Schafter, Blue102, Dextrase, Gzimize, Ubcscholar, NewEnglandYankee, Wxyz1234, SJP, Bobianite, AoS1014, Binba, Largoplazo, KylieTastic, Jamesontai, Donmike10, Ja 62, Kimdime, Arael2, CardinalDan, Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, Jonas Mur~enwiki, Glossologist, Calafalas~enwiki, VolkovBot, CWii, Incendiario~enwiki, Search4.0,
EmpireKing, Je G., Jmrowland, J.P. Casaluce, RPlunk2853, TXiKiBoT, GimmeBot, Snorr, Tovojolo, Maximillion Pegasus, Abtinb,
Ann Stouter, Ask123, BlueLint, Serkaiset, Xarelete, ^demonBot2, Rodrigo Li Valds, Jonquiliser, Julius II, Madhero88, Koryu Obihiro,
Tobias Riviera, Synthebot, Spacevezon, Doc James, AlleborgoBot, Bluedenim, Symane, Lyros~enwiki, D. Recorder, Alfarero, TenIslands, SPQRobin, Tibullus, SieBot, MuzikJunky, Coimbra68, Gerakibot, BloodDoll, Megan n mandy, Roidhrigh, Anthropologique, Domaleixo, Android Mouse, Flyer22 Reborn, Oda Mari, Universalcosmos, Valuerural, Hello71, Stout256, BenoniBot~enwiki, Flyro, Flyres,
Mr. Stradivarius, CARLMART, Toeplitz, Jhall 3rd, Amazonien, TFCforever, Gr8opinionater, Ryszard Grodzisko, MBK004, Douglantz,
ClueBot, PipepBot, Learnportuguese, The Thing That Should Not Be, Lewiscb, Jeshan, Nnemo, XPTO, Ukabia, Fiet Nam, Mild Bill
Hiccup, Wikijens, Xavexgoem, Niceguyedc, Blanchardb, Freigut, Worldlypeeps, Pras, Igor Torres, ChandlerMapBot, Daniel4sw, Gaianjambo, Zack wadghiri, Azarien, Leeheonjin, Bagworm, Alexbot, Rbfafe, Chaos spear, PixelBot, Utopial, Arjayay, LonerXL, God772319,
Mikaey, Rui Gabriel Correia, Geo0910, Thingg, Dan Secrest, Theunixgeek, Pimpim98, Youngwebprogrammer, XLinkBot, Auslli, Luz del
Fuego, Nicolae Coman, NHJG, ElMeBot, Thatguyint, Clarapv, Jhendin, London Hawk, Experimental Hobo Inltration Droid, Mgenerous, Virgiliotneto, Seferis501, Elvire, Ronhjones, Alapratt, Ron B. Thomson, Fieldday-sunday, Kman543210, CanadianLinuxUser, Leszek
Jaczuk, Douglas the Comeback Kid, Christao point cook, MightySaiyan, Jim10701, MrOllie, Download, Reidell, Sokolcius, Solinkov,
Strumf, Debresser, LinkFA-Bot, Cristiano Lee, Leinadamil, SeymourSycamore, Jewsarebad, L. Karezin, Numbo3-bot, Dr M. Cook,

12.2

Images

19

NOVO REI, Rao003, Lightbot, Faunas, Gail, Toso, NHJG2, Zorrobot, Contributor777, Mateus RM, The Bushranger, JoshuaD1991,
Luckas-bot, Yobot, Cup22, Fraggle81, Mauler90, Jason Recliner, Esq., Becky Sayles, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Alexcetera, Luizdl,
KamikazeBot, Eric-Wester, Willow Tree Fly, Licor, Leefeni,de Karik, AnomieBOT, Chau87, 1exec1, Jim1138, Piano non troppo, Lecen,
AdjustShift, HotHistoryBu69, Califate123, Tacv, Califate123!, Reststopreststop, Susana2807, FifthMore~enwiki, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Alyssakorea, RenatoDep, Alcacer1, Xqbot, XX unfunfriday Xx, TechBot, Lusci, DSisyphBot, Winkpolve, Ad JSF, Coentor, Lordofmidgard, Patrickhernandez, Miguel in Portugal, Almabot, Francisco Paiva Junior, GrouchoBot, Moalli, Hneto, Alumnum,
Mert236, RibotBOT, Cgnk, Uberlololanon, Shadowjams, Spinach Monster, CortezFL, A. di M., Dr. Klim, SD5, Ferquar, Flarkins,
Shant001, Rafabozzolla, FrescoBot, Joeshaw101, LucienBOT, Chronus, AlexanderKaras, VS6507, Mistakender, InspectorSands, LusoCelt, Markeilz, Outback the koala, Filipo, Mandersbubbles, I dream of horses, PHGDAL, Peroxwhy2gen, Elockid, El estremeu, FILWISE, A8UDI, RedBot, MastiBot, Correctman, Bgpaulus, Cnwilliams, FoxBot, Pdebee, Popoto, Cagalosgitanoles, Sweet xx, Bg1fpx, Prosist, Jonkerz, Zakawer, Dinamik-bot, Vrenator, SeoMac, Varandasi, Ghraby, IRISZOOM, Tbhotch, JaumeR, Obankston, TjBot, IANVS,
, EmausBot, John of Reading, Jeontheworld, WikitanvirBot, Dewritech, GoingBatty, User Hozro, Freeportuguese, Stickybean, K matt
thos, Tommy2010, Hellcows, K6ka, Chiton magnicus, Evanh2008, ZroBot, LuzoGraal, Illegitimate Barrister, Lellellelle, F, PotatoBot, Jasantunes, Cristiano Toms, Subtropical-man, Niveknospmoht, Redav, Ebrambot, Pan Brerus, H3llBot, Chelschamplin, SporkBot,
Xoil, Neddy1234, Alexander Vigo, Staszek Lem, Jbribeiro1, Phastolph, Brandmeister, Jun Nored, Donner60, Dogfacebob, Lacobrigo,
SouthRand, Rambling Vine, ElockidAlternate, Santista~enwiki, ChuispastonBot, SunnyInHouston, Hjxkyw, Hallel, Iketsi, Sin un nomine,
Therewillbehotcake, Lguipontes, Pignoof, Archiver of Records, ClueBot NG, Coxinho, Jack Greenmaven, Kikichugirl, Fer(di)nand(o) Sant,
Maipe6917, Frietjes, Djodjo666, Ungoliant MMDCCLXIV, O.Koslowski, Angelo Michael, Costesseyboy, Rats-Pasngeld Rennab, Alan
McBrazil Burger, Ikaaros, Myportuguesespace11, Curb Chain, Hkzense, Titodutta, Wbm1058, Zyztem2000, BG19bot, Jonatan argento,
Wasbeer, TCN7JM, Sydneyslavitt123, Tito Reinaldo, Marcocapelle, Rm1271, Cncmaster, Susomoinhos, Viller the Great, CitationCleanerBot, Ollieinc, Matheus Winchester, Rahulmothiya, Gibbja, Vvven, Jonnydennis10, BattyBot, Waterboy122, Mr.StateOfShock, Cyberbot
II, ChrisGualtieri, Xyzspaniel, IceBrotherhood, Esszet, Lingu teacher, JYBot, Gustavorehermann, Paxti, Delotrooladoo, Dexbot, Indiasummer95, Rocketman55, Hmainsbot1, Spirit of Eagle, Mogism, TheIrishWarden, Devon Werkhise, Lusonovo, Mr. Ajax, Yo222, JustAMuggle, Loup Solitaire 81, Jolivien, Gjhfgsdf, CsDix, Zalunardo8, Caus Gracchus, Rememusa, Lfdder, Joeystanley, Abrahamic Faiths,
QuantoAltoPossoVolare, Braziluk2, Fortis est Veritas, Mac l, Haminoon, Srt PiriLimPomPom, Chukwizy, Callmemirela, Rauzaruku,
Ginsuloft, Bronx Discount Liquor, SJ Defender, Chipperdude15, 15petedc, Moonchld9, Moirawiki, Monkbot, Renatorbrasil, I.am.jmm,
Teddyktchan, Rakhshandaa, Guardianangelservicedogs, Peter238, Puertagustavo99, Ptcantilina, Mtcalvarenga, SalopianTank01, Serg0034,
WikiImprovment78, Ingilizceturkceceviri, Loraof, Africanboss88, Bongan, Zockland, Jotagueerrepe, Lukas Sauerzapf, Mevbt, Euro748,
Luiz Gustavo Dsl, Man of l123, Melroross, Vitorlipediasmachado, KasparBot, Allisontraud, Mauricio Sordille, Quackriot, FabricioYTR,
Vicent.Dissident, IvanScrooge98, PRafael66, Hannahlueras and Anonymous: 1399

12.2

Images

File:CoimbraUniLibrary-CCSA.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/CoimbraUniLibrary-CCSA.jpg

License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Flickr [1] Original artist: tacoekkel [2]
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Falantes_no_mundo.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Falantes_no_mundo.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Missionary
File:Flag_of_Angola.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_East_Timor.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Galicia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Flag_of_Galicia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Sodipodis Clipart Gallery Original artist: Pedro A. Gracia Fajardo
File:Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Macau.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: GB 17654-1999
Original artist: PhiLiP
File:Flag_of_Malacca.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: w:Flag of Malacca.svg Original artist: User Mysid on en.wikipedia
File:Flag_of_Mozambique.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg License:
CC0 Contributors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
File:Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_
Principe.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?

20

12

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_Uruguay.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: design of the sun copied from URL [1], which was copied by Francisco Gregoric, 5 Jul 2004 from URL [2] Original artist:
User:Reisio (original author)
File:Globe_of_letters.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg License: LGPL Contributors:
<a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg'
class='image'><img
alt=''
src='https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/120px-Gnome-globe.svg.png'
width='120'
height='120'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/180px-Gnome-globe.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/240px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x' data-lewidth='48' data-le-height='48' /></a>
Gnome-globe.svg
<a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.png'
class='image'><img
alt=''
src='https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Globe_of_letters.png/120px-Globe_of_letters.png' width='120' height='97'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Globe_of_letters.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/6/62/Globe_of_letters.png 2x' data-le-width='144' data-le-height='116' /></a>
Globe of letters.png
Original artist: Seahen
File:Goa_flag_cropped.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Goa_flag_cropped.png License: CC BYSA 3.0 Contributors: File:..Goa Flag(INDIA).png Original artist: User:AlexR.L.
File:Lenguas_y_dialectos_iberorromances.PNG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Lenguas_y_
dialectos_iberorromances.PNG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fobos92
File:Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Linguistic_map_
Southwestern_Europe.gif License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from gl.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original
uploader was Alexandre Vigo at Galician Wikipedia
File:Loudspeaker.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg License: Public domain Contributors: New version of Image:Loudspeaker.png, by AzaToth and compressed by Hautala Original artist: Nethac DIU, waves corrected by
Zoid
File:Lusophone_World.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Lusophone_World.svg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Saftorangen
File:Mafra1-IPPAR.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Mafra1-IPPAR.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Map_of_the_portuguese_language_in_the_world.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Map_of_
the_portuguese_language_in_the_world.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Wikipedia en portugus, espaol, ingls y francs. Original
artist: Jonatan argento
File:Multilingual_Emergency_Assembly_Area_Sign_in_Oizumi.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/
33/Multilingual_Emergency_Assembly_Area_Sign_in_Oizumi.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist:
Abasaa
File:Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Portuguese_vowel_chart.png Original artist: Portuguese_vowel_chart.png: Jerey Connell (IceKarma)
File:Portugueselanguagedialects-Brazil.png
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/
Portugueselanguagedialects-Brazil.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: O mapa em questo foi elaborado primariamente
tendo como base as obras de Antenor Nascentes, com enriquecimentos bibliogrcos em: Amadeu Amaral (O Dialeto Caipira, 1920),
Mrio Marroquim (A Lngua do Nordeste, 1945) e Seram Neto (Introduo ao estudo da lngua portuguesa no Brasil, 1950). O esboo
inicial do mapa teve como base a proposio de Nascentes, como pode ser observada aqui: [1]. S que como observa a prpria UFPE, no
projeto Zonas Dialetais Brasileiras, o que existe como mapa dialetal, est simplicado e envelhecido, pois no abarcou importantes
zonas como o sulista, caipira e o gacho. Desde ento vrios estudos tem tentado identicar as novas variantes e proposto sua localizao
de inuencia geogrca dentro do territrio brasileiro. Original artist: PedroPVZ
File:Portugueselanguagedialects-Portugal.png
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/
Portugueselanguagedialects-Portugal.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Second_Person_in_Portuguese.png Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Second_Person_in_
Portuguese.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Phastolph
File:Segunda_Pessoa_no_Brasil.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Segunda_Pessoa_no_Brasil.png
License: CC0 Contributors: Scherre et al (2009 apud MARTINS, 2010 Original artist: Maria Marta Pereira Scherre
File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al.
File:Wikidata-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Planemad
File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: File:Wikipedia-logo.svg as of 2010-05-14T23:16:42 Original artist: version 1 by Nohat (concept by Paullusmagnus); Wikimedia.

12.3

Content license

21

File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License:

CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Snorky
File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AleXXw
File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk contribs),
based on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

12.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0