SCHEME AND SYLLABI OF M.Sc.

COURSE
IN THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY
(STARTING FROM 2007 ADMISSION)
(Figures in parenthesis stand for number of hours of lecture, followed by number of hours of laboratory work,
field work and total credit to be earned in the course respectively)
Note:1 hour of lecture = 1 credit hour; 2 hours of Lab =1 credit; 3 to 4 sessions of field visit = 1 credit

CORE COURSES
I SEMESTER
GOL.511
GOL.512
GOL.513
GOL.514
GOL.515
GOL.516

Physical Geology & Remote Sensing

3
Physical Geology & Remote Sensing Practical0
Environmental Geology
2
Igneous Petrology
3
Igneous Petrology Practical
0
Ore Genesis
3

0
2
0
0
2
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

3
1
2
3
1
3

2
0
3
0
3
0
2

0
2
0
4
0
2
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2
1
3
2
3
1
2

2
0
2
2
0
0
3

0
2
0
0
4
4
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2
1
2
2
2
2
3

4
0
2
0
2

0
2
0
2
0

0
0
0
0
0

4
1
2
1
2
6

II SEMESTER
GOL.521
GOL.522
GOL.523
GOL.524
GOL.525
GOL.526
GOL.527

Sedimentology
Sedimentology Practical
Structural Geology
Structural Geology Practical
Metamorphic Petrology
Metamorphic Petrology Practical
Engineering Geology

III SEMESTER
GOL.531
GOL 532
GOL.533
GOL 534
GOL 535
GOL.536
GOL.537

Exploration Geology
Exploration Geology Practical
Geochemistry
Stratigraphy
Crystallography & Mineralogy Practical
Optical Mineralogy Practical
Palaeontology

IV SEMESTER
GOL.541
GOL.542
GOL.543
GOL.544
GOL.545
GOL.599

Hydrogeology
Hydrogeology Practical
Economic Mineral Deposits
Economic Geology Practical
Modern Sedimentary Environments
Dissertation

INTERNAL ELECTIVES
GOL 501
GOL 502
GOL 503
GOL 504
GOL.505
GOL 506
GOL.507
GOL 508
GOL 509
GOL 5010
GOL 5011
GOL 5012
GOL 5013

Surveying
Meteorology & Oceanography
Watershed management
Petroleum and Coal geology
Geoinformatics
Field Geology
Precambrian Geology
Field geology
Term paper
Computational Geology Practical
Term Paper
Field Geology
Structural Analysis

0
2
2
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2

2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
2
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0

1
2
2
2

0
0
0

0
0
0

1
1
2

1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2

EXTRA DEPARTMENTAL COURSES

GOL 51A
GOL 51B
GOL 51C

The Earth
Remote Sensing
Geoinformatics

1
1
2

OUTLINE OF COURSES
(Figures in parenthesis stand for number of hours of lecture, followed by number of hours of
laboratory work, field work and total credit to be earned in the course respectively)

CORE COURSES
GOL.511

Physical Geology & Remote sensing (3,0,0,3)

Exogenic and endogenic processes. Principles of plate movement and
evolution of continents and ocean basins. Coastal processes. Evolution of
landforms. Survey of remote sensing technologies and applications.

GOL.512

Physical Geology & Remote sensing Practical(0,2,0,1)

Study and interpretation of different categories of maps and remote sensing
data products.

GOL.513

Environmental Geology (2,0,0,2)

The earth system and linkages of its subsystems. Natural and anthropogenic
degradation. Geohazards. Resources. Sustainable development.

GOL.514

Igneous Petrology (3,0,0,3)

Petrochemistry, origin and classification of igneous rocks. Implications to
their evolution in space and time.

GOL.515

Igneous Petrology Practical (0,2,0,1)

Examination of hand specimens of important rock types. Petrographic
analysis of their thin sections. Phase diagrams. Petrochemical and norm
calculations.

GOL.516

Ore Genesis (3,0,0,3)

Ore deposits in the light of Earth's Evolutionary History. Processes of mineral
formation. Orthomagmatic deposits. Ores of Sedimentary affiliation,
Chemical sedimentation, ores of metamorphic affiliation, Ores affiliated to
weathering.

GOL.521

Sedimentology (2,0,0,2)
Origin of clastic and non-clastic sediments. Attributes of sediment particles.
Principles of sediment transport.

GOL.522

Sedimentology Practical (0,2,0,1)

Study of hand specimens and thin sections of sedimentary rocks.

GOL.523

Structural Geology (3,0,0,3)

Field, theoretical and laboratory aspects of deformation and rock structure.

GOL.524

Structural Geology Practical (0,4,0,2)

Geological maps and stereographic projections.

GOL.525

Metamorphic Petrology (3,0,0,3)

Characterisation and classification of metamorphic rocks.

GOL. 526

Metamorphic Petrology Practical (0,2,01)

Examination of hand specimens of important rock types. Petrographic
analysis of their thin sections.

GOL.527

Engineering Geology (2,0,0,2)

Analysis of the role of geology in important civil engineering activities and
constructions.

GOL.531

Exploration Geology (2,0,0,2)

Exploration principles and techniques for economic minerals using geological,
geochemical, geophysical and drilling techniques. Elementary mining methods
and mineral beneficiation schemes.

GOL.532

Exploration Geology Practical (0,2,0,1)

Borehole problems. Seismic and Electrical Resistivity exploration problems.
Ore reserve calculation.

GOL.533

Geochemistry (2,0,0,2)
Chemical fundamentals as applicable to common geological process.

GOL.534

Stratigraphy (2,0,0,2)
Principles of stratigraphy. Stratigraphic nomenclature. Bio-litho-chrono
stratigraphy. Type areas of systems.

GOL.535

Crystallography and Mineralogy Practical (0,4,0,2)

The crystalline state and its relationship to other states of matter. Repetition
theory, translation periodicity in crystals. Basic rotation symmetries and
derivation of crystal classes.
Structure of minerals, characters of minerals and mineral chemistry.

GOL.536

Optical Mineralogy Practical (0,4,0,2)

Behaviour of light in rock forming minerals. Use of petrological microscope,
optical accessories and universal stage to asses the optical properties.

GOL.538

Palaeontology (3,0,0,3)
Overview of the evolution of the vertebrates and invertebrates. Organic
evolution and Patterns of evolution. Evolution and classification of
Brachiopoda, Mollusca and Arthropoda.
Morphology, classification and ecology of Foraminifera, Ostracodes,
Radiolaria and Diatoms.

GOL.541

Hydrogeology (4,0,0,4)
Physical, chemical and contaminant hydrogeology. Groundwater exploration
techniques. Aspects of groundwater management.

GOL.542

Hydrogeology Practical (0,2,0,1)

Problems dealing with porosity, ground resistivity and water quality.

GOL.543

Economic Mineral Deposits (2,0,0,2)

Genetic aspects and salient features of strata bound deposits. Description of
various mineral deposits.

GOL.544

Economic Geology Practical (0,2,0,1)

Identification and description of ores in hand specimen. Bore hole problems.

GOL.545

Modern Sedimentary Environments (2,0,0,2)

Study of modern environments. Processes and distribution with emphasis on
the products. Facies.

GOL.599

Dissertation ( 6 Credits)

E L E C T I V E S (Internal)
GOL.501

Surveying (0,2,0,1)
Sextant, Levelling, Chain survey and Plane table survey.

GOL.502

Meteorology and Oceanography (2,0,0,2)

Atmosphere, Wind, Weather and Cloud.
Properties of sea water, Waves, currents and Tides.

GOL.503

Watershed Management (2,0,0,2)

Concept of watershed, project planning, Soil and water conservation, water
management, Monitoring and evaluation.

GOL.504

Petroleum and Coal Geology (2,0,0,2)

Genesis of coal and petroleum. Petroliferous basins of India.

GOL.505

Geoinformatics (2,0,0,2)
Principles, practices and applications of Remote sensing, GPS and GIS.

GOL.506

Field Geology (0,0,1,1)

3 to 4 sessions of field visits to sites of geological interest relevant to courses.

GOL.507

Precambrian Geology (2,0,0,2)

Evolution of crust and life during the Precambrian. Evolution of the
Precambrian crust of South India.

GOL.508

Field Geology (0,0,1,1)

3 to 4 sessions of field visits to sites of geological interest relevant to courses.

GOL.509

Term paper (0,2,0,1)

Preparation of a review paper (of at least 3000-4000 words length) on a
topic, and adjudicated by a team of 3 teachers of the Department.

GOL.5010

Computational Geology Practical (0,2,0,1)

Descriptive statistics. Geological applications of Correlation, Regression and
Moments method. Use of softwares in Geology.

GOL.5011

Term paper (0,2,0,1)

Preparation of a review paper (of at least 3000-4000 words length) on a
topic, and adjudicated by a team of 3 teachers of the Department.

GOL.5012

Field Geology (0,0,1,1)

3 to 4 sessions of field visits to sites of geological interest relevant to courses.

GOL.5013

Structural analysis (2,0,0,2)

Deformation. Simple and pure shear, shear zones and fabric development.
Determination of strain.

ELECTIVES (Extra Departmental Courses)

GOL 51A

The Earth (1,0,0,1)

Origin and age of Earth,Work of rivers, mountains, volcanoes and earth
quakes. Structure of Earth and Plate tectonics

GOL 51B

Remote Sensing (1,0,0,1)

Concepts and foundations of Remote Sensing, Application of remote sensing
in various disciplines.

GOL. 51C

Geoinformatics (2,0,0,2)
Fundamentals of GIS, Spatial Data Models in GIS, Spatial Data Structures
in GIS, Remote sensing and Digital Image Processing, Global Positioning
System
GOL. 511

PHYSICAL GEOLOGY AND REMOTE SENSING

(3 Credits)

Introduction:
Approaches to Geomorphology, Morphologic evolutionary systems,
morphogenetic land forms, climatic change and polygenetic land forms.
World climate: climate and climate classification. Seasonal patterns of precipitation, climate
types, description of climates. World soils - Soil classification system. Soil orders. Soils and

altitudes. Soils of humid, tropical, arid and semi arid climate.

Rivers - drainage system, morphometry, channel pattern, channel geometry, stream discharge,
stream gauging. Fluvial landforms - fluvial process, normal and accelerated erosion. Land
use and sediment yield base flow and overland flow. Flood, flood prediction, River
metamorphosis, lakes and ponds. Saline lakes and salt flats. Dessert irrigation and
salinisation.
Stream transportation, suspended sediment load of world rivers. Channel changes in flood.
Evolution of graded rivers. Aggradation and alluvial terraces. Denudation rate. Beaches and
coasts -waves, marine erosion. Beaches and beach profiles, littoral drifts, wage refraction in
embayed coasts, Littoral drifts and shore protection. Tidal deposits, common kinds and
development of coasts.
Igneous activity and landforms Intrusive Constructional forms, Extrusive Constructional
forms. Lithology and landforms Aranaceous landform, Argillaceous landform, Calcareous
landform, Metamorphic landform.
Hill slopes Classification of slopes, Origin of hill slopes, Hill slope erosion, Evolution of hill
slopes.
Coastal geomorphology - Shore line process and depositional forms, Erosional coast, Sea
level variation.
Seismology and the internal structure of the earth. Earths age, Thermal and electrical
properties. Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism. Geodynamics - Isostacy, Rheology, Plate
dynamics.
Concept and foundations of remote sensing: Introduction, energy interaction in the
atmosphere.
Energy interaction with earth surface features data acquisition and
interpretation, reference, data, characteristic of remote sensing system, elements of
photographic system - colour films, filters, types of aerial photographs.
Air photo interpretation - fundamentals, Geologic and soil mapping, land use/land cover
mapping, Agricultural application, forestry application, water resource application, wet land
mapping.
Thermal and multispectral scanning:- Sensing radiant temperature, radiation from real
material, thermal energy detector. Thermal scanners - FLIR system. Multispectral scanners,
Microwave sensing - radars, SLAR system, spatial resolution of SLAR, interpretation of
SLAR - passive microwave sensors
Earth resource satellite - orbit characteristic of land sat 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Land sat MSS image
interpretation, Meteorological satellite., Ocean monitoring satellite.
References :
(1) Geomorphology by Chorley,. Shumm & Sudgeon.

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

Dynamic Geology by Peter J. Wyllee

Fundamentals of Geophysics, W.Lawrie
Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology, Leopold, Wolman and Miller
Lillisand, T. M. & Kiefer, R.W., Remote sensing and image interpretation,
II Edn., Wiky & Sons.
GOL. 512

PHYSICAL GEOLOGY & REMOTE SENSING PRACTICAL

(1 Credit)

Geologic perspective of a global model

Stream processes, landscapes, man wastage and flood hazard
Glacial processes, Land forms and indicators of climate change.
Coastal processes, land forms, hazards and risks, sea level, active tectonics
Earthquake hazards and human risks, seismic shaking, earthquake engineering.
Surface Geology and earth resource exploration
Topographic maps and air photographs.
Air photo interpretation, land sat imageries.
References :
(1) Geomorphology by Chorley,. Shumm & Sudgeon.
(2) Dynamic Geology by Peter J. Wyllee
(3) Fundamentals of Geophysics, W.Lawrie
(4) Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology, Leopold, Wolman and Miller
(5) Lillisand, T. M. & Kiefer, R.W., Remote sensing and image interpretation,
II Edn., Wiky & Sons.
GOL. 513

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY
(2 Credits)

Fundamental concepts of Environmental Science.

Scope of Environmental Geosciences, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Nature of earths resources - Renewable and non-renewable resources, Sustainable
management of resources.
Alternatives energy sources and its significance
Waste Management Waste disposal methods, Waste recycling, landfills, secure landfills,
Hazardous wastes, chemical wastes, deep well disposal, ocean dumping, waste water
treatment. Environmental impact of mining, mine site decommissioning
Radioactive wastes, disposal and management types of radioactive wastes, methods of lowlevel, intermediate level and high level radioactive waste disposal.
Ground water pollution, sources of ground water pollution, saline intrusion, acid mine
drainage, sources of contamination, harmful effects, ground water protection, and ground
water management.

Surface water pollution Sources and impacts of surface water pollution, point and nonpoint sources, transport mechanism of contaminants, effective management strategies
Geological Hazards Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Floods, Tsunamis, coastal erosion, land
subsidence, landslides.
Disaster Management Planning activities, hazard prediction and warning.
Air pollution: Different sources of air pollution, indoor air pollution, cause of air pollution
including health hazards and management practices
Global changes, tools to study global changes, earths atmosphere and energy balance, Green
house gases and Global warming, climatic change, Environmental effects of global warming,
Ozone depletion- cause and impacts.
References:
1)
Environmental Geology Edward A. Keller, Library Congress Cataloging-inPublishing
2)
Environmental Science Cunningham and Saigo, Mc-Graw Hill
3)
Environmental Geology Barbara W. Murck, Brain J.Skinner and Stephen C.
Porter John Wiley and Sons (New York)
GOL. 514 IGNEOUS PETROLOGY
(3 credits)
Igneous process - Phase rule and its application in the study of silicate systems - phase
diagrams, primary phase diagrams and liquidus projections. Equilibria involving two solids +
liquid. Eutectic crystallization Solid solution series Incongruent melting.
Course of crystallization in typical binary systems. Reaction principle and reaction series.
Modal composition and Normative mineral composition. CIPW Norm. Textures and their
genetic significance.
Equilibria involving three solids + liquid. Co-precipitational, monoresorptional and
biresorptional relations. Equilibrium crystallization and melting paths in ternary and
quarternary systems.
Anorthite - Wollastonite - Silica
Diopside - Anorthite - Silica
Diopside - Anorthite - Albite
Albite Anorthite - Orthoclase
MgO - Al2 O3 - SiO2.
Basalt system classification of basalts
Igneous process and diversity in igneous rocks. Compositional variation in magmas.
Variation diagrams binary and ternary diagrams. Trace elements in igneous process
melting and crystallization models application of trace elements to petrogenesis. Radiogenic
tracers.

Classification of igneous rocks. Granites and granitic rocks. Ultramafic rocks. Alkaline
rocks. Kimberlites and ultrapotassic rocks. Anorthosite and carbonatite.
References:
1. Bose, M. K. (1997) Igneous Petrology. The World Press Private Limited, Calcutta,
p.568.
2. Carmichael, I. S. E., Turner, F. J. and Verhoogen, J. (1974) Igneous Petrology.
McGraw Hill Book Company, p.739.
3. Ehlers, E. G. and Blatt, H. (1981) Petrology. CBS publishers and distributors, New
Delhi, p.732.
4. Faure, G. (2001) Origin of Igneous Rocks: The Isotopic Evidence. Springer-Verlag,
New York, p.496.
5. Gupta, A. K. (1998) Igneous Rocks. Allied Publishers Limited, p.690.
6. Hall, A. (1988) Igneous Petrology. English language book society/Longman, p.573.
7. Hughes, C. J. (1982) Igneous Petrology. Elsevier, p.551.
8. Le Maitre, R. W. (2002) Igneous Rocks: A classification and Glossary of Terms.
Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, p.236.
9. Raymond, L. A. (1995) Petrology. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, p.742.
10. Sood, M. K. (1981) Modern Igneous Petrology. A Wiley-Interscience, p.244.
11. Wilson, M. (1989) Igneous Petrogenesis. Chapman and Hall, p.466.
GOL. 515

IGNEOUS PETROLOGY PRACTICAL

(1 Credit)
Preparation of binary phase diagrams
Magascopic and microscopic identification of granite, syenite, diorite, gabbro, dolerite.,
basalt, lamprophyre, dunite.
Normative mineralogical calculations of acid, intermediate, basic and ultrabasic rocks (3
each)
GOL. 516

ORE GENESIS
(3 Credits)

Nature and morphology of Principal types of ore deposits.

Textures and structures of ore and gaugue minerals.
Fluid inclusions; wall rock alteration.
Major theories of ore genesis.
Paragenetic sequences; zoning, dating of ore deposits.
Classification of deposits.
Diamond deposits in Kimberlites and Lamporites; Carbonatite - Alkaline igneous ore
environments; The pegmatitic environments; Orthomagmatic deposits of Cr, Pt, Ti, Fe, Cu,
Ni deposits associated with basic and ultrabasic rocks.
Disseminated sulphide, Oxide and sulphate deposits of sedimentary and volcanic

environments, hydrothermal deposits.

Stratabound deposits, sedimentary deposits; role of metamorphism in ore genesis.
Ore deposits associated to weathering & weathered surfaces.
Mineralization in space and time.
Global distribution of ore deposits; Metallogenic provinces and epochs; plate tectonic
controls in mineralization; ore mineralization through geologic time. Principles and
applications of ore microscopy.
References :
1.
An introduction to Ore geology, Anthony.M.Evans, Blackwell Scientific
Publication.
2.
Ore Petrology, R.L. Stanton, Mc Graw Hill Inc.
3.
Ore Genesis- A Holistic Approach, Asoke Mookherjee, Allied Publishers.
GOL. 521

SEDIMENTOLOGY
(2 Credits)

Geologic Cycle Geochemical cycle in Ocean, Modern rates of erosion, Rate of Uplift and
Subsidence, Total mass of Sedimentary rocks Rate of Sediment recycling.
Sedimentary Textures Frequency distribution, Grain size, Grain shape. Interpretation of
size and shape.
Primary Sedimentary Structures Classification, Origin of stratification, Bedform and Flow
regimes, Ripples, Sandwaves, Dunes, Antidunes. Structures formed by Scour. Structures
formed by wind. Penecontamporaneous deformation. Biogenic Sediementary structures.
Mineral Composition of Sandstone. Cementation and deep diagenesis of sandstone.
Classification of Sandstone.
Origin of Limestone Mineralogy, Carbonate mud and Mud carbonate frame work, Organic
matter, Sedimentary process, Sedimentary structures, Deep sea carbonate sediment,
Classification of Carbonate rocks. Limestone diagenesis and dolomitisation. Diagenetic
process, Cement Vs neomorphism, Silicification, Dolomites Primary Vs Secondary.
Mechanism of dolomitisation. Dedolomitisation. Evaporties and Native Sulphur.
Reference :
(1). Origin of Sedimentary Rocks. Blatt, H, Middleton, G., & Murray, R.
(2). Principles of Sedimentology, Friedman & Sandour
GOL. 522

SEDIMENTOLOGY PRACTICAL
(1 Credit)

Techniques and procedures used in the study of sediments and sedimentary rocks.
Collection, analysis and interpretation of data on size, sorting, roundness and sphericity and
application of the same in sedimentary environmental studies.
Collection, graphic and numerical analysis and interpretation of data and current generated
structures.
Identification of clays, other sedimentary particles and rocks using standard techniques.
References :
(1).
(2).

Origin of Sedimentary Rocks. Blatt, H, Middleton, G., & Murray, R.

Principles of Sedimentology, Friedman & Sandour
GOL. 523

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
(3 Credits)

Faults and fractures - Brittle and shear failure. Fault geometry and nomenclature. Deep
fractures. Joints. Analysis of fractures. Stress and strain ellipsoids and their
use in the
study of faults and joints.
Folds - cylindrical, non-cylindrical and conical folds. Geometry and classification of
cylindrical folds. Canoe fold and inverted canoe fold. Minor folds and their use in
determining the major fold structure. Mechanics of folding. Fold classifications of Donath
and Parker and Ramsay. Superposed folding. Fold interference patters -dome and basin,
mushroom and boomerang patterns and Ramsay's classification.
Tectonites - classification, tectonic fabric, Foliation - axial-plane foliation and its origin,
fracture cleavage, crenulation cleavage and transposed foliation. Use of axial plane foliation
and fracture cleavage, in the determination of major structure. Lineation - types,
classification and origin.
Geologic bodies and scale, structural co-ordinates. Fundamentals of geometric analysis.
Stereographic and equal area projections in structural geology.
Geometric analysis of folds.
References:
1. Park, R.G. Foundation of structural Geology. Blackie, 1989.
2. Ragan, D.M. Structural Geology, Wiley 1969
3. Turner, E.J. and Weiss, L.E. Structural Analysis of Metamorphic Tectonites, Mc.
Graw Hill 1963.
3. Hobbs, B.E., Means, W.D. and William, P.F. An outline of Structural Geology, Wilsy,
1976.
GOL. 524

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY PRACTICAL

(2 Credits)
Interpretation of Geological maps. Application of stereographic projection in solving
structural problems.
Beta diagram and Pi diagram.
Stereographic projection in structural analysis: Practical strain measurements using different
techniques. Shear sense determinations. Solving problems of faults and shear zones.
References :
1.
Park, R.G. Foundation of structural Geology. Blackie, 1989.
2.
Ragan, D.M. Structural Geology, Wiley 1969
3.
Turner, E.J. and Weiss, L.E. Structural Analysis of Metamorphic Tectonites, Mc.
Graw Hill 1963.
GOL. 525

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY
(3 Credits)

Concepts of metamorphism:
Limits of metamorphism
Types of metamorphism
Factors of metamorphism
Role of fluids
Application of phase rule in metamorphic mineral paragenesis.
Metamorphic structures and textures
Classification of metamorphic rocks: Mineral facies classification of Eskola, Fyfe Turner and
Verhoogen, Grade classification of Winkler. Baric types, Facies series.
Graphical representation of metamorphic mineral assemblages, composition paragenesis
diagrams. ACF and AKF diagrams and representation of metamorphic assemblages.
significance of tie lines.
General characteristics of metamorphic domains contact metamorphism, Regional
metamorphism, Paired metamorphic belts, Orogeny and Metamorphism
Retrograde metamorphism.
Metamorphism of carbonate rocks, pelites, mafic and ultramafic rocks.
Granulitic rocks of South India, Migmatites.
References
1.
Petrogenesis of Metamorphic rocks, Winkler.H, Narosa Publishers, New Delhi.
2.
Metamorphic Petrology, Akiho Miyashiro, Research Press, New Delhi.
3.
Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks, , Butcher and Frey, Springer.
4.
Granulites of South India (Pitchamuthu Volume), Geological Society of India.
5.
The Study of Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks, Loren.A.Raymond,
Brown Publishers.

GOL. 526

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY PRACTICAL

(1 Credit)

Megascopic and microscopic identification and description of the metamorphic rocks

Structures and textures of metamorphic rocks and AKF diagrams.
GOL. 527

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
(2 Credits)

Role of Geology in Civil Engineering.

Engineering properties of rocks: Specefic gravity, porosity, Sorption, Strength of rocks,
compressive strength, tensile strength, Compression and shear tests on rocks.
Dimension and decorative stones. Building stones of India and Kerala.
Soil profile, Soil particles, Soil structure, Plasticity and swelling, concrete aggregates, cement
aggregate reaction.
Dams: Classification of dams, Types of dams, spill ways, types of spill ways, parts of normal
spill ways, emergency spill ways. Problems and failures of dams, Sliding failures of masonry
dams, Sliding problems, Uplift problems, Settlement and Rebound problems, Reservoir
problems, seepage and leakage, ground water abutment, reservoir and channel section
problems. Foundation work: Preparation of foundation, Grouting, grouting materials,
grouting equipments, low-pressure grouting, high pressure grouting, Grouting materials
Geological investigation for a masonry dam.
Tunnels classification and nomenclature, Ground, supports, Tunnels in rocks, Arching
around a tunnel, Influence of rock stratification on lining pressure, Tunnels in faulted zones,
Temperature in tunnels, Water and moisture in tunnels, Contamination of tunnel water, Gases
in tunnels, Bridging capacity of rocks, Pressure problems in water tunnels. Geological survey
prior to tunneling.
Land slides Stability of slopes, Minor soil and rock displacement, causes of landslide, Types
and causes of landslides. Prevention of landslides.
References
1.
Principles of Engineering Geology and Geotectonics, Dimitri.P.Krynine and
William R. Judd, CBS Publishers & Distributors.
2.
Applications of Geology to Engineering Practice, Berkey Volume, Geological
society of America.
GOL. 531

EXPLORATION GEOLOGY
(2 Credits)

Trenching and Pitting

Drilling:- Design of programme drilling methods. Vertical and inclined holes. Types logging
of boreholes, borehole deviations.
Sampling: Sampling pattern of exposures. Mine working trenches, pits, drill holes, channels,
and placers, Bulk sampling.
Geophysical prospecting: Gravity survey: Principles, Bouger anomaly, correction methods
and interpretation
Magnetic Survey - Principles, Earth's magnetic field, methods, interpretation and
applications.
Seismic survey: - Generation, propagation and sensing of seismic waves, wave types, travel
time graphs for different media and interfaces. Seismic velocities in geological materials.
Seismic surveys source, recorders, reflection and refraction surveys and interpretation of
profiles.
Electrical surveys: Electrical properties of rocks, theory of current flow in different media,
resistivity survey, Application and interpretation of data. Self-potential survey, applications
and interpretation.
Geochemical exploration: Principles, Geochemical anomalies, relief, indicators and
pathfinder elements, geochemical environment, dispersion and mobility, trace element studies.
Sampling and sampling methods, Sample Variability: Appropriate sampling.
Important sampling techniques - Grab/Chip sampling, Channel or Groove Sampling: Bulk
sampling, Placer sampling, Subsurface sampling, Borehole samples, Check samples
Geochemical sampling/prospecting - Pathfinder Elements, Geochemical field techniques,
Methods of geochemical prospecting - Rock Sampling: Soil sampling, Stream sediment
samples, Water and Vegetation sampling, Vapour Sampling, Field and laboratory
procedures
Biogeochemical prospecting, Geo-botanical prospecting - Techniques used in geo-botanical
survey:
Surface and underground mapping
Radioactive method Geiger Muller Counter and Scintillation Counters:
Geophysical logging - Electrical Logs, Radioactive logging: Gamma Ray Logging:
Neutron-Gamma ray logging: Temperature logging: Sonic Logging and Caliper Logging
References

1.

Elements of Prospecting for Non-fuel Mineral Deposits, P.K.Banerjee, and

S.Ghosh Allied Publishers Ltd.
An Introduction to Geological Exploration, Kearey and Brooks, Blackwell
Publishers.
Courses in Mining Geology, Arogyasawmy, Oxford and IBH Publishing
Co.Pvt.Ltd.
Mining Geology, Mckinstry, Asia Publishing House.

2.
3.
4.

GOL. 532

EXPLORATION GEOLOGY PRACTICAL

(1 Credit)

Borehole problems.
Seismic and Electrical Resistivity exploration problems.
Grade, tonnage and cut off grade.
Reserve estimation. Ore reserve calculation.

GOL. 533

GEOCHEMISTRY
(2 Credits)

Geologically important elements: Alkalis, Alkaline earths, Hydrogen, Aluminium, Carbon,

Silicon, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Sulphur,
Chemical weathering: General nature of weathering reactions, changes in rock composition,
sequence of mineral alterations, agents of chemical weathering, solution and hydration,
weathering of carbonates, oxidation, hydrolysis of silicates and environments of weathering.
Basic principles in geochemistry: Geochemical Environment, Geochemical cycle, Dispersion,
Association of elements, patterns of geochemical distribution, geochemical anomaly.
Geochemical drainage survey, Geo-botanical indicators
Equillibrium in geological systems: Mineral stability; Systems, Phase diagram and phase rule
and Components; Law of mass action; Le Chatelier's rule.
Enthalpy and change in enthalpy; Free energy and free energies of formation.
Stable Isotope geochemistry: Physical and chemical properties of isotopes; study of stable
isotopes of C, O & S.
Electrons and atoms; Periodic classification; Bonding in minerals; Goldschmidts geochemical
classification, distribution of elements in igneous, sedimentary & metamorphic rocks.
References
1)
2)

Introduction to Geochemistry Konard .B. Krauskopf

Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration Arthur W Ross, Herbert E.

3)
4)

Hawkes and John S Webb

Principles of Geochemistry Brain Mason and Carleton B. Moore
Chemical Fundamentals of Geology Robin Gill

GOL. 534

STRATIGRAPHY
(2 Credits)

Development of Stratigraphy:
Contributions of the pioneers of Stratigraphy,
Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism,
Geologic time scale,
Code of stratigraphic nomenclature.
Concept of Facies,
Unconformities,
Correlation,
Lithostratigraphy and Biostratigraphy
Stratotype.
General study of the following systems in their type areas - Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian,
Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary.
Brief study of Caledonian, Hercynian and Alpine-Himalayan Cycles.
Gondwana Super-group and Siwalik Supergroup of India.
Deccan Traps.
Pleistocene ice ages.
References:
1. Stratigraphic Principles and Practice, J.Marvin Weller, Harper & Row Publishers,

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

New York.
Principles of Stratigraphy, Roy.R.Lemon, Merrill Publishing Company.
International Stratigraphic Guide - International Subcommission on Stratigraphic
Classification of IUGS Commission on Stratigraphy, Hollis.D.Hedberg (Ed.).
Schoch, R.M. Stratigraphy - Principles and Methods, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New
York, 1969.
Gignoux, M., Stratigraphic Geology, W.H. Freeman Co., San Fransisco, 1955.
Krishnan, M.S., Geology of India and Burma (6th Edition), C.B.S.Publishers and
Distributors Delhi, 1982.
Ravindra Kumar, Fundamentals of Historical Geology and stratigraphy of India,
Wiley Eastern Ltd., New
Delhi,1985.
GOL. 535

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND MINERALOGY PRACTICAL

(2 Credits)

Crystallography - crystalline state - Repetition theory. Translation periodicity of crystals.

Basic rotational symmetries and possibility of simultaneous rotational symmetries in different
directions of crystals. Symnmetrical plane and symmetrical space lattices. Crystal projection
- Stereographic, spherical and gnomonic. Crystal calculation, Law of anharmonic ratio,
Napiers rule, Zone symbols.
Physical properties of minerals, Radioactivity, Significance of chemical analysis, Metamict
minerals, pleochroic haloes, fission track dating, discoloration,
Isomorphism, Polymorphism, Solid solution- interstitial and omission solid solution,
Exsolution.
Chemical bonding in minerals ionic, covalent, metallic, Vander Vaals, Hydrogen and crystals
with more than one type of bonds.
Application of X-rays in the study of crystals
Classification and structure of silicates
Clay Minerals - Classification and structure of clay minerals. Clay mineral identification by
X-rays and DTA. Different methods of clay mineral separation.
Application of modern techniques - XRD, DTA, XRF, ICP.
Distinctive chemical and optical characters of the minerals of the following groups: Olivine,
epidote, garnet, alumino-silicates, pyroxene, amphibole, mica, feldspar and feldspathoid.
GOL. 536

OPTICAL MINERALOGY PRACTICAL

(2 Credits)

Refractive index and birefringence.

Interference colours, optical accessories - Unit

retardation plate, quartz wedge, mica plate, Berek compensator, Biquartz wedge and
Bertrand ocular. Indicatrices. Dichroism and pleochroism, conoscopic study and
interference figures. Optic orientation, extinction angle, optic axial angle, optic sign and
optic anomalies.
Dispersion and dispersion types. The 4 axis universal stage and its basic principles.
Adjustments of the universal stage and the use of the Wulff's net. Method of determining the
following:
Optic axial angle, optic sign, optic orientation, extinction angle, birefringence, scheme of
pleochroism and anorthite content and twin laws of plagioclase feldspar.
GOL. 537

PALAEONTOLOGY
(3 Credits)

Nature of fossil record. Ecological concepts and Palaeo-ecology. Use of fossils in

palaeoclimatic and palaeogeographic studies.
Theory of organic evolution and the factors in the Darwinian theory. Patterns of evolution.
Theory of Punctuated Equilibria
Evolutionary trends, Stratigraphic importance and Classification of the following
invertebrates: Brachiopoda, Arthropoda and Mollusca
Vertebrates - General characteristics, classification and evolution of Pisces, Amphibians,
Reptiles, Birds and Mammals (Horse and Man).
General Classification of microfossils. Collection of microfossils and preparation of slides for
study.
Foraminifera : Classification, general morphology and ecology.
Ostracodes : Morphology, Classification and ecology.
Radiolaria : Morphology and ecology
Diatoms : General morphology and ecology.
Evolution of life in the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.
References:
1.
Invertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution, E.N.K.Clarkson, ELBS Publishers.
2.
Vertebrate Palaeontology, Michael. J. Benton
3.
Shrock and Twenhofel , Principles of Invertebrate Palaeontology , Mc Graw Hill.
4.
Raup D.M. and Stanley .S, Principles of Palaeontology
5.
Lehmann.U and Hilimer, G , Fossil Invertebrates, Cambridge University.
6.
Microfossils, Brasier.M.D., George Allen and Unwin Ltd.
7.
Principles of Micropalaeontolgy, Martin.F.Glaessner, Hafner Publishing Company.
8.
A Text Book of Stratigraphy, Micropalaeontolgy and Palaeibotany, S.K.Tiwari,
Kalyani Publishers.

GOL. 541

HYDROGEOLOGY
(4 Credits)

Hydrology : Hydrological cycle and global distribution of fresh water. Hydrometeorology.

Hydrological measurements - Precipitation, Evaporation, soil moisture, soil infiltration and
river flow.
Physical Hydrogeology : Zones of aeration and saturation, water table and potentiometric
surfaces, Porosity, Permeability, Darcys law, Aquifer, Aquiclude, Aquitard, Aquifuge, types of
aquifers confined and unconfined, hydraulic head and groundwater flow directions. Aquifer
parameters - Transmissivity, Storativity, Specific yield and Hydraulic conductivity. Pumping
tests - objectives, layout of the test and measurements.
Chemical Hydrogeology : Chemical composition of groundwater, groundwater sampling
and graphical presentation of hydrochemical data.

Contaminant Hydrogeology : Water quality standards, groundwater pollution, Transport of

contaminants in groundwater, Sources of groundwater contamination, Saline water intrusion
in coastal aquifers.
Groundwater Exploration : Groundwater Investigation Techniques - Electrical resistivity
method and Self potential method; Well logging, Use of satellite-imageries and GIS in
groundwater exploration. Drilling techniques and well development.
Groundwater Management : Dynamic and Static resources, Water balance equations,
Artificial recharge and recovery schemes, Conjunctive use, Role of Geoinformatics in
groundwater management.
National Groundwater Status : Status of groundwater resources in India, Groundwater
provinces of India, Hydrogeochemical provinces of India, Groundwater conditions in Kerala.
References:
1. Ground Water Hydrology - Todd, D.K, , Willy.
2. Ground Water Assessment, Development and Management - Karanth. K. R., Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.
3. Hydrogeology, Principles and Practice Kevin Hiscock, Blackwell Publishing.
4. Hydrology in Practice Elizabeth M.Shaw, Chapman and Hall.
5. Hydrogeology - Davis and De Wiest, John Wiley and Sons
6. Groundwater - Allan Freeze. R and John.A. Cherry, Prentice Hall Inc.
7. Ground Water - Raghunath, H.M., New Age International Publishers.
8. Fundamentals of Groundwater Franklin W. Schwartz and Hubao Zhang, John
Wiley and Sons

GOL. 542

HYDROGEOLOGY PRACTICAL
(1 Credit)

Analysis of rain fall data

Determination of porosity values
Water Quality diagrams
Calculation of irrigation water quality
Groundwater recharge estimation
Analysis of ground resistivity data
References:

1. Ground Water Assessment, Development and Management - Karanth. K. R., Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.
2. Ground Water - Raghunath, H.M., New Age International Publishers.
3. Ground Water Hydrology - Todd, D.K, , Willy.
4. Hydrogeology, Principles and Practice Kevin Hiscock, Blackwell Publishing.
5. Hydrology in Practice Elizabeth M.Shaw, Chapman and Hall.
6. Hydrogeology - Davis and De Wiest, John Wiley and Sons
7. Groundwater - Allan Freeze. R and John.A. Cherry, Prentice Hall Inc.
8. Fundamentals of Groundwater Franklin W. Schwartz and Hubao Zhang, John
Wiley and Sons

GOL. 543 ECONOMIC MINERAL DEPOSITS

(2 Credits)
Mineral resources of the sea sources of sea minerals, sea water, Extraction of elements,
continental shelves, Deposits under the surficial sediments of the continental shelves, deposits
in the deep sea floor
Law of the sea Exclusive economic zone, International sea bed area.
National mineral policy
Strategic, Critical and Essential minerals of India.
Clay Deposits: Origin and Mineralogy, china clay deposits of Kerala
Iron deposits Mineralogy, classification of iron-ore deposits, grades of iron ore, geological
distribution in India, Iron deposits of Kerala.

Manganese deposits types, grades, mineralogy, uses, origin and type of deposits,
Occurrence of manganese ore deposits in India
Bauxite deposits specifications, bauxite classification based on shape and origin, Salient
features of the bauxite occurrence in India.
Lead and Zinc deposits Varieties, Origin and occurrence
Copper deposits Origin and classification of ore, Distribution of copper deposits in India.
Nuclear fuels Uranium, Thorium
Placer deposits of Kerala General geologic and geomorphic setting, Ilmenite and rutile,
monazite, Zircon, Sillimanite, Garnet, origin of Chavara Placer deposits, silica sands
References
1) Mineral Economics Sinha and Sharama
2) Economic Mineral Deposits Umeswar Prasad
3) Mineral Resources of India Banerjee
4) Geology of Kerala K.Soman
GOL. 544

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PRACTICAL

(1 Credit)

Megascopic study of ore minerals.

Various mining methods: Alluvial mining, Open Cast mining , Underground mining, Coal
mining, Sea bed mining.
Maps of mineralisation.
Fundamentals of ore dressing: Crushing, grinding, sizing, concentration by washing,
scrubbing, jigging, tabling, floatation. Magnetic and Electrostatic separation.
References
1) Mineral Economics Sinha and Sharama
2) Economic Mineral Deposits Umeswar Prasad
3) Mineral Resources of India Banerjee
GOL. 545

MODERN SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS

(2 Credits)

Facies Facies construction. Interpretation of facies. Factors controlling nature and

distribution of facies.
Alluvial Sediments Present day Alluvial fans.
Present day Pebbly braided rivers and Humid fans.
Present day Sandy low sinuosity rivers.

Present day Meandering streams.

River Channel areas, Ancient Alluvial Sediments.
Changing Alluvial Systems and their control.
Lakes Present day lakes, Ancient lake Sediments.
Desert Present day desert, Ancient desert sediments.
Deltas Conceptual framework, Delta model, Facies association in modern deltas, Ancient
deltaic succession.
Clastic Shore lines Modern beaches and barrier islands, Cheniers, Modern estuaries
Modern tidal flats. Ancient estuaries and tidal flat associations.
Shallow Siliciclastic Seas Modern Siliciclastic Shelf Models.
Sequence Stratigraphy
Tectonic Significance in basic fill.
References:
(1)

Sedimentary Environment ad facies. Ed. H.G. Reading.

(2)
Analysis of Sedimentary Succession. Ajith Bhattacharya & Chanda
Chakraborty.
GOL. 599 DISSERTATION
(6 Credits)
GOL.501 SURVEYING
(1 Credit)

Introduction : Processes involved in Surveying, Objectives of survey, Different units of

measurement
Sextants : Determination of angles by using sextants.
Chain Survey : Running the survey line, Plotting the survey, Chain surveying.
Plane Table Survey : Different Plane Table survey methods, Plane Table Surveying.
Levelling : The Dumpy level : Permanent and temporary adjustments of the Dumpy.
Dumpy Level surveying
The Theodolite : Parts and components, Theodolite adjustments.

GOL.502

METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

(2 Credits)

Meteorology
Atmosphere : Composition and thermal structure of the atmosphere, Insolation and Heat
Budget, Temperature distribution, Air pressure and Pressure belts.
Wind: Fundamental forces affecting wind, Atmospheric circulation patterns.
Weather : Air masses, Monsoon systems, Cyclones, Anticyclones.
Cloud: Formation and classification, types of atmospheric precipitation, Artificial

precipitation.
Oceanography
Composition of sea water: Major, minor and trace elements in sea water.
Waves : Wave characteristics, Small amplitude ocean waves, Wave height, Wave period.
Origin, growth and propagation of wind waves, tidal waves, standing waves and internal
waves.
Ocean Currents : Formation of currents, Thermohaline circulation, Ekman spiral and
Ekman transport, Upwelling and sinking.
Tides : Formation and different types, Measurement of Tides.
References:
1.
D.S. Lal, Climatology , Sharda Pusthak Bhavan, 11, University Road, Allahabad.
2.
Atmosphere, weather and Climate, K.Siddhartha, Kisalaya Publications Pvt.Ltd.
3.
Meteorology, Moran,J.M, Morgan, M.D and Pauley P.M., Prentice Hall.
4.
Oceanography A Brief Introduction, K.Siddhartha, Kisalaya Publishers Pvt.Ltd.,
New Delhi
5.
Picard, G.L. (1982) Descriptive Physical Oceanography, Oxford- Pergamon.

GOL.503

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
(2 Credits)

Philosophy and Concept of Watershed: Ecosystem management and Cumulative effects,

Effects of watershed on the community, Major objectives of watershed management.
Principles of watershed management : Delineating the Watershed, Natural processes at
work in Watershed, Multi disciplinary approach in watershed management, Participatory
Resources Mapping and Appraisal, Benefits of Watershed approach.
Engineering measures for soil conservation: Rain fall parameters, Types of soil erosion,
Contour bunding, Surplusing structures, Contour and Staggered trenching, Gully control
structures, Graded bunding, Bench terracing, Land leveling and Grading,
Water Conservation and Harvesting : Water conservation methods for crop land,
Treatment of catchments, Small storage structures, Developing groundwater, Water
harvesting, etc.
Monitoring and Evaluation : Designing a watershed monitoring system, Designing a
watershed evaluation system, Various monitoring tools ecological, technical and
economic.
References:
1. Integrated Watershed Management - Rajesh Rajora, Rawat Publications, New

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Delhi.
Watershed Management : Guidelines for Indian Conditions Tideman.E.M.,
Omega Scientific Publishers.
Watershed : Development, Management and Technology - Suresh Lal, Mangal
deep Publications
Watershed Based Development : A source Book - Shas Paranjape et al , Bharat
Gyan Vigyan Samithi, New Delhi
Soil and Water Conservation Engineering - Suresh. R, Standard Publishers and
Distributors, Delhi.
Soil and Water Conservation Structures in Watershed Development Programmes
-Kakade. B.K., BAIF Development Research Foundation, Pune.
GOL.504 PETROLEUM AND COAL GEOLOGY
(2 Credits)

Varieties and Ranks of Coal

Chemical composition of Coal
Proximate and Ultimate analysis of coal, unit coal
Physical properties of coal,
Causes of coalification, Schurmann's and Hilts rule
Periods of coal formation,
Stages in coal formation humificaion and coalification processes.
Origin of coal seams insitu and drift theory
Structure of coal seams
Petrography of coal Stope's classifiacion
Macerals classification, application of coal petrography, coke and uses of coke
Geology of the Raniganj and Jharia Coal Fields. Neyveli lignite fields.
PETROLEUM - Geographic and stratigraphic distribution of petroleum,
Petroleum Classification, Physical properties of petroleum, Chemistry of petroleum,
Organic Origin of petroleum, source beds, Transformation of organic matter to petroleum
Migration - Primary and Secondary migration,
Accumulation of oil
Reservoir rocks - Classification of reservoir rocks, Cap rocks or roof rocks,
Oil Traps Structural traps, Stratigraphic traps and Combination traps, Salt domes.
Petroleum accumulation as related to marine transgression and regression.
Geology of the important petroliferous basins in India Bombay, Cauvery, Assam.
References
1)
Elements of Petroleum Geology Richard C. Shelly
2)
Oil and Gas fields of India Lakshman Sing
3)
Introduction to the geology of Coal and Indian Coal fields Sharma and Ram
4)
Introduction to Indias economic Minerals N.L.Sharma and K.S.V. Ram

GOL. 505

GEOINFORMATICS

(2 Credits)
Digital Image Processing: Image rectification and restoration, image enhancement, contrast
manipulation, multi-image manipulation, image classification, data merging.
Global Positioning System : Overview of GPS and its applications.
Fundamentals of GIS : Basic concepts, Spatial data and non spatial data, Components of
GIS.
Spatial Data : Spatial entities, Spatial referencing, Topology, Raster and Vector data.
Data Input and Editing: Data Sources, Scanning, Digitizing, Georeferencing, GCPs,
Coordinate Conversion, Data Editing Detecting and correcting errors, transformation &
Generalization, Edge matching and rubber sheeting.
Spatial Data Modelling: Raster data structures, Vector data structures, layer based
approach.
Data Analysis : Measurements in GIS, Queries, Reclassification, Buffering and
neighbourhood analysis, Integrating data by map overlay.
References:
1. An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems- Ian Heywood, Sarah
Cornelius and Steve Carver, Longman Limited.
2. GIS - Fundamentals, Applications and Implementations Elangovan, New India
Publishing Agency.
3. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System A.M.Chandra and
S.K.Ghosh, Narosa Publishing House.
4. Geographic Information system for Geoscientists- Modelling with GIS , Graeme F.
Bonham and Carter, Elsevier.
5. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, Lillisand, T. M. & Kiefer, R.W., Willy &
Sons.
GOL.506

FIELD GEOLOGY
(1 Credit)

3 to 4 sessions of field visit s to sites of geological interest relevant to courses.

GOL. 507

PRECAMBRIAN GEOLOGY
(2 Credits)

The concept of the Precambrian. Distinguishing features and classification of the

Precambrian. The Problem of the base of the Cambrian.
Rarity of fossils in the Precambrian and its reasons. Models for the origin and early stages of
evolution of life. Evolution of Precambrian atmosphere. Precambrian stromatolites, their

status as time markers and classification of the Late Proterozoic. Organic remains in the
Precambrian rocks of S. India.
Principles of isotope dating. Uranium - thorium - lead methods. Concordia and common
lead methods. Potassium - argon method. Argon gain, argon loss and their effects.
Ar40 - Ar30 method. Rubidium - strontium method. Whole rock and isochron methods.
Strontium loss. Samarium - neodymium method. Rubidium - Strontium and Samarium neodymium ratios and their significance. Fission track dating. 14C dating.
Preparation of samples for dating. Suitability of minerals for dating. Interpretation of
isotope dates. Limitations of
isotope dating. Distribution of dates in space and time.
Chelogenic and orogenic cycles. Dates from India.
Models for the evolution of Precambrian crust. Cratons, shields and mobile belts. Lowgrade and high-grade errains. Evolution of greenstone belts. Evolution of mobile belts.
Evolution of Karnataka craton. Precambrian evolution of Kerala. Wynad and Vengad
Groups. Vindhyan and Cuddapah Supergroups.
References
1.
Archaean Geology, C.S.Pichamuthu, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhii
2.
Precambrian Geology of India, S.Mahmood Naqvi and John.J.W.Rogers, Oxford
University Press.
3.
Studies in Precambrians, C.Naganna (Ed.), Bangalore University.
4.
Precambrian of South India, S.M.Naqvi and J.J.w.Rogers (Eds.), Geological
Society of India.

GOL. 508

FIELD GEOLOGY
(I Credit)

3 to 4 sessions of field visit s to sites of geological interest relevant to courses.

GOL. 509 TERM PAPER
(1 Credit)
Preparation of a review paper (of at least 3000-4000 words length) on a topic, and
adjudicated by a team of 3 teachers of the Department.
GOL. 5010

COMPUTATIONAL GEOLOGY PRACTICAL

(1 Credit)

Geological applications of Central Tendency and Dispersion

Correlation: Linear correlation and Multiple correlation, Geological applications of
Correlation analysis.

Regression: Linear regression and Multiple regression. Geological applications of

Regression analysis.
Moments method.
Applications of softwares in Geology
References:
1.
Williams. R.B.G (1984) Introduction to Statistics For Geographers and Earth
Scientists, Mac Millan Publishing LTD, London
2.
Miller and Khan, Statistical analysis in the geological sciences, John Wiley and
Sons, New York
3.
Marsal.D, Statistics for Geoscientists, Pergamon Press, New York
4.
Gupta .S.C, Fundamentals of Statistics, Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay
GOL. 5011

TERM PAPER

(1 Credit)
Preparation of a review paper (of at least 3000-4000 words length) on a topic, and
adjudicated by a team of 3 teachers of the Department.
GOL. 5012

FIELD GEOLOGY
(1 Credit)

3 to 4 sessions of field visit s to sites of geological interest relevant to courses.

GOL. 5013

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
(2 Credits)

Deformation: Translation Rotation Dilation Destortion . Deformation and changes in

length and angle. Rheology. Geological significance of displacements. Deformation
mechanisms and processes: Cataclastic flow pressure solution intracrystalline deformation
recrystallisation diffusion grain boundary sliding.
Principles of displacement and strain. Homogeneous and heterogeneous strain. Finite strain
theory. Stress-Strain diagrams. Factors affecting stress-strain relations. Concept of strain
ellipse. Rapid methods of strain determination. Strain analysis- analysis of strain in linear,
initially circular/spherical objects. Various methods of strain analysis. Strain partitioning.
Strain in three dimensions.
Simple and pure shear. Shear zones - geometry and classification. Shear indicators. Shear
zone rocks - Mylonites and fragmental rocks produced by shearing. Shear sense indicators,
Stress-strain relationships in different types of shear zones. Deep crustal fluids and shear
zones. Shear zones of south India
Fabric development: Progressive deformation. Rotation , pressure solution, recrystallisation

and plastic deformation of grains. Microfabric analysis sampling techniques. Modern

techniques in microstructural analysis 4-axes Universal stage X-ray texture goniometry
Transmissiom Electron Microscopy SEM-EBSD. Fabric symmetry Cryatallographic
Preferred Orientation Lattice Preferred Orientation. Kinematic analysis.
References:
1.
Dennis, J.G., 1987. Structural Geology: an introduction. Wm.C.Brown Publishers,
Dubuque P.437.
2. Ramsay, J.G., 1967. Folding and fracturing of rocks. Mc. Graw Hill, New York, P.563.
3.
Ramsay, J.G. and Huber, M., 1983. The techniques of modern structural geology.
Academic Press, London, V.1.P.305.
4.
Davis, G. H., 1984. Structural Geology of rocks and regions. John Wiley & Sons, New
York, P.492.
5.
Passchier, C.W. and Trouw, R. A. J., 1996. Microtectonics. Springer, Berlin, P.289.
6.
Hancock, P. L., 1994. Continental Deformation. Pergamon Press, New York, P.421.
7.
Marshak, S. and Mitra, G., 1988. Basic Methods of Structural Geology. Prentice Hall,
New Jersey, P.446.
8.
Ramsay, J. G., 1980. Shear Zone Geometry : a review. Jour. Struct. Geol., V.2, N.1/2,
PP. 83-99.
9. Sibson, R. H., 1977. Fault Rocks and Fault Mechanisms. Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond., V.133,
PP.191-213.

GOL 51A THE EARTH (EDC)

(1 credit)
Origin and age of Earth
Geological agents and their action
Work of rivers, mountains, volcanoes, earth quakes.
Structure of Earth and Plate tectonics
Earth environment, past life
Minerals and rocks
References
(1) The Earth, John Verhoogen, Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.
(2) Holmes Principles of Physical Geology, D.Duff, Chapman and Hall.
(3) The Earth Sciences, Arthur.N.strahler, Harper & Row Publishers.
(4) Geomorphology by Chorley,. Shumm & Sudgeon.
(5) Dynamic Geology, Peter J. Wyllee, John Wiley and Sons.
GOL 51B REMOTE SENSING (EDC)
(1 credit)
Concepts and foundations of Remote Sensing
Energy sources and radiation principles

Energy Interaction in the atmosphere

Energy interaction in the Earth surface feature
Data acquisition and interpretation
Reference data
An ideal and the real remote sensing system
Earth resources satellites
Application of remote sensing on Environment, Land use, Fisheries, Hydrology, Forest and
Agriculture studies.
References
1. Lillisand, T. M. & Kiefer, R.W., Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, Willy &
Sons.
GOL. 51C

GEOINFORMATICS (EDC)
( 2 Credits)

Characteristics of maps : Scale, resolution and types of maps. Coordinate system, Map
projection.
Remote sensing and Digital Image Processing: Image rectification and restoration, image
enhancement, image classification, data merging.
Global Positioning System : Overview of GPS and its applications.
Fundamentals of GIS : Basic concepts, Spatial data and non spatial data, Components of
GIS.
Spatial Data : Spatial entities, Spatial referencing, Topology, Raster and Vector data.
Data Input and Editing: Data Sources, Scanning, Digitizing, Georeferencing, GCPs,
Coordinate Conversion, Data Editing Detecting and correcting errors, Re-projection,
transformation & Generalization, Edge matching and rubber sheeting.
Spatial Data Modelling: Entity definition, Raster data structures, Vector data structures,
Modelling surfaces, Modelling networks, layer based approach.
Data Analysis : Measurements in GIS, Queries, Reclassification, Buffering and
neighbourhood analysis, Integrating data by map overlay.
References:
1. An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems- Ian Heywood, Sarah
Cornelius and Steve Carver, Longman Limited.
2. GIS - Fundamentals, Applications and Implementations Elangovan, New India
Publishing Agency.
3. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System A.M.Chandra and
S.K.Ghosh, Narosa Publishing House.

4. Geographic Information system for Geoscientists- Modelling with GIS , Graeme F.

Bonham and Carter, Elsevier.
5. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, Lillisand, T. M. & Kiefer, R.W., Willy &
Sons.