Reservoir Geomechanics

Reservoir Geomechanics
In situ stress and rock mechanics applied to reservoir processes

Mark D. Zoback

Professor of Geophysics

Week 1 Lecture 2
The Tectonic Stress Field
Stanford|ONLINE gp202.class.stanford.edu
Outline
Section 1
Basic Definitions
Andersons Stress Classification Scheme
Stress Orientations Near Salt Domes
Section 2
Stress Magnitudes at Depth
HW -1 Calculating Sv
Section 3
Measuring In-Situ Stress
Regional Stress Patterns
Local Stress Perturbations
Figure 1.1 pg.6

Components of a Geomechanical Model

Principal Stresses at Depth
Sv Overburden
SHmax Maximum horizontal
principal stress
Shmin Minimum horizontal
principal stress
Sv
Additional Components of a
Geomechanical Model
UCS
Pp
Shmin
SHmax
Pp Pore Pressure
UCS Rock Strength (from logs)
Fractures and Faults (from Image
Logs, Seismic, etc.)
4
Zoback and Zoback (1980, 1989)

Generalized World Stress Map

180
270
90
180
70
70
35
35
SHmax in
compressional
domain
-35
-35
SHmax and Shmin

in strike-slip
domain
Shmin in
extensional
domain
180
270
90
180
9-2
Complex Stress State Surrounding Salt Domes
Salt Bodies in the Gulf of Mexico
Figure 1.10a pg.25

Schematic Stress Contours
Figure 1.10b pg.25

Anderson Classification of Relative Stress Magnitudes

Sv
Normal
SHmax
Shmin
Shmin
SHmax
a.
Strike-Slip
Sv > SHmax > Shmin

Sv
Shmin
SHmax
Shmin
SHmax > Sv > Shmin
Sv
Reverse
b.
Shmin
shmin
Tectonic regimes are
sv
Normal in terms
defined
of the
SHmax
relationship
between
the vertical stress (Sv)
X
and two mutually
perpendicular
Strike-slip
horizontal
stresses
SHmax
(SHmax
and Shmin)
sHmax
SHmax
Shmin
c.
SHmax > Shmin > Sv
Reverse
Map View
sv
Cross-section
10
Relative Stress Magnitudes and

Faulting Regimes
Regime/Stress
S1
S2
S3
Normal
Sv
SHmax
Shmin
Strike-Slip
SHmax
Sv
Shmin
Reverse
SHmax
Shmin
Sv
Table 1.1 pg.8

11
Anderson 1 Faulting Styles

Sv
Normal
SHmax
Shmin
Shmin
shmin
SHmax
a.
Strike-Slip
Sv > SHmax > Shmin

Sv
Normal
SHmax
Shmin
SHmax
Shmin
SHmax > Sv > Shmin
Sv
Reverse
sv
Strike-slip
b.
SHmax
Shmin
sHmax
SHmax
Shmin
c.
SHmax > Shmin > Sv
Reverse
Map View
sv
Cross-section
Stereonet
12
Anderson 1 Faulting Styles
Normal
Sv
SHmax
Shmin
Shmin
s
Geologic Structures Reflect sEither
Normal
Sv > SHmax > Shmin
a.
Past Sor Current SStressS Fields (or Both)
Strike-Slip
but
X
S
In This Class We are Almost Always
S
Strike-slip
b. Going
SHmax
v > Shmin
to> Sbe
Interested in the
Current Stress State
SHmax
hmin
hmin
Hmax
Shmin
SHmax
Hmax
hmin
Reverse
Sv
sHmax
SHmax
Shmin
c.
SHmax > Shmin > Sv
Reverse
Map View
sv
Cross-section
Stereonet
13
Figures 5.1 a-d pg.141

14
Limiting cases
Radial Extension
Sv >> Shmax = Shmin
Andersons Classification
Normal faulting (NF)
Sv > Shmax > Shmin
Intermediate cases
Normal/Strike-Slip faulting
Sv = Shmax > Shmin
Strike-slip faulting (SS)

Shmax > Sv > Shmax
Strike-Slip/Reverse faulting
Shmax > Sv = Shmin
Reverse faulting (RF)

Shmax > Shmin > Sv
Radial Compression
Shmax =Shmin >> Sv
15
Variations of Regional Stress Magnitudes
Hurd and Zoback (in press)
16
Stress Orientations in North America
17
Anderson 2 Classification of Relative Stress

180
270
90
180
70
70
35
35
SHmax in
compressional
domain
-35
-35
SHmax and Shmin

in strike-slip
domain
Shmin in
extensional
domain
180
270
90
180
9-2
18
Outline
Section 1
Basic Definitions
Section 2
Section 3
19
Anderson 3 Critically Stressed Faults

As much of the crust is in a state of failure equilibrium,
stress magnitudes can be estimated (Chapter 4)
Earthquakes Triggered by Reservoir

Impoundment
20
Limiting cases
Radial Extension
Sv >> Shmax = Shmin
Andersons Classification
Normal faulting (NF)
Sv > Shmax > Shmin
Intermediate cases
Normal/Strike-Slip faulting
Sv = Shmax > Shmin
Strike-slip faulting (SS)

Shmax > Sv > Shmax
Strike-Slip/Reverse faulting
Shmax > Sv = Shmin
Reverse faulting (RF)

Shmax > Shmin > Sv
Radial Compression
Shmax =Shmin >> Sv
21
Range of Stress Magnitudes at Depth

Hydrostatic Pp
Figure 1.4 a,b,c pg.13

22
Range of Stress Magnitudes at Depth

Overpressure at Depth
Figure 1.4 d,e,f pg.13

23
Calculating the Vertical Stress, Sv
SV(z) =
z
-

(z)gdz ~ gz

Considering water depth in offshore areas
Sv(z) = wgzw +
z
(z)gdz ~ wgzw + g(z-zw)

Equation (1.6) pg. 9

24
Visund Field, Northern North Sea
25

Sv
Normal
Shmin
SHmax
a.
Strike-Slip
Sv > SHmax > Shmin

Sv
Shmin
SHmax
Shmin
SHmax
Shmin
SHmax > Sv > Shmin

Sv
Reverse
b.
Shmin
SHmax
Hydraulic Fractures
shmin
Always
Propagate
sv
Normal
Perpendicular
to the
SHmax
Least Principal
Stress, S3
X
In 1948, HF
Strike-slip
Orientations
Were
SHmax
Hotly Debated, Were
They Horizontal,
s
Vertical, Radial? Hmax
Shmin
c.
SHmax > Shmin > Sv
Reverse
Map View
sv
Cross-section
26

Sv
Normal
Shmin
SHmax
a.
Strike-Slip
Sv > SHmax > Shmin

Sv
Shmin
SHmax
Shmin
SHmax
Shmin
SHmax > Sv > Shmin

Sv
Reverse
b.
Shmin
Hydraulic Fractures
shmin
Always
Propagate
sv
Normal
Perpendicular
to the
SHmax
Least Principal
Stress, S3
X
What Happens when
SStrike-slip
hmin ~ Sv?
SHmax
(SS/RF Stress Field)

sHmax
SHmax
Shmin
c.
SHmax > Shmin > Sv
Reverse
Map View
sv
Cross-section
27
Visund Field, Northern North Sea
28
Determining Overburden Stress from Density
Figure 1.3 pg.11

29
Outline
Section 1
Basic Definitions
Section 2
Section 3
30
Horizontal Principal Stress Measurement

Stress Orientation
Stress-induced wellbore breakouts (Ch. 6)
Stress-induced tensile wall fractures (Ch. 6)
Hydraulic fracture orientations (Ch. 6)
Earthquake focal plane mechanisms (Ch. 5)
Shear velocity anisotropy (Ch. 8)
Relative Stress Magnitude
Earthquake focal plane mechanisms (Ch. 5)
Absolute Stress Magnitude
Hydraulic fracturing/Leak-off tests (Ch. 7)
Modeling stress-induced wellbore breakouts (Ch. 7, 8)
Modeling stress-induced tensile wall fractures (Ch. 7, 8)
Modeling breakout rotations due to slip on faults (Ch. 7)
Table 1-2 p. 15
31
Visund Field Orientations
32
Stress Map of Northern North Sea
Figure 1.8 pg.23

33
Ice Retreat Model
34
Modeled Shmin/Sv Compared to Observations
Figure 9.3 pg. 272

35
Visund Field Orientations
36
Modeled SHmax Directions Compared to Observations
37
Seismotectonics of Northern S. America
38
Stress State in Northern S. America
*Light blue arrow indicates relative motion of the Costa Rica-Panama block with respect to the central North Andean
block
Fig. 1.9 p. 24
39
Regional Stress in Western California
Fig. 6.8a,b p. 182

40
Stress Map of Southern San Joaquin
Figure 1.6 pg.21

41
Southern San Joaquin Valley
42
Complex Stress Field in the Elk Hills Field
43
Stress Orientation Rotation

Near Fault at 3100 meters
44
Modeling Fault-Induced Stress Perturbation

at the Wellbore Wall
45
Multi-Scale Stress Perturbations
Figure 11.10 pg. 359
46
depth (m)
Fractal-like Stress Fluctuations
-90
S
azimuth
Hmax
90
-90
90
-90
47
90

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Reservoir Geomechanics

In situ stress and rock mechanics applied to reservoir processes

Figure 1.1 pg.6

Components of a Geomechanical Model

Zoback and Zoback (1980, 1989)

Generalized World Stress Map

SHmax and Shmin

Complex Stress State Surrounding Salt Domes

Salt Bodies in the Gulf of Mexico

Figure 1.10a pg.25

Schematic Stress Contours

Figure 1.10b pg.25

Anderson Classification of Relative Stress Magnitudes

Sv > SHmax > Shmin

SHmax > Shmin > Sv

Relative Stress Magnitudes and

Table 1.1 pg.8

Anderson 1 Faulting Styles

Sv > SHmax > Shmin

SHmax > Shmin > Sv

Anderson 1 Faulting Styles

SHmax > Shmin > Sv

Figures 5.1 a-d pg.141

Strike-slip faulting (SS)

Reverse faulting (RF)

Variations of Regional Stress Magnitudes

Hurd and Zoback (in press)

Stress Orientations in North America

Anderson 2 Classification of Relative Stress

SHmax and Shmin

Anderson 3 Critically Stressed Faults

Earthquakes Triggered by Reservoir

Strike-slip faulting (SS)

Reverse faulting (RF)

Range of Stress Magnitudes at Depth

Figure 1.4 a,b,c pg.13

Range of Stress Magnitudes at Depth

Figure 1.4 d,e,f pg.13

Calculating the Vertical Stress, Sv

Considering water depth in offshore areas

Equation (1.6) pg. 9

Visund Field, Northern North Sea

Anderson Classification of Relative Stress Magnitudes

Sv > SHmax > Shmin

SHmax > Sv > Shmin

SHmax > Shmin > Sv

Anderson Classification of Relative Stress Magnitudes

Sv > SHmax > Shmin

SHmax > Sv > Shmin

(SS/RF Stress Field)

SHmax > Shmin > Sv

Visund Field, Northern North Sea

Determining Overburden Stress from Density

Figure 1.3 pg.11

Horizontal Principal Stress Measurement

Visund Field Orientations

Stress Map of Northern North Sea

Figure 1.8 pg.23

Ice Retreat Model

Modeled Shmin/Sv Compared to Observations

Figure 9.3 pg. 272

Visund Field Orientations

Modeled SHmax Directions Compared to Observations

Seismotectonics of Northern S. America

In situ stress and rock mechanics applied to reservoir processes