Primary Works Cited

Nonperiodicals
A Prayer by Queen Elizabeth I. Print. This prayer was written by Queen Elizabeth and highlights
how she was a devout Protestant. She was dedicated to her subjects and showed tolerance
to Catholics and Puritans in England despite the religious intolerance she encountered
during Queen Mary I's rule. This source showcases how the queen believed herself to be
acting through God's will as she ruled England.

Audiovisual
Adams, Robert. Thamesis Descriptio. 1738. The British Library Board. The British Library.
Web. 30 Jan. 2016. The illustration depicts the defense layout of the ships during the
Anglo-Spanish War, especially during the time period against the Spanish Armada. The
source elaborates on Queen Elizabeth I's ability to organize he troops despite being a
female figure.
Allegory of the Tudor Succession. 1572. Illustration. Lucas de Heere. This depiction shows
Henry VIII's children beside him. His daughter, Mary of Aragon, is chained to her
Spanish counterpart, Phillip II, whereas Elizabeth I is holding hands with what appears to
be an angel of her likeness. The harsh contrast between the two partnerships is a
metaphor for the way both women ruled: one with the hopes of bearing a child and one
with compassion and self-sufficiency.
Archduke Charles II of Austria. Illustration. This source is a portrait of Archduke Charles II of
Austria, who was one of Queen Elizabeth I's suitors. Elizabeth used the courtships of
foreign suitors to form alliances to other countries and strengthen England. She rejected

Archduke Charles II ultimately due to the obstacle of their different religious beliefs; he
was Catholic while she was Protestant.
The Children of Henry VIII. 1545. Illustration. Luminarium: Anthology of English Literature.
This image depicts the automatic male dominance prevalent in English and generally
European society. Although her younger, Elizabeth I's brother, Edward Seymour, is
standing next to his father very boldly as he was the first in line for succession. He was a
very sickly child, always pale and drooping, but the illustrator would not have been able
to paint him in his actual state.
Cover of Christian Prayers: Queen Elizabeth I Praying. Image. This image displays Queen
Elizabeth I in prayer. This source underscores the devotion the queen had to her religious
beliefs despite the harsh criticisms she faced from Puritans. She acknowledged her faults
and remained dedicated to being God's vessel in ruling her country.
Duke Francis of Alencon. Illustration. This source is a portrait of Duke Francis of Alencon who
was Queen Elizabeth's last suitor. Most of Elizabeth's councilors opposed the match
despite her genuine delight in courting Duke Francis as Elizabeth's marriage would affect
all of England. The queen would ultimately reject her last suitor but she did play the
marriage game for a while longer with Duke Francis who was French in order to warn
King Philip II of Spain from trying to threaten England.
Elizabeth I. 1560. Illustration. Slightly older in this portrait, Elizabeth I still holds onto a holy
book with a look of determination and intrigue.
Elizabeth I Addressing Troops at Tilbury. Photograph. University of Kent. This illustration
depicts an extremely heroic, powerful, all-withstanding Elizabeth. A queen that goes into

battle disproves the feebleness of the female sex and specifically Elizabeth's dominating
characteristics.
Elizabeth I and Robert Dudley. Image. This image of Queen Elizabeth and Robert Dudley
highlights one of Elizabeth's courtships with an Englishman. The first Earl o Leicester,
Robert Dudley was a close friend of Elizabeth I. He was one of Elizabeth's favorite
suitors and as she never fully rejected him, he was her suitor and supporter of many
years.
Elizabeth I as Princess. 1550. Illustration. Yale Center for British Art. This image is another
portrait of Elizabeth I that is speculated to have been circulated through the common
people for them to be able to identify their queen.
Elizabeth I in a Golden Chariot. 1507. Illustration. British Library. This source is credible as it
was acquired from a national British archive, as it also mentions that the illustration is
clearly biased. The illustration was passed on as being royal propaganda, portraying the
queen as a goddess to convince the English people of her duty as God's instrument.
Elizabeth I's Bishop's Bible. Photograph. Folger Shakespeare Lib. This source is a photograph of
Queen Elizabeth's Bible. Religion played a huge role in Elizabeth I's rule as the English
people recovered from Bloody Mary's reign. England's official religion had been Catholic
and Mary I had not been tolerant of other religious beliefs. After having encountered
Queen Mary's rule Queen Elizabeth changed the official religion to Protestant and
welcomed a an era of religious tolerance to promote peace in England.
The English Fleet gives battle to the Spanish Armada: A Spanish galeas occupies the foreground,
an English race" galleon to her left and right. English ships carry the red cross of St
George on a white background. British Battles. British Battles. British Battles. Web. 28

Jan. 2016. This particular painting portrays the intensity of the battles during the AngloSpanish War, especially the battle against the Spanish Armada. By portraying such an
event, the painting helped us in understanding how much relations had intensified
between Spain and England during Queen Elizabeth the First's rule.
The Family of Henry VIII. 1543. Illustration. The Royal Collection. This illustration conveys the
obvious preference King Henry VIII had for his son and the woman from whom he was
born. Elizabeth I and her sister, Mary of Aragon, stand to the side, having no real
acknowledgement from their father as they were girls and supposedly ineligible for the
throne.
Gheeraerts, Marcus. Queen Elizabeth I ('The Ditchley portrait'). 1592. National Portrait Gallery,
London 2016. National Portrait Gallery. Web. 23 Jan. 2016. The painting of Queen
Elizabeth the First portrays her standing on top of the world, with contrasting skies on her
right and left. The symbolism in the painting highlights the assertive nature of the Queen,
who is also emphasized as a sovereign who is unlike the feminine identity who many
believe her to be.
"The Hampden Portrait", 1563. Illustration. Philip Mould Fine Paintings. This portrait depicts
Elizabeth I in the early years of her monarchy, standing alone and holding the Tudor rose.
Although King Henry VIII, beheaded her mother, her grasping onto the symbol of her
family shows that she still has a respect for father.
The Invincible Armada in 88. 1588. The British Library. The British Lib. Board. The British
Library. Web. 31 Jan. 2016. This illustration depicts the formation of the Spanish
Armada, as well as some symbolism with England's forces portrayed as the "friendly

wind." The source depicts the fierceness of the English forces during the Anglo-Spanish
War as well as Queen Elizabeth the First's support for the war effort.
King Philip II. Illustration. This source is a portrait of King Philip of II of Spain who was Mary
I's widower. King Philip extended a proposal to Queen Elizabeth which she neither
initially rejected nor accepted. Elizabeth used her courtships to solidify relations with
other countries. She ultimately rejected King Philip's courtship because he was Catholic
and Bloody Mary's former husband.
Mary Queen of Scots. Illustration. Scottish National Gallery. This source is a portrait of Mary
Stuart, Queen of Scots, who was Queen Elizabeth's cousin. After being forced to abdicate
in 1567, Mary I of Scots sought Elizabeth I's protection. Mary was a threat to Queen
Elizabeth's rule as some Catholics plotted to put Mary on the English throne. At the
urging of her councilors, Elizabeth arrested her cousin to prevent further risk to her
Protestant reign.
Miniature of the Coronation Portrait. 1600. Illustration. This illustration captures Elizabeth's
likeness on the day of her coronation. Crown and scepter in hand, at the young age of 25,
Elizabeth I displays a mixture of innocence and leadership.
Pope Pius V. Illustration. Catholic Tradition Gallery. This primary source is an image of Pope
Pius V. He excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I from the Roman Catholic Church which
demonstrates some of the difficulties Queen Elizabeth faced on the issues regarding
religion during her rule. The queen strove to implement religious reforms that were
tolerant to Catholics but opposition to her authority from Pope Pius V led to the
punishment of English Catholics who opposed her.

Princess Elizabeth. 1547. Illustration. The Royal Collection. Draped in an elegant gown,
Elizabeth is illustrated before her entry into monarchy. She appears very indifferent if not
upset. At this point in her life, she was in fact banished by her father as his illegitimate
daughter. She was constantly awaiting acknowledgement from King Henry.
Queen Elizabeth I. 1575. Illustration. Duke of Beaufort. The queen is seen with a large cross
around her neck, showing her religious neutrality. She shows neither supremely
Protestant nor Catholic inclinations although she proclaims a strong belief in God.
Queen Elizabeth I at Tilbury addressing her soldiers. British Battles. British Battles. British
Battles. Web. 28 Jan. 2016. The painting of Queen Elizabeth the First addressing her
Tilbury speech portrays the Queen's assertive, leadership qualities. The source
contributed to the exploration of ruling England, especially the section in which we
examined her exploration of combat tactics.
Queen Elizabeth I in Parliament. 1601. Illustration. History of Parliament. This illustration
depicts Queen Elizabeth I commanding her court. She is larger than every other body in
the illustration, implying that she was a powerful and confident leader.
"Queen Elizabeth I's Farewell Speech." The National Archives UK. Web. 1 Feb. 2016. One more
handwritten document, Elizabeth I's Farewell Speech is notably one of the most
significant. To see it beautifully laid out and scripted enforces the perception of Queen
Elizabeth I as royalty.
Queen Elizabeth's Coronation Procession. Coll of Arms. Luminarium: Anthology of English
Literature. Web. 1 Feb. 2016. The script on the illustration describes the footmen and the
guards protecting the queen and always keeping her litter regal. The illustration of a large

number of servants serves as a reminder as Elizabeth I's prerogative over the common
people of England.
"The Queen's Speech in Parliament." British Library Lansdowne. 1563. Web. 1 Feb. 2016. This
is an image of the queen's actual handwriting of the queen's speech to parliament. In this
speech, she pleads with Parliament for them to acknowledge her counsel and planning
rather than propose policies in the nature of self-interest. She has messily written notes
across the parchment, indicating her rapid and deep thought as well as speaking prowess.
Woodcut of a ship believed to be the Ark Royal. The British Library. The British Lib. Board. The
British Library. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. The image of the ship depicts one of many English
technological and military advancements. Queen Elizabeth the First was able to stimulate
these changes in order to increase her kingdom's chances of winning against the Spanish
Armada. In the end, her decision to build these ships contributed to the English victory
over the Spanish.

Unpublished & other sources

"Act of Supremacy." MS. The Act of Supremacy was passed when Elizabeth I was crowned
Queen of England. This act was a continuation of her father's previous Act of Supremacy
in 1534. Queen Elizabeth passed this the supremacy act during her Religious Settlement
to declare herself the supreme head of the Church of England. This underlines how
though she faced challenges to her power due to her gender, she was confident in her
ability to have the authority needed to rule.
"Act of Uniformity." MS. The Act of Uniformity established the Book of Common Prayer to be
the legal form of worship in England. This act allowed Catholics and Protestants to use

the same book when practicing their disparate religions. In the Religious Settlement, this
act allowed Queen Elizabeth to be tolerant of Catholics meanwhile also letting the
English people to remain united as countrymen.
"Anonymous Spanish writes to Queen Elizabeth the First." Letter. 1601. British History Online.
U of London. British History Online. Web. 31 Jan. 2016. The letter provides a
characterization of the Spanish King, Philip II. By showing how power-hungry the King
is and depicting his need to preserve his own power, King Philip's characterization can be
contrasted with that of Queen Elizabeth I's. Thus, the source helped to compare the
Queen with other rulers of her time period.
Charter of the East India Company granted by Queen Elizabeth the First. 1600. The British
Library. The British Lib.Board. The British Library. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. The charter
granted by Queen Elizabeth the First helped us identify the Queen's decision to expand
trade beyond the domestic boundaries of England. By establishing this charter, the Queen
was able to initiate the exploration of regions beyond England's comfort zone. This
ultimately showed the Queen's capability of making prompt, effective decisions.
Elizabeth I of England. "Farewell Speech." 1601. Speech. Queen Elizabeth I's Farewell Speech
marks the end of her tremendous reign. She acknowledges her duty as sovereign and
extends her appreciation for the support eventually given to her by her court. The queen
also claims that her reign has been for the welfare of the people, not for any powerseeking motives. This primary source relays Elizabeth's personal feelings regarding her
queenship and displays her rhetorical prowess. From this source, we were able to
understand the way Elizabeth was perceived and also her sacrifice.

Elizabeth the First. "Elizabeth I's Tilbury speech." 1588. The British Library. The British Lib.
Board. The British Library. Web. 29 Jan. 2016. This speech in particular helped in
characterizing Queen Elizabeth's ability to convince her people and increase her country's
nationalism. In addition, the speech is a prime example of the Queen's ability to make
decisions, which also serves as an example of her exploring options to manage her
kingdom.
- - -. "Letter from Queen Elizabeth the First to King James VI of Scotland." Letter to King James
VI. 5 Jan. 1603. Prodigi. Magnolia Box. Web. 31 Jan. 2016. This particular image of the
Queen's letter to King James VI of Scotland outlined Queen Elizabeth the First's ability to
negotiate with other foreign rulers. By establishing a political relationship with other
male rulers, the Queen was able to persuade the sovereigns that she was also an assertive
Queen, capable of the same actions a King might also execute.
- - -. "Queen Elizabeth I to King James VI." Letter to King James VI. 12 Jan. 1602. British
History Online. U of London. British History Online. Web. 31 Jan. 2016. This letter is
also an example of Queen Elizabeth's ability to negotiate with other sovereigns. By
discussing certain conflicts regarding foreign affairs, the Queen is able to emphasize her
ability to manage her kingdom as well as other international problems.
"Pope Pius V's Bull against Queen Elizabeth I. MS. This papal document was how Pope Pius V
excommunicated Queen Elizabeth from the Roman Church. In this primary source,
England's Catholics were forbidden by the pope to obey the queen's rule. This document
disrupted the religious peace Queen Elizabeth was trying to promote so she punished
those who tried to oppose her power as monarch. The bull against the queen threatened

her power but it showed her strength and conviction to be tolerant when other religious
groups upheld England's peace.
Strong, Peter. "Peter Strong to Anonymous." Letter. 1601. British History Online. U of London.
British History Online. Web. 31 Jan. 2016. The letter written by Peter Strong
characterizes the poor decisions made by the Spanish and their King, Philip II. The
letter's characterization of the Spanish, which was during the Anglo-Spanish War,
allowed us to use it as a basis for comparing Queen Elizabeth the First with King Philip
II.
Wolsey, Cf. "The Amicable Grant." 1525. Speech. The Amicable Grant was proposed by Cf.
Wolsey as a way to force loans between the populace and the church, although it was
presented as an act of kindness by Wolsey. This is an example of the "real politics"
Elizabeth I faced in the light of her male dominated Parliament, as she opposed the grant.
This is a primary source and although the grant itself shows bias, the source is credible
and is from Wolsey himself and the British National Archives.