Stokes Theorem

The Stokes Theorem. (Sect. 16.
7)
The curl of a vector field in space.
The curl of conservative fields.
Stokes Theorem in space.
Idea of the proof of Stokes Theorem.

Definition
The curl of a vector field F = hF1 , F2 , F3 i in R3 is the vector field

curl F = (2 F3 3 F2 ), (3 F1 1 F3 ), (1 F2 2 F1 ) .
Remark: Since the following formula holds,

i

j
k

curl F = 1 2 3
F 1 F 2 F 3
curl F = (2 F3 3 F2 ) i (1 F3 3 F1 ) j + (1 F2 2 F1 ) k,
then one also uses the notation
curl F = F.

Example
Find the curl of the vector field F = hxz, xyz, y 2 i.
Solution: Since curl F = F, we get,

i

j
k

z =
F = x y
xz xyz y 2

y (y 2 )z (xyz) i x (y 2 )z (xz) j + x (xyz)y (xz) k,

= 2y xy i 0 x j + yz 0 k,
We conclude that
F = hy (2 + x), x, yzi.
The Stokes Theorem. (Sect. 16.7)

Recall: A vector field F : R3 R3 is conservative iff there exists a
scalar field f : R3 R such that F = f .
Theorem
If a vector field F is conservative, then F = 0.
Remark:
I
This Theorem is usually written as (f ) = 0.
The converse is true only on simple connected sets.

That is, if a vector field F satisfies F = 0 on a simple
connected domain D, then there exists a scalar field
f : D R3 R such that F = f .
Proof of the Theorem:

F =

y z f z y f , x z f z x f , x y f y x f

Example
Is the vector field F = hxz, xyz, y 2 i conservative?
Solution: We have shown that F = hy (2 + x), x, yzi.
Since F 6= 0, then F is not conservative.
Example
Is the vector field F = hy 2 z 3 , 2xyz 3 , 3xy 2 z 2 i conservative in R3 ?
Solution: Notice that

i

j
k

y
z
F = x
y 2 z 3 2xyz 3 3xy 2 z 2

= (6xyz 2 6xyz 2 ), (3y 2 z 2 3y 2 z 2 ), (2yz 3 2yz 3 ) = 0.
Since F = 0 and R3 is simple connected, then F is
conservative, that is, there exists f in R3 such that F = f .

Theorem
The circulation of a differentiable vector field F : D R3 R3
around the boundary C of the oriented surface S D satisfies the
equation
I
ZZ
F dr =
C
( F) n d,
S
where dr points counterclockwise when the unit vector n normal to

S points in the direction to the viewer (right-hand rule).
n
S
C
r (t)
r (t)

Example
Verify Stokes Theorem for the field F = hx 2 , 2x, z 2 i on the ellipse
S = {(x, y , z) : 4x 2 + y 2 6 4, z = 0}.
I
ZZ
Solution: We compute both sides in
F dr =
( F) n d.
C
We start computing the circulation

2
integral on the ellipse x 2 + y22 = 1.
We need to choose a counterclockwise
parametrization, hence the normal to S
points upwards.
We choose, for t [0, 2],
z
n
1
r(t) = hcos(t), 2 sin(t), 0i.
Therefore, the right-hand rule normal n

to S is n = h0, 0, 1i.

Example
S = {(x, y , z) : 4x 2 + y 2 6 4, z = 0}.
I
ZZ
Solution: Recall:
F dr =
( F) n d, with
C
r(t) = hcos(t), 2 sin(t), 0i, t [0, 2] and n = h0, 0, 1i.

The circulation integral is:
I
Z 2
F(t) r0 (t) dt
F dr =
0
Z
=
hcos2 (t), 2 cos(t), 0i h sin(t), 2 cos(t), 0i dt.
Z
F dr =
2

cos2 (t) sin(t) + 4 cos2 (t) dt.

Example
S = {(x, y , z) : 4x 2 + y 2 6 4, z = 0}.
I
Z 2

Solution:
F dr =
cos2 (t) sin(t) + 4 cos2 (t) dt.
0
The substitution on the first term u = cos(t) and du = sin(t) dt,

Z 2
Z 1
2
cos (t) sin(t) dt =
u 2 du = 0.
implies
0
F dr =

2 1 + cos(2t) dt.
4 cos (t) dt =
0
Z
Since
I
F dr = 4.
cos(2t) dt = 0, we conclude that

0

Example
S = {(x, y , z) : 4x 2 + y 2 6 4, z = 0}.
I
Solution:
F dr = 4 and n = h0, 0, 1i.
C
We now compute the right-hand side in Stokes Theorem.

z
ZZ
n
1
( F) n d.
I =

i
j

F = x y
x 2 2x
S is the flat surface {x 2 +

k
z
z 2
y2
22
F = h0, 0, 2i.
6 1, z = 0}, so d = dx dy .

Example
S = {(x, y , z) : 4x 2 + y 2 6 4, z = 0}.
I
Solution:
F dr = 4, n = h0, 0, 1i, F = h0, 0, 2i, and
C
d = dx dy .
ZZ
Z
Then,
( F) n d =
2 1x 2
h0, 0, 2i
2 1x 2
h0, 0, 1i dy dx.
The right-hand side above is twice the area of the ellipse. Since we
know that an ellipse x 2 /a2 + y 2 /b 2 = 1 has area ab, we obtain
ZZ
( F) n d = 4.
S
This verifies Stokes Theorem.

Remark: Stokes Theorem implies that for any smooth field F and
any two surfaces S1 , S2 having the same boundary curve C holds,
ZZ
ZZ
( F) n1 d1 =
( F) n2 d2 .
S1
S2
Example
Verify Stokes Theorem for the field F = hx 2 , 2x, z 2 i on any
y2 z2
2
half-ellipsoid S2 = {(x, y , z) : x + 2 + 2 = 1, z > 0}.
2
a
Solution: (The previous example was the case a 0.)
We must verify Stokes Theorem on S2 ,
I
ZZ
F dr =
( F) n2 d2 .
z
n2
n2
S2
C
1
S1
S2

Example
y2 z2
half-ellipsoid S2 = {(x, y , z) : x 2 + 2 + 2 = 1, z > 0}.
2
a
I
ZZ
Solution:
F dr = 4, F = h0, 0, 2i, I =
C
( F) n2 d2 .
S2
S2 is the level surface F = 0 of
n2
n2
S2
C
1
y2 z2
F(x, y , z) = x + 2 + 2 1.
2
a
2
S1
F
n2 =
,
|F|
|F|
|F|
=
2z/a2
|F k|
d2 =
2z/a2
( F) n2 = 2
.
|F|
y 2z E
F = 2x, , 2 ,
2 a
D
( F) n2 d2 = 2.

Example
y2 z2
2
half-ellipsoid S2 = {(x, y , z) : x + 2 + 2 = 1, z > 0}.
2
a
I
F dr = 4 and ( F) n2 d2 = 2.
Solution:
C
Therefore,
ZZ
ZZ
( F) n2 d2 =
2 dx dy = 2(2).
S1
S2
ZZ
( F) n2 d2 = 4, no matter what is
We conclude that
the value of a > 0.
S2

S
Split the surface S into n surfaces Si ,

for i = 1, , n, as it is done in the
figure for n = 9.
C
I
F dr =
C
n I
X
F dri
Ci
'
=
i=1
n I
X
F dri
i=1 C i
n ZZ
X
Zi=1
Z
i the border of small rectangles);

(C
( F) ni dA (Greens Theorem on a plane);
i
R
( F) n d.
'
S
The Divergence Theorem. (Sect. 16.8)
The divergence of a vector field in space.
The Divergence Theorem in space.
The meaning of Curls and Divergences.

Applications in electromagnetism:
I
I
Gauss law. (Divergence Theorem.)

Faradays law. (Stokes Theorem.)

Definition
The divergence of a vector field F = hFx , Fy , Fz i is the scalar field
div F = x Fx + y Fy + z Fz .
Remarks:
I
It is also used the notation div F = F.
The divergence of a vector field measures the expansion

(positive divergence) or contraction (negative divergence) of
the vector field.
A heated gas expands, so the divergence of its velocity field is

positive.
A cooled gas contracts, so the divergence of its velocity field

is negative.

Example
Find the divergence and the curl of F = h2xyz, xy , z 2 i.
Solution: Recall: div F = x Fx + y Fy + z Fz .
x Fx = 2yz,
y Fy = x,
z Fz = 2z.
Therefore F = 2yz x 2z, that is F = 2z(y 1) x.

Recall: curl F = F.

i

j
k

y
z = h(0 0), (0 2xy ), (y 2xz)i
F = x
2xyz xy z 2
We conclude: F = h0, 2xy , (2xz + y )i.

Example
r
Find the divergence of F = 3 , where r = hx, y , zi, and
p
= |r| = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . (Notice: |F| = 1/2 .)
y
z
x
F
=
,
F
=
.
,
y
z
3
3
3

3/2
x Fx = x x x 2 + y 2 + z 2
Solution: The field components are Fx =
x Fx = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
3/2
5/2
3
x x2 + y2 + z2
(2x)
2
1
y2
1
x2
x Fx = 3 3 5 y Fy = 3 3 5 ,
1
z2
z Fz = 3 3 5 .
3
(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
3
2
3
3
F= 3 3
=
3
=
5
3
5
3 3
We conclude: F = 0.

I
I


Theorem
The flux of a differentiable vector field F : R3 R3 across a
closed oriented surface S R3 in the direction of the surface
outward unit normal vector n satisfies the equation
ZZ
ZZZ
F n d =
( F) dV ,
S
where V R3 is the region enclosed by the surface S.
Remarks:
I
The volume integral of the divergence of a field F in a volume

V in space equals the outward flux (normal flow) of F across
the boundary S of V .
The expansion part of the field F in V minus the contraction

part of the field F in V equals the net normal flow of F across
S out of the region V .

Example
Verify the Divergence Theorem for the field F = hx, y , zi over the
sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 .
ZZ
ZZZ
F n d =
( F) dV .
Solution: Recall:
S
We start with the flux integral across S. The surface S is the level
surface f = 0 of the function f (x, y , z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 R 2 . Its
outward unit normal vector n is
n=
f
,
|f |
f = h2x, 2y , 2zi,
p
|f | = 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2R,
1
hx, y , zi, where z = z(x, y ).
R
|f |
R
Since d =
dx dy , then d = dx dy , with z = z(x, y ).
|f k|
z
We conclude that n =

Example
sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 .
1
R
Solution: Recall: n = hx, y , zi, d = dx dy , with z = z(x, y ).
R ZZ
z
ZZ

1
F n d =
hx, y , zi hx, y , zi d.
R
S
S
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ

1
2
2
2
F n d =
x + y + z d = R
d.
R
S
S
S
The integral on the sphere S can be written as the sum of the
integral on the upper half plus the integral on the lower half, both
integrated on the disk R = {x 2 + y 2 6 R 2 , z = 0}, that is,
ZZ
ZZ
R
F n d = 2R
dx dy .
S
R z

Example
sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 .
ZZ
ZZ
R
F n d = 2R
dx dy .
Solution:
z
S
R
Using polar coordinates on {z = 0}, we get
ZZ
Z 2 Z R
R2
r dr d.
F n d = 2
R2 r 2
S
0
0
The substitution u = R 2 r 2 implies du = 2r dr , so,
ZZ
F n d = 4R 2
u 1/2
R2
ZZ
F n d = 2R 2
R 2
1/2
2u
0
(du)
= 2R 2
2
ZZ
R2
u 1/2 du
F n d = 4R 3 .

Example
sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 .
ZZ
F n d = 4R 3 .
Solution:
S
ZZZ
We now compute the volume integral
F dV . The
V
divergence of F is F = 1 + 1 + 1, that is, F = 3. Therefore

ZZZ
ZZZ
4

3
F dV = 3
dV = 3 R
3
V
V
ZZZ
We obtain
F dV = 4R 3 .
V
We have verified the Divergence Theorem in this case.

Example
r
across the boundary of the region
3
between the spheres
of radius R1 > R0 > 0, where r = hx, y , zi,
p
2
and = |r| = x + y 2 + z 2 .
Find the flux of the field F =
Solution: We use the Divergence Theorem

ZZ
ZZZ
F n d =
( F) dV .
S
ZZZ
Since F = 0, then
( F) dV = 0. Therefore
V
ZZ
F n d = 0.
S
The flux along any surface S vanishes as long as 0 is not included

in the region surrounded by S. (F is not differentiable at 0.)
C

I
I


Remarks: The meaning of the Curl and the Divergence of a vector
field F is best given through the Stokes and Divergence Theorems.
I
1
I F = lim
F dr,
S {P } A(S)
C
where S is a surface containing the point P with boundary

given by the loop C and A(S) is the area of that surface.
ZZ
1
F = lim
F nd,
R {P } V (R)
S
where R is a region in space containing the point P with
boundary given by the closed orientable surface S and V (R) is
the volume of that region.

I
I

Applications in electromagnetism: Gauss Law.

Gauss law: Let q : R3 R be the charge density in space, and
E : R3 R3 be the electric field generated by that charge. Then
ZZZ
ZZ
q dV = k
E n d,
R
that is, the total charge in a region R in space with closed

orientable surface S is proportional to the integral of the electric
field E on this surface S.
The Divergence Theorem
relates Zsurface
ZZ
Z Z integrals with volume
integrals, that is,
E n d =
( E) dV .
S
Using the Divergence Theorem we obtain the differential form of

Gauss law,
1
E = q.
k
Applications in electromagnetism: Faradays Law.

Faradays law: Let B : R3 R3 be the magnetic field across an
orientable surface S with boundary given by the loop C , and let
E : R3 R3 measured on that loop. Then
ZZ
I
d
B n d = E dr,
dt
S
C
that is, the time variation of the magnetic flux across S is the
negative of the electromotive force on the loop.
The Stokes
I Theorem
Z Zrelates line integrals with surface integrals,
that is,
E dr =
( E) n d.
C
Using the Stokes Theorem we obtain the differential form of

Faradays law,
t B = E.
Review for Exam 4.
Sections 16.1-16.5, 16.7, 16.8.
50 minutes.
5 problems, similar to homework problems.
No calculators, no notes, no books, no phones.
No green book needed.
Review for Exam 4.
(16.1) Line integrals.
(16.2) Vector fields, work, circulation, flux (plane).
(16.3) Conservative fields, potential functions.
(16.4) The Green Theorem in a plane.
(16.5) Surface area, surface integrals.
(16.7) The Stokes Theorem.
(16.8) The Divergence Theorem.
Line integrals (16.1).

Example
Integrate the function f (x, y ) = x 3 /y along the plane curve C
given by y = x 2 /2 for x [0, 2], from the point (0, 0) to (2, 2).
Z
Solution: We have to compute I = f ds, by that we mean
C
t1
Z
f ds =

f x(t), y (t) |r0 (t)| dt,
t0
where r(t) = hx(t), y (t)i for t [t0 , t1 ] is a parametrization of the

path C . In this case the path is given by the parabola y = x 2 /2, so
a simple parametrization is to use x = t, that is,
D t2 E
r(t) = t,
,
2
t [0, 2]
r0 (t) = h1, ti.
Line integrals (16.1).

Example
Integrate the function f (x, y ) = x 3 /y along the plane curve C
given by y = x 2 /2 for x [0, 2], from the point (0, 0) to (2, 2).
D t2 E
Solution: r(t) = t,
for t [0, 2], and r0 (t) = h1, ti.
2
Z 2 3 p
Z
Z t1
0
t
1 + t 2 dt,
f ds =
f x(t), y (t) |r (t)| dt =
2 /2
t
0
C
t0
Z
Z
f ds =
2t
1 + t 2 dt,
u = 1 + t 2,
du = 2t dt.

2 3/2 5 2 3/2
f ds =
u du = u = 5 1 .
3
3
1
C
1
Z

2
We conclude that
f ds = 5 5 1 .
3
C
1/2
Review for Exam 4.
Vector fields, work, circulation, flux (plane) (16.2).

Example
Find the work done by the force F = hyz, zx, xy i in a moving
particle along the curve r(t) = ht 3 , t 2 , ti for t [0, 2].
Solution: The formula for the work done by a force on a particle
moving along C given by r(t) for t [t0 , t1 ] is
Z
Z t1
W = F dr =
F(t) r0 (t) dt.
C
t0
In this case r0 (t) = h3t 2 , 2t, 1i for t [0, 2]. We now need to
evaluate F along the curve, that is,

F(t) = F x(t), y (t), z(t) = h(t 2 )t, t(t 3 ), (t 3 )t 2 i
We obtain F(t) = ht 3 , t 4 , t 5 i.

Example
Find the work done by the force F = hyz, zx, xy i in a moving
particle along the curve r(t) = ht 3 , t 2 , ti for t [0, 2].
Solution: F(t) = ht 3 , t 4 , t 5 i and r0 (t) = h3t 2 , 2t, 1i for t [0, 2].
The Work done by the force on the particle is
Z 2
Z t1
ht 3 , t 4 , t 5 i h3t 2 , 2t, 1i dt
W =
F(t) r0 (t) dt =
0
t0
2
5
3t + 2t t
W =
Z
dt =
4 6 2 2 6
4t dt = t = 2 .
6 0 3
5
We conclude that W = 27 /3.

Example
Find the flow of the velocity field F = hxy , y 2 , yzi from the point
(0, 0, 0) to the point (1, 1, 1) along the curve of intersection of the
cylinder y = x 2 with the plane z = x.
Solution: The flow (also called circulation) of the field F along a
curve C parametrized by r(t) for t [t0 , t1 ] is given by
Z
Z t1
F dr =
F(t) r0 (t) dt.
C
t0
We use t = x as the parameter of the curve r, so we obtain

r(t) = ht, t 2 , ti,
t [0, 1]
F(t) = ht(t 2 ), (t 2 )2 , t 2 (t)i
r0 (t) = h1, 2t, 1i.

F(t) = ht 3 , t 4 , t 3 i.

Example
Find the flow of the velocity field F = hxy , y 2 , yzi from the point
(0, 0, 0) to the point (1, 1, 1) along the curve of intersection of the
cylinder y = x 2 with the plane z = x.
Solution: r0 (t) = h1, 2t, 1i for t [0, 1] and F(t) = ht 3 , t 4 , t 3 i.
Z
Z t1
Z 1
F dr =
F(t) r0 (t) dt =
ht 3 , t 4 , t 3 i h1, 2t, 1i dt,
t0
1
3
t + 2t t
F dr =
0
Z
dt =
0
2 6 1
2t dt = t .
6 0
5
Z
We conclude that
1
F dr = .
3
C

Example
Find the flux of the field F = hx, (x y )i across loop C given by
the circle r(t) = ha cos(t), a sin(t)i for t [0, 2].
Solution: The flux (also normal flow) of the field F = hFx , Fy i
across a loop C parametrized by r(t) = hx(t), y (t)i for t [t0 , t1 ]
is given by
I
Z t1

F n ds =
Fx y 0 (t) Fy x 0 (t) dt.
t0
Recall that n =
1
hy 0 (y ), x 0 (t)i and ds = |r0 (t)| dt, therefore
0
|r (t)|

1
0
0
F n ds = hFx , Fy i 0
hy (y ), x (t)i |r0 (t)| dt,
|r (t)|

so we obtain F n ds = Fx y 0 (t) Fy x 0 (t) dt.


Example
I
Z t1

Solution:
F n ds =
Fx y 0 (t) Fy x 0 (t) dt.
t0
We evaluate F along the loop,

F(t) = ha cos(t), a cos(t) sin(t) i,
and compute r0 (t) = ha sin(t), a cos(t)i. Therefore,
I
2

a cos(t)a cos(t) a cos(t) sin(t) (a) sin(t) dt
F n ds =
0
2

a2 cos2 (t) + a2 sin(t) cos(t) a2 sin2 (t) dt
F n ds =
0

Example
Solution:
I
Z
F n ds =
2

a2 cos2 (t) + a2 sin(t) cos(t) a2 sin2 (t) dt.
I
F n ds = a

1 + sin(t) cos(t) dt,
2
2 h
i
1
F n ds = a
1 + sin(2t) dt.
2
C
0
Z 2
I
Since
sin(2t) dt = 0, we obtain
F n ds = 2a2 .
0
Review for Exam 4.
Conservative fields, potential functions (16.3).

Example
Is the field F = hy sin(z), x sin(z), xy cos(z)i conservative?
If yes, then find the potential function.
Solution: We need to check the equations
y Fz = z Fy ,
x Fz = z Fx ,
x Fy = y Fx .
y Fz = x cos(z) = z Fy ,
x Fz = y cos(z) = z Fx ,
x Fy = sin(z) = y Fx .
Therefore, F is a conservative field, that means there exists a
scalar field f such that F = f . The equations for f are
x f = y sin(z),
y f = x sin(z),
z f = xy cos(z).

Example
Is the field F = hy sin(z), x sin(z), xy cos(z)i conservative?
If yes, then find the potential function.
Solution: x f = y sin(z), y f = x sin(z), z f = xy cos(z).
Integrating in x the first equation we get
f (x, y , z) = xy sin(z) + g (y , z).
Introduce this expression in the second equation above,
y f = x sin(z) + y g = x sin(z)
y g (y , z) = 0,
so g (y , z) = h(z). That is, f (x, y , z) = xy sin(z) + h(z).

Introduce this expression into the last equation above,
z f = xy cos(z) + h0 (z) = xy cos(z) h0 (z) = 0 h(z) = c.
We conclude that f (x, y , z) = xy sin(z) + c.

Example
Z
Compute I =
y sin(z) dx + x sin(z) dy + xy cos(z) dz, where C

C
given by r(t) = hcos(2t), 1 + t 5 , cos2 (2t)/2i for t [0, 1].

Solution: We know that the field F = hy sin(z), x sin(z), xy cos(z)i
conservative, so there exists f such that F = f , or equivalently
df = y sin(z) dx + x sin(z) dy + xy cos(z) dz.
We have computed f already, f = xy sin(z) + c.
Since F is conservative, the integral I is path independent, and
Z
I =
(1,2,/2)
y sin(z) dx + x sin(z) dy + xy cos(z) dz
(1,1,/2)
I = f (1, 2, /2) f (1, 1, /2) = 2 sin(/2) sin(/2) I = 1.

Stokes Theorem

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Stokes Theorem

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The Stokes Theorem. (Sect. 16.

The curl of a vector field in space.

The curl of conservative fields.

Stokes Theorem in space.

Idea of the proof of Stokes Theorem.

The curl of a vector field in space.

Remark: Since the following formula holds,

The curl of a vector field in space.

The Stokes Theorem. (Sect. 16.7)

The curl of a vector field in space.

The curl of conservative fields.

Stokes Theorem in space.

Idea of the proof of Stokes Theorem.

The curl of conservative fields.

This Theorem is usually written as (f ) = 0.

The converse is true only on simple connected sets.

Proof of the Theorem:

The curl of conservative fields.

The Stokes Theorem. (Sect. 16.7)

The curl of a vector field in space.

The curl of conservative fields.

Stokes Theorem in space.

Idea of the proof of Stokes Theorem.

Stokes Theorem in space.

where dr points counterclockwise when the unit vector n normal to

Stokes Theorem in space.

We start computing the circulation

r(t) = hcos(t), 2 sin(t), 0i.

Therefore, the right-hand rule normal n

Stokes Theorem in space.

r(t) = hcos(t), 2 sin(t), 0i, t [0, 2] and n = h0, 0, 1i.

hcos2 (t), 2 cos(t), 0i h sin(t), 2 cos(t), 0i dt.

Stokes Theorem in space.

The substitution on the first term u = cos(t) and du = sin(t) dt,

cos(2t) dt = 0, we conclude that

Stokes Theorem in space.

We now compute the right-hand side in Stokes Theorem.

Stokes Theorem in space.

This verifies Stokes Theorem.

Stokes Theorem in space.

Stokes Theorem in space.

S2 is the level surface F = 0 of

Stokes Theorem in space.

The Stokes Theorem. (Sect. 16.7)

The curl of a vector field in space.

The curl of conservative fields.

Stokes Theorem in space.

Idea of the proof of Stokes Theorem.

Idea of the proof of Stokes Theorem.

Split the surface S into n surfaces Si ,

i the border of small rectangles);

( F) ni dA (Greens Theorem on a plane);

The Divergence Theorem. (Sect. 16.8)

The divergence of a vector field in space.

The Divergence Theorem in space.

The meaning of Curls and Divergences.

Gauss law. (Divergence Theorem.)

The divergence of a vector field in space.

It is also used the notation div F = F.

The divergence of a vector field measures the expansion

A heated gas expands, so the divergence of its velocity field is

A cooled gas contracts, so the divergence of its velocity field

The divergence of a vector field in space.

Therefore F = 2yz x 2z, that is F = 2z(y 1) x.