Physics

Advanced
Test 4 Particle Physics
Date: 18 January 2016
Time: 1 hour 30 minutes
RAW MARK

PERCENTAGE

LETTER GRADE

Answer ALL questions.

For questions 110 select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box ( ) If you
change your mind, put a line through the box ( ) and then mark your new answer with a
cross

1. The number of neutrons in a nucleus of

A

11

23

12

34

23
11 is

(Total 1 mark)
2. Which of the following is not a valid conclusion from Rutherfords alpha scattering
experiment?
A

Electrons orbit the nucleus in specific distances

The nucleus is charged

The nucleus contains most of the mass of the atom

The nucleus must be very small compared to the atom

(Total 1 mark)

3. The K+ is likely to decay to

A
3. The K+ is likely to decay to
B
C
D
(Total 1 mark)
(Total 1 mark)

4. The Large Hadron Collider is designed to accelerate protons to very high energies for particle
physics experiments.
Very high energies are required to
A

annihilate hadrons

collide hadrons

create particles with large mass

produce individual quarks

(Total 1 mark)

5. A proton enters a particle accelerator. As it emerges from the accelerator its mass is measured
to be 3.8 1029 kg.
It can be concluded that the proton
A

has become a positron

is travelling in a circle

is travelling at non-relativistic speed

is travelling at close to the speed of light

(Total 1 mark)

6. A student suggests that two colliding protons could undergo the interaction
p + p p + n + Which of the following statements is true?
A

The interaction is not possible because charge is not conserved.

The interaction is not possible because the number of particles is not conserved.

The colliding protons must move in opposite directions.

The resulting particles must have a very high value of kinetic energy.
(Total 1 mark)

7. The path followed by an electron of momentum p, carrying charge e, which enters a

magnetic field at right angles, is a circular arc of radius r.
What would be the radius of the circular arc followed by an particle of momentum 3p, which
entered the same field at right angles?
A

1.5 r

3r

6r
(Total 1 mark)

8. The mass in MeV/c2 of a 1.8 10-29 kg positron is

A 10
B 3.2 10-59

A
C 3.3 10-8
10

D 1.0 107

(Total 1 mark)
(Total 1 mark)

9. In a linac, the particles gain kinetic energy because:

the tubes increase in length

mass is converted to energy due to E=mc2

a potential difference is applied across tubes

a magnetic field is presented within each tube

(Total 1 mark)

10. Data at the back of the examination paper can be used with the formula E = c2 m to
calculate
10.
The diagram shows the path of an electron in a bubble chamber.
A the amount of energy in a proton.
B the mass of coal that produces 6 MJ of energy when burnt.
C the energy produced when an electron and a positron annihilate.
D the energy produced0when two protons collide.
t
(Total 1 mark)

(Total 1 mark)

11. The figure shows the path of an electron and a positron in a uniform magnetic field.

(a) State the feature of the paths that shows that the electron has different sign of charge from a
positron.
(1)

(b) State the feature of the paths that shows that the electron and the positron have the same
magnitudes of momentum.
(1)

(c) Calculate the force on the positron as it moves through the uniform magnetic field with a
speed of 1.7 x 107 m/s.
(2)
Magnetic field strength = 0.45 T

Force = N
(Total for Question 11 = 4 marks)

12.
Rutherford carried out experiments in order to determine the structure of atoms.
Alpha particles, with energy of 5 MeV, were directed at thin metal foils.
Describe how these alpha-scattering experiments provided evidence for the existence and
properties of the nucleus.
(5)

(b) State and explain in the proportion of alpha particles which bounce back when the following
changes are made to the experiment.

(i) A thicker foil is irradiated with 5MeV alpha particles.

(2)

(ii) The original gold foil is irradiated with alpha particles of higher energy than 5 MeV.
(2)

(Total for Question 12 = 9 marks)

13. A low-energy particle collides elastically with a stationary particle of the same mass.
The particle enters from the left of the photograph.

(a) State what is meant by collides elastically.

(1)

(b) Sketch a labelled vector diagram to show how the momentum of the initial moving
particle relates to the momenta of the two particles after the collision.
(2)

(c) Use your answers to (a) and (b) to confirm that the angle between the subsequent paths
of both particles must be 90.
(2)

(d) (i) Explain the process by which a proton is given energy in a particle accelerator.

(3)

The diagram shows a collision between a high-energy proton (track from the left) and a stationary
proton in a particle accelerator experiment.

(ii) Explain why the angle between the two paths is not 90.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(e) Deduce the direction of the magnetic field in this particle accelerator experiment.
Circle the correct direction from those given below.

left to right across the paper

(1)

out of the plane of the paper

into the plane of the paper

(Total for Question 13 = 11 marks)

14. Bubble chambers can be used to observe the tracks of charged particles through magnetic
fields. As charged particles pass through the liquid they cause ionisation which triggers the
formation of bubbles, recording the tracks of the particles. The photograph below shows the
spiral track of an electron in a bubble chamber.

(a) State whether the electron is travelling clockwise or anticlockwise.

(1)

(b) Explain why the track is curved, and why it has a spiral shape.

(3)

10

(b) The diagram below shows a second set of tracks, produced by an event which occurs at
point X.

It is thought that the event which occurs at X is:

Photon electron + positron
(i) Give two ways in which the tracks are consistent with this interpretation.
(2)

(ii) Explain how this event obeys two conservation laws.

(2)

(Total for Question 14 = 8 marks)

11

15.

In 1964 the following reaction was observed for the first time. The K particles are kaons (a
type of meson) and X was a new particle.
K + p K0 + K+ + X
Use conservation laws to deduce the nature of particle X in order to underline the correct
words in the sentence below. Show all your working.
Particle X is a meson/baryon/lepton with a charge of 1 / 0 / +1

(4)

(b) Add the quark content of the proton and the K+ to the table.

Particle

Quark content

Su

P
K0

Ds

K+

(2)
(Total for Question 15 = 6 marks)

12

16.

High energy particles used to investigate the structure of matter are produced in
particle accelerators. The diagram shows the main features of a linear accelerator.

(a)(i) An electron is shown between tubes B and C.

The circles on the diagram indicate the terminals of the a.c. supply. Indicate on the
diagram their polarity when the electron is between tubes B and C.
Explain your answer.
(2)

(ii) Explain why it is necessary for the tubes to increase in length along the linac.
(1)

(iii) Explain why the electrons travel with constant velocity whilst in the cylinders.
(2)

13

(b) The Antiproton Decelerator at CERN slows down very high energy antiprotons to produce
anti-atoms such as anti-hydrogen.
The diagram is a representation of a hydrogen atom and an anti-hydrogen atom.

(i) Use the boxes in the diagram to identify the particles in the anti-hydrogen atom.
(1)
(ii) State one difference and one similarity between the hydrogen and anti-hydrogen atom
(2)
Difference:
Similarity:
(iii) State what would happen if a hydrogen atom collided with an anti-hydrogen atom.
(1)

(iv) Explain why it is difficult to store anti-hydrogen atoms compared with anti-protons.
(2)

14

(c) In the early 1960s Murray Gell-Mann proposed a quark model that consisted of three
quarks. The table gives some of the properties of these quarks.
Charge

Predicted mass in MeV/c2

Up (u)

+2/3

Down (d)

-1/3

Strange (s)

-1/3

80

Quark

(i) Explain what is meant by a charge of +2/3

(2)

(ii) State the predicted mass and charge of the quark.

(2)

(iii) Calculate the mass of the quark in kg.

(3)

(Total for Question 16 = 18 marks)

15

17.

A cyclotron can be used to accelerate charged particles.

(a) Explain the purpose of the magnetic and electric field in a cyclotron.

(5)

16

(b) A beam of low-speed protons are introduced into a cyclotron.

(i) Show that the number of revolutions per second, f, completed by the protons is given by
=

Where e is the electronic charge, B is the uniform magnetic flux density within the cyclotron and
m is the mass of the proton.
(3)

(ii) An alternating potential difference is placed across the two dees to increase the energy of the
protons. Explain why the potential difference is used is alternating.
(2)

(iii) Initially, whilst the proton speeds are low, the frequency at which the potential difference
has to alternate is constant. Explain how the frequency must change as the protons gain more and
more energy.
(2)

17

(c) Explain why the energy of the proton cannot be increased indefinitely.
(2)

(Total for Question 17 = 14 marks)

(Total marks for test =80)

18

List of data, formulae and relationships

Acceleration of free fall
Boltzmann constant
Coulombs law constant
Electron charge
Electron mass
Electronvolt
Gravitational constant
Gravitational field strength
Permittivity of free space
Planck constant
Proton mass
Speed of light in a vacuum
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
Unified atomic mass unit

g = 9.81 m s2
k = 1.38 1023 J K1
k = 1/40
= 8.99 109 N m2 C2
e = 1.60 1019 C
me = 9.11 1031 kg
1 eV = 1.60 1019 J
G = 6.67 1011 N m2 kg2
g = 9.81 N kg1
0 = 8.85 1012 F m1
h = 6.63 1034 J s
mp = 1.67 1027 kg
c = 3.00 108 m s1
= 5.67 108 W m2 K4
u = 1.66 1027 kg

Unit 1
Mechanics
Kinematic equations of motion

v = u + at
s = ut + at2
v2 = u2 + 2as

Forces

F = ma
g = F/m
W = mg

Work and energy

W = Fs
Ek = mv2
E grav = mgh

Materials
Stokes law

F = 6 rv

Hookes law

F = kx

Density

= m/V

Pressure

p = F/A

Young modulus

E = / where
Stress = F/A
Strain = x/x

Elastic strain energy

Eel = Fx

(close to Earths surface)

(close to Earths surface)

Unit 2
Waves
Wave speed
Refractive index

v = f
= sin i/sin r = v /v
1 2

Electricity
Potential difference

V = W/Q

Resistance

R = V/I

Electrical power, energy and

efficiency

P = VI
P = I 2R
P = V 2/R
W = VIt
% efficiency =

useful energy output

100
total energy input

% efficiency =

useful power output

total power input

Resistivity

R = l/A

Current

I = Q/t
I = nqvA

Resistors in series

R = R 1 + R 2 + R3

Resistors in parallel

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
R R1 R2 R3

Quantum physics
Photon model

E = hf

Einsteins photoelectric
equation

hf = o/ + mv 2max

100

Unit 4
Mechanics
Momentum

p = mv

Kinetic energy of a
non-relativistic particle

Ek = p2/2m

Motion in a circle

Fields
Coulombs law

v = r
T = 2[i</
F = ma = mv2/r
a = v2/r
a = r2

F = kQ Q /r2 where k = 1/4[i<

1

Electric field

E = F/Q
E = kQ/r2
E = V/d

Capacitance

C = Q/V

Energy stored in capacitor

W = QV

Capacitor discharge

Q = Q 0et/RC

In a magnetic field

F = BIl sin
F = Bqv sin
r = p/BQ

Faradays and Lenzs Laws

= d(No/ )/dt

Particle physics
Mass-energy

E = c2 m

de Broglie wavelength

= h/p

Mark scheme
Question
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Answer

Mark

C
A
B
C
D
A
B
A
C
C

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Question
Number
11.(a)
11. (b)
11. (c)

Answer

Mark

opposite curvature or deflection (1)

same radius or curvature (1)
F = 0.45 x 1.6x10-19 x 1.7x107 (1)
F = 1.2x10-12 (N) (1)

Question
Number
12. (a)

Answer

Mark

most of the alpha particles went through undeflected/undeviated (1)

nucleus much smaller than the atom or atom is mostly empty space (1).
small proportion experience large deflection/deviation (1)
nucleus must be charged (DO NOT ACCEPT positively charged) (1)
most of the mass of atom is in the nucleus (1)
greater proportion deflected (1)
greater chance of close approach to a nucleus (1)
smaller proportion deflected (1)
less time spent near nuclei (1)

12. (b) (i)

12. (b) (ii)

Question
Number
14. (a)
14. (b)
14. (c) (i)

14. (c) (ii)

Answer

Mark

anticlockwise (1)
force perpendicular v (1)
force perpendicular B (1)
electron loses energy or v (1)
Any two from:
photon leaves no track (1)
opposite/different directions of curvatures/spiral [NOT opposite directions without
reference to curve/spiral] (1)
similar/same curvatures/radii/shape (1)
no evidence of any other particles/two tracks only (1)
[Symmetrical scores once under bullet point 2 or 3]
Naming two laws e.g. charge and momentum (1)
Plus any one from:
Q: O = (+1) + (1) (1)
p: p= pe- + pe+ (1)
energy of photon = mass + energy of electron and positron (1)

 L: 0 = (+1) + (-1) (1)

Question
Number
15. (a)
15. (b)

Question
Number
16. (a) (i)

16. (a) (ii)

16. (a) (iii)
16. (b) (i)
16. (b) (ii)
16. (b) (iii)
16. (b) (iv)
16. (c) (i)
16. (c) (ii)
16. (c) (iii)

Answer

Mark

baryon (1) 1 (1)

Q: (1) + (+1) = (0) + (+1) + (X) (1)

B: (0) + (+1) = (0) + (0) + (X) (1)
uud (1)
u s (1)

Answer

Mark

top terminal positive and bottom terminal negative (accept labels added to tubes C +
and B ) (1)
electron is repelled from B and attracted to C (1)
Or (electric) field acts from C to B (1)
Or electron is repelled from and attracted to + if the labels have been added to the
tubes (1)
electron needs to be in each tube for the same time
no electric field inside cylinders (1)
so no force (on electrons) (1)
Top box: anti-electron or positron (1)
Bottom box: anti-proton (1)
opposite nuclear charge or similar (1)
same mass (1)
annihilation (1)
atoms are not charged (1)
magnetic / electric fields have no effect (1)
2/3 charge of an electron (1)
positive charge or opposite charge to electron (1)
4MeV/c2 (1)
+1/3 (e) (1)
4x106 x 1.6x10-19 (1)
divide by (3x188)2 (1)
7.1x10-30kg (1)

18

Question
Number
17. (a)

17. (b) (i)

17. (b) (ii)
17. (b) (iii)
17. (c)

Answer

Mark

Electric fields:
electric field provides force on the charge/proton (1)
gives energy to /work done / E = qV/ accelerate protons (1)
Magnetic fields:
force on moving charge/proton (1)
produces circular path/centripetal force (1)
labelled diagram showing Dees with E field indicated across gap OR B field max 3
through Dees (1)
E field is reversed/alternates (1)
p=mv or r = mv/Be (1)
v = 2r/T or v = r or = Be/m (1)
Use of f = 1/T or /2 (1)
(protons) accelerated / given energy, in the gaps / between Ds/from one D to the other (1)
every half rotation/semicircle later (polarity of Ds) needs a change (1)
relativistic effect / v approaching c/mass increases (1)
so f decreases (1)
protons spiral outwards and hit edge (1)
B=field not strong enough/would need to increase to maintain circular motion (1)
OR
mass increases due to relativistic effects (1)
and f needs to change (1)
mass/energy as v c (1)

14