Complete Solutions Manual For

2/3/2016
COMPLETESOLUTIONSMANUALFOR~
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COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
MANUAL FOR ~
ZILLS
AFIRSTCOURSEIN
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION5
WITHMODELINGAPPLICATIONS
7TIIEDITION
AND
ZILL&CULLENS
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
WITHBOUNDARYVALUEPROBLEMS
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/fawaz/Files204/Books/Differential%2520Equations%2520%2520Zill%2520Cullens%25205th%2520Solution.pdf
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STHEDITION
BROOKS/COLE
____*____
THOMSONLEARNING
AustraliaCanadaMexico'SingaporeSpainUnitedKingdomUnitedStates
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Page3
Page2
TableofContents
IntroductiontoDifferentialEquations
FirstOrderDifferentialEquations
22
ModelingwithFirst~OrderDifferentialEquations
71
HigherOrderDifferentialEquations
104
ModelingwithHigherOrderDifferentialEquations
194
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SeriesSolutionsofLinearEquations
240
TheLaplaceTransform
308
SystemsofLinearFirstOrderDifferentialEquations
370
NumericalSolutionsofOrdinaryDifferentialEquations
430
10
PlaneAutonomousSystemsandStability
458
11
OrthogonalFunctionsandFourierSeries
491
12
PartialDifferentialEquationsandBoundaryValue
ProblemsinRectangularCoordinates
538
13
BoundaryValueProblemsinOtherCoordinateSystems
616
14
IntegralTransformMethod
654
15
NumericalSolutionsofPartialDifferentialEquations
695
Gammafunction
717
IntroductiontoMatrices
718
AppendixI
AppendixII
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1IntroductiontoDifferentialEquations
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Exercises1.1
.Secondorderlinear.
.Thirdordernonlinearbecauseof(dy/dz)4.
.Thedifferentialequationisrstorder.Writingitintheform1:(dy/d1:)+y2=1,weseethatitis
nonlinearinybecauseofy2.However,writingitintheform(y21)(d1:/dy)+1:=0,weseethat
itislinearin1:.
Thedifferentialequationisrstorder.Writingitintheformu(dv/du)+(1+u)v=uewesee
thatitislinearin1).However,writingitintheform(1)+uvue)(du/dv)+u=0,weseethatit
isnonlinearinu.
.Fourthorderlinear
Secondordernonlinearbecauseofcos(r+u)
.Secondordernonlinearbecauseof1+(dy/d1)2
.Secondordernonlinearbecauseof1/R2
.Thirdorderlinear
10. Secondordernonlinearbecauseof1:2
11.
Borny=ez/2weobtainy=%eI/2.Then2y+y:e_I/2+eI/2=0:
12.
Fromy=2~gee2mweobtaindy/dt=24620t,sothat
dy20t(6620t>
2=220=24.
dt+Oy46+556
13.
631
Fromy=631cos21:weobtainyz36335cos21:263msin21:andy"=5cos21:1263sin21:,so
thatyGy'+13y=0.
14. Fromy=cos1cln(sec1:+tan1:)weobtainy'=1+sinrcln(sec1:+tan1:)and
yztan1:+cos1:ln(sec1:+tan1:).Theny+y=tan1:.
1
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Exercises1.1
15. Writingln(2X1)ln(X1)=tanddifferentiatingimplicitly'x
weobtain
dX
E=(2X1)(X~1)=(X1)(12X).
Exponentiatingbothsidesoftheimplicitsolutionweobtain
2X1f1
X1et2
=et=>2X1=Xee=>(ct1)=(et2)X=>X:e.
Solvinget2=0wegetit=ln2Thus,thesolutionisdenedon(~oo,ln2)oron(ln2,00).
Thegraphofthesolutiondenedon(00,In2)isdashed,andthegraphofthesolutiondenedon
(ln2,00)issolid.
16. lmplicitlydifferentiatingthesolutionweobtain
=>2xydz+(x2y)dy:0.
Usingthequadraticformulatosolvey22x2y1=Ofory,weget
y=(2x2:l:V422+4)/2:2:2:l:VJ:4+1.Thus,twoexplicit
_solutionsarey1=2:2+vr4+1andyg=x2V334+1.Both
solutionsaredenedon(oo,00).Thegraphofy1(x)issolidand
thegraphof342isdashed.
17.DifferentiatingP=cle/(1+clet)weobtain
dP_(1+clet)aletcletclet
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dt(1+clet)2
clet[<1+ciet)clet)
21+C1t1+618t
,2I22
18.Differentiatingy:fAetdt+oleIweobtain
2_2I22_zI2_2
y=e_fCeI2$"I/etaft201mI:12xe1/0etcit2012262.
0
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Exercises1.1
Substitutingintothedifferentialequation,wehave
2I222I22
y'+213y=121361/etdt2clxe_I+2x6/0et(it+2clxe_I=L
0
2
dz
19.Fromy:cleQIlcwegIweobtaindJ:(261+62)GQI+262$21anddz:
1:
sothat
dQ'gdi
@4d+4y=(401+4CQ8c1402+401)?+(4cQ802+4mm?!=of
20.Fromy=01331+CQI+631?lnx+41:2weobtain
d
_y=c1a:_2+C2+03+03lnr+8x,
dz:
C12?!31
=20a:+cx+87
(11:213
and
day42
z60xc1:,
(11:313
sothat
d3d2d
3y2yy
1:21:1:+
(11:3+(11:2dz:y
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=(661+401+01+01)$1+(63+203C263+CQ)$
l'("03+C3)xlnx|(16_8+4)$2
=12132.
21.(a)From(151=1:2Weobtain(25,12213,so
5/1M1=x(2x)21:2z0.
2weobtain(15'2=21:,so
From(152=1:
mg2m=1:(2a:)2(~1:2)=0.
Thus,(151and(152aresolutionsofthedifferentialequationon(00,00).
f,
z:~I<022:.1:<0
()Fromy{$27$20vxeobtainy{2x7$20soiamyy
b=l7=/tlt'2z0.
22.Thefunctiony(1:)isnotcontinuousat1:=0sincelilgly(x)=5andlir51+y(x)=5.Thus,y'(x)
ITI
doesnotexistat1:=04
23.(a)Thedomainofthefunctionfoundbysolving1:+3ZO,is[3,oo).
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Exercises1.1
Sincey(x)isnotdifferentiableatr=3,yisasolutionofthedifferentialequationon(3,00).
24. (a)AnintervalonwhichtanStiscontinuousis7r/2<515<7r/2,so5tan515willbeasolutionon
(7r/10,7r/10).
2
(b)For(1sint)1/2tobecontinuouswemusthave1sint>0orsint<1.Thus(1sint)_1/
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willbeasolutionon(7r/2,57r/2).
25. (a)Fromy=emweobtainy=me.Theny+21=0implies
memt+28=(m+2)emt=01
2isasolution.
Sinceemf>Oforallt,mz2.Thusy=e
(b)Fromy=amweobtainy=memtandy=ermTheny5y+6y=0implies
ermt5memt+Gemt=(m2)(m3)emt=0,
Sinceemt>Oforallt,mz2andm=3,Thus7=emandy=estaresolutions.
26.
(a)Fromy=tweobtainy=mini1andyzm(m1)tm"2,Thenty+2y20implies
2m(m+1)tml:0.
SinceW>0fort>0,m=0andm=1,Thusy=1andy=t_1aresolutions.
(b)Fromy=tmweobtainy=mifm'landy=m(mDink?Then152g7ty+151=0
implies
Sincet>0fort>0,m=3andm25Thusy=t3andy=t5aresolutions.
27.
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Exercises7.7
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dy
dt
:25+30e6t=.
28.
Fromac=cosQt+sinQt+getandy:cosQtsinQzetweobtain
dac1d1
E=Qsith+Qcoth+getanddltj=QsithQcothget
andO0
diff:.1tW1t
W74coth4151th+56and52.=4coth+4sith56.
Then
1
4y+ct=4(cosQtsinQtget)+et
1de
O5cit?
=4c52t4151th+et:
and1
4st:ct=4(cosQt+sinQt+get)et
1d2
=4coth+4sithget:Elfg.
29. (y)2+1=0hasnorealsolution.
30. Theonlysolutionof(y)2+y2=Oisy=0,sinceify960,y2>Oand(y)2+y22y2>'O.
31.
Thefirstderivativeoff(t)=etisct.Thefirstderivativeoff(t)=6'isIce.Thedifferential
equationsarey=yandy=Icy,respectively.
32.
Anyfunctionoftheform3=cetory=cet
isitsownsecondderivative.Thecorresponding
differentialequationisy~y=0.Functionsoftheformy=csintory=ccosthavesecond
derivativesthatarethenegativesofthemselves.Thedifferentialequationisy+y=0.
33. Sincethenthderivativeof(Mac)mustexistif(Mac)isasolutionofthenthorderdifferentialequation,
alllowerorderderivativesofd>(:c)mustexistandbecontinuous.[Recallthatadifferentiablefunction
iscontinuous]
34. Solvingthesystem
Ciyi(0)+62y2(0)=2
eiyi(0)+czy(0)=0
forC1andc2weget
29m)
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Exercises1.1
Thus,aparticularsolutionis
y:
whereweassumethaty1(0)y_(0)y1(0)y2(0)74O.
35. Fortherstorderdifferentialequationintegratef(x)Forthesecondorderdifferentialequation
integratetwice.Inthelattercasewegety=f(ff(t)dt)dt+c1t+Cg.
36. Solvingforyusingthequadraticformulaweobtainthetwodifferentialequations
1f'1/
sothedifferentialequationcannotbeputintheformdy/dt=f(t,y).
37. Thedifferentialequationyyty=0hasnormalformdy/dt=t.Thesearenotequivalentbecause
y=Oisasolutionoftherstdifferentialequationbutnotasolutionofthesecond.
38. Differentiatingwegety=cl+302t2andy=60275.Then02=y/6tandC1=yty/2,so
andthedifferentialequationistgy3ty+Sy=0.
39. Wheng(t)=0,y=Oisasolutionofalinearequation
40. (a)Solving(105y)/3x=0weseethaty=2isaconstantsolution.
(b)Solvingy2+213=(y+3)(y*1)=0weseethaty=3andy=1areconstantsolutions
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(c)Since1/(y1)z0hasnosolutions7thedifferentialequationhasnoconstantsolutions.
(d)Settingy=0wehavey=Oand6y=10.Thusy=5/3isaconstantsolution.
41. Onesolutionisgivenbytheupperportionofthegraphwithdomainapproximately(0,2.6).The
othersolutionisgivenbythelowerportionofthegraph,alsowithdomainapproximately(0,2.6).
42. Onesolution,withdomainapproximately(oo,1.6)istheportionofthegraphinthesecond
quadranttogetherwiththelowerpartofthegraphintherstquadrant.Asecondsolution,with
domainapproximately(0.1.6)istheupperpartofthegraphintherstquadrant.Thethird
solution,withdomain(0,00),isthepartofthegraphinthefourthquadrant.
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Exercises1.1
43. Dierentiating(I3+y3)/Iy=35wt,obtain,
Iy(3I2+3y2y')($3+y3)(Iyly)_0
12:72
3x33}+3I'y3y/Ijjf/l_IB_y_fIy3y'_y4.=O
fjxy3_I4_Iy3)y___3I3y+I3y+y4
y,=y210311=y(y32x3)
2Iy3I4I(2y3I3)'
44. Atangentlinewillbeverticalwhereyisundened.orinthiscase,whereI(2y3I3)=O.This
givesI=0and2y3=I3.Substitutingy3=I3/2intoI3+y3=3Iyweget
3332
5227/555
I3=22/3I2
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I2(I22/3)=0.
Thus.thereareverticaltangentlinesatI=0andI=22/3.orat(0.0)and(22/3,21/3).Since
22/3z1.59,theestimatesofthedomainsinProblem42wereclose.
45. Since(I)>OforallIinI,(I)isanincreasingfunctiononI.Hence,itcanhavenorelative
extremaonI.
46.
(a)Wheny=5,y=0,soyz5isasolutionofyz5y.
(b)Wheny>5,y<0,andthesolutionmustbedecreasing.Wheny<5,y>0,andthe
solutionmustbeincreasing.Thus,noneofthecurvesincolorcanbesolutions.
(C)
47. (a)y:0andy=a/b.
(b)Sincedy/dIzy(aby)>Ofor0<y<a/b,y=(I)isincreasingonthisinterval.Since
dy/dI<0fory<0ory>a/b.y=(I)isdecreasingontheseintervals.
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Exercises1.1
(c)Usingimplicitdifferentiationwecompute
dzy_/z_l9
(715y(by)+y(aby)y(a~by)~
Solving(y/(ix?=0weobtainy=a/2b.Sincede/da:2>Ofor0<y<a/2banddgy/dx2<O
fora/2b<y<a/b,thegraphofy=($)hasapointofinectionaty=a/Zb.
(d)
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27
f
Kan
48.Thefamilyofparabolasisplottedusing01=ii,14,iIO.The
ellipsesareplottedusing02=1,2,3.Itappearsfromthegure
thattheparabolasandellipsesintersectatrightangles.Toverify
thiswenotethattherstdifferentialequationcanbewritteninthe
formdy/dx=y/Qxandthesecondintheformdy/dx=2x/y.
Thus,atapointofintersection,theslopesoftangentlinesare
negativereciprocalsofeachother,andthetwotangentlinesare
perpendicular.
49.InMathematicause
Clear[y]
y[x_]:=xExp[5x]Cos[2x]
lel
y""[x]20y"'[x]+158y"[x]580y'[x]+841y[x]//Simplify
50.InMathematicause
Clear[y]
y[x_]:=20Cos[5Log[x]]/x~3Sin[5Log[x]]/x
lel
x3y"'[x]+2:62y"[Xl+20xy'lx]78ylx]//Simplify
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Exercises1.2
Exercises1.2
,11,,1
.SolVing=1_+71weget01=4.Thesolutionisy=~1_4_t.
,11_1,,2
.Solv1ng21+cleweget012e.Thesolutionisym.
.Usingit=01sint+02costweobtain01=1andC2=8.Thesolutionis(I?zcost+8sint.
.Usingcc:c1sint+02costweobtain02=Oandc1=1.ThesolutionisI=cost.
.UsingI2c1sint+02costweobtain
+101
___c__
21222
1\/
__c__cso
21+22
311.
Solvingwend61=%andC2=Z.Thesolutionisa:=~4cost+lsmt.
.Usingsc=c1sint+02costweobtain
Solvingwend01=1andC2=3.ThesolutionisI=cost+3sint.
. Fiom the initial conditions we obtain the system
C]+62=1
C1C2=2.
Solvingweget01=gandC2=%.Asolutionoftheinitialvalueproblemisy=%e1ez.
.FiomtheinitialconditionsweobtainthesystemI
616+C2e_1=0
_1_
cle626e.
Solvingwegetcl=5andC2=%2.Asolutionoftheinitialvalueproblemisy=ez5921.
.Fromtheinitialconditionsweobtain
0161+me=5
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Solvingwegetc]=0andC2=561.Asolutionoftheinitialvalueproblemisy=56_I_1.
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Exercises1.2
10. Fromtheinitialconditionsweobtain
cl+62=O
6162=O.
Solvingweget01=62=O.Asolutionoftheinitialvalueproblemisy=O
11. Twosolutionsarey=Oandy=x3.
12. Twosolutionsarey=Oandy=$2.(Also,anyconstantmultipleofx2isasolution.)
13.
Forf(m,y)=y2/3wehave
82
f=5311.ThusthedifferentialequationWillhaveauniquesolution
(91
inanyrectangularregionoftheplanewherey750.
_81a:.i...
14. Forj(a:7y)=.Mywehaveaf=E.ThusthedifferentialequationWillhaveauniquesolution
1!
inanyregionwherea:>0andy>0orwherex<0andy<0.
yaf1....,..
15. Forf(z,y)=5wehavea=E.ThusthedifferentialequationWillhaveauniquesolutioninany
3]
regionwherex96O.
16. Forf(z,y)=x+ywehavegji=1.Thusthedifferentialequationwillhaveauniquesolutionin
y
theentireplane.
3:2(9f23:21.i...
17. Forf(any)=42wehavea=mThusthedifferentialequationWillhaveaunique
11yy
solutioninanyregionwherey<2,2<y<2,ory>2.
222.
a:3wehavef=$7.ThusthedifferentialequationWillhaveaunique
(93.....
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18.
Foraw)= 1+y32(1+y3)
solutioninanyregionWherey751.
2r)2
19. Forf($,y)=ywehave%zi.
372+3/2y(a:2+y2)2
Thusthedifferentialequationwillhaveaunique
solutioninanyregionnotcontaining(0,0).
02
20. Forf(a:,y)=mwehavei:$.Thusthedifferentialequationwillhaveaunique
y96By(ya?)
solutioninanyregionWherey<xorwherey>33.
21. Thedifferentialequationhasauniquesolutionat(1,4).
22. Thedifferentialequationisnotguaranteedtohaveauniquesolutionat(5,3).
.Thedifferentialequationisnotguaranteedtohaveauniquesolutionat(2,3).
10
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Exercises1.2
24.Thedifferentialequationisnotguaranteedtohaveauniquesolutionat(1,1).
25.(a)Aoneparameterfamilyofsolutionsisy:cx.Sincey'=(3,Iy':are=yandy(0)=(3~0=O.
(b)Writingtheequationintheformy'=y/xweseethatRcannotcontainanypointontheyaxis.
Thus)anyrectangularregiondisjointfromtheyaxisandcontaining(20,yo)willdeterminean
intervalaround170andauniquesolutionthrough(2:0,yo).Since20=Oinpart(a)wearenot
guaranteedauniquesolutionthrough(0,O).
Thepiecewisedenedfunctionwhichsatisfiesy(0)=Oisnotasolutionsinceitisnotdiffer
entiableata:=O.
26.
Since21tan(9:+c)=sec2(x+c)=1+tan2(x+c),weseethatyztan(I+c)satisfiesthe
,d.
differentialequation.
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(b)Solvingy(0)=tanc=0weobtain(3=Oandy=tanz.Sincetanxisdiscontinuousat
I=i/Q,thesolutionisnotdefinedon(2,2)becauseitcontainsi/Q.
(C)Thelargestintervalonwhichthesolutioncanexistis(~7r/2,71/2).
.d111,...
27.(a)Since(>z=y2,weseethaty=isasolutionofthedifferential
dtt+c(t+c)2t+c
equation,
Solvingy(0)=1/c=1weobtainc=1andy=1/(1t).Solvingy(0)=1/c=1
weobtainc=1andy=1/(1+16).Beingsuretoincludeit=0,weseethattheinterval
ofexistenceofy=1/(1t)is(00,1),whiletheintervalofexistenceofyz1/(1+t)is
(1,oo).
Solvingy(0)=1/c==yoweobtain(3=1/yoand
y=,1/0750
Sincewemusthave1/yo+253A0,thelargestintervalofexistence(whichmustcontain0)is
either(oo,1/yo)whenyo>Oor(1/y0,oo)whenyo<0
(d)Byinspectionweseethaty=Oisasolutionon(00700).
28.(a)Differentiating3x2y2=cweget612yy'=Ooryy'=3x.
11
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Exercises1.2
(b)Solving3x2y2z3foryweget
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Onlyy:3(z)satisesy(2)=3.
sotheexplicitsolutionis
(d)Setting0=0wehavey=xandy=\/x,bothdenedon(oo,00).
Whenat=0andy=%,y=1,sotheonlyplausiblesolutioncurveistheonewithnegativeSlOpe
at(O,%),ortheblackcurve.
30. Thevalueofy=dy/dz=f(any)isdeterminedbyf(cc,y),soitcannotbearbitrarilyspeciedat
z=zo.
31. Ifthesolutionistangenttothexaxisat(I0,0),thenyz0whenx=x0andy=0.Substituting
thesevaluesintoy+231=3x6weget0+O23x06or1:0=2.
32. Welookforthecurvecontainingthepointcorrespondingtotheinitialconditions.
(a)D(b)A(C)C(d)C(e)B(f)A
33. Thetheoremguaranteesaunique(meaningsingle)solutionthroughanypoint.Thus,therecannot
betwodistinctsolutionsthroughanypoint.
34. Thefunctionsarethesameontheinterval(0,4),whichisallthatisrequiredbyTheorem1.1.
12
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Exercises1.3
35.Fromy'=0,fory=x1,weseethatsolutionsintersectingtheline
y=x1havehorizontaltangentlinesatthepointofintersection.From
y>0,fory>z1,weseethatsolutionsabovetheliney=I1
areincreasing.Fromy<0,fory<I1,weseethatsolutionsare
decreasingbelowtheliney=x1.Fromy=0,fory=m,wesee
thatsolutionshavepossibleinectionpointsonthelineyzz.Actually,
yzziseasilyseentobeasolutionofthedifferentialequation,sothe
solutionsdonothaveinflectionpoints.Fromy>0fory>mwesee
thatsolutionsabovetheliney=xareconcaveup.Fromy<0fory<zweseethatsolutions
belowtheliney=xareconcavedown.
Exercises1.3
gsz+nidltiZkPT
2.Letbbetherateofbirthsanddtherateofdeaths.Thenb=MPandd=kQP.SincedP/dt=bd,
thedifferentialequationisdP/dt=k1PkQP.
3.Letbbetherateofbirthsanddtherateofdeaths.Thenb=MPandd=k2P2.SincedP/dt=bd,
thedifferentialequationisdP/dt=k1PkQPQ.
4.LetP(t)bethenumberofowlspresentattimet.ThendP/dt=k(P200+lot)
5.FromthegraphweestimateTo=180andTm:75.WeobservethatwhenT:85,dT/dtz1.
Fromthedifferentialequationwethenhave
dT/dt1
k=0.1.
TTm:8575z
6.ByinspectingthegraphwetakeTmtobeTm(t)=8030cos7rt/12.Thenthetemperatureofthe
bodyattimetisdeterminedbythedifferentialequation
7.Thenumberofstudentswiththefluisxandthenumbernotinfectedis1000as,sodx/dt=
kx(1000as).
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8.Byanalogywithdifferentialequationmodelingthespreadofadiseaseweassumethattherateat
whichthetechnologicalinnovationisadoptedisproportionaltothenumberofpeoplewhohave
adoptedtheinnovationandalsotothenumberofpeople,y(t),whohavenotyetadoptedit.Ifone
personwhohasadoptedtheinnovationisintroducedintothepopulationthenx+y=77.+1and
dill
E=kz(n+1x),z(0)=1.
13,
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Exercises1.3
.Therateatwhichsaltisleavingthetankis
(3gal/min)'(300lb/gal>100lb/min.
.AA.
ThusdA/dt=A/100.
10. Therateatwhichsaltisenteringthetankis
R1=(3gal/min)~(2lb/gal)z6lb/min.
Sincethesolutionispumpedoutataslowerrate,itisaccumulatingattherateof(32)gal/min=
1gal/min.Afteritminutesthereare300+tgallonsofbrineinthetank.Therateatwhichsaltis
leavingis
A2A
=2_'.='.
R2(gal/min)(BOOHlb/gal>300+tlb/m1n
Thedifferentialequationis
d_fl___2A
dt_300+t'
11. ThevolumeofwaterinthetankattimetisV=Awh,Thedifferentialequationisthen
db1dV1cAo
=:Ah=2.
22
UsingA0=7T(5)z316,Aw=102=100,andg=32,thisbecomes
dhc7r/36c7r
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dt1006450h
=\/4=.
12. ThevolumeofwaterinthetankattimetisV=7rr2h=Awh.Usingtheformulafrom
Problem11forthevolumeofwaterleavingthetankweseethatthedifferentialequationis
dh3dV3ScAh
EtAwEElCAh29h)AwV29h'
UsingAh=7r(2/12)2=7r/36,g=32,andc=0.6,thisbecomes
TondAwwelet7"betheradiusofthetopofthewater.Thenr/h=8/20,so7":2h/5and
Awz7T<2h/5)2=47rh2/25.Thus
dt47rh2/25h25h
"13. Since1ElfandLdti+REE(t)weobtainLE+R1_E(t)
,,_dqdgqdq.dz'A
1
at
14. ByKirchoffssecondlawweobtainRE?+
5g:E(t)
14
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Exercises7,3
15. FromNewtonssecondlawweobtainmdz=kv2+mg.
16. WehavefromArchimedesprinciple
upwardforceofwateronbarrel=weightofwaterdisplaced
=(62.4)x(volumeofwaterdisplaced)
=(62.4)7109/2)?=15,6m2y.
d2y2de15677525
ItthenfollowsfromNewtonssecondlawthatEy=0,where
d??:~15.67rsyor355+
g=32andwistheweightofthebarrelinpounds.
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17. Thenetforceactingonthemassis
sz
F=ma=mE=k(s+z)+mg=kz+mgk,s.
Sincetheconditionofequilibriumismg=ks,thedifferentialequationis
sz
=ks.
mdt2
18.
FromProblem177withoutadampingforce,thedifferentialequationismsz/dt2=~kx.Witha
clampingforceproportionaltovelocitythedifferentialequationbecomes
me'
dt2
19. Letz(t)denotetheheightofthetopofthechainattimetwiththepositivedirectionupward.The
weightoftheportionofchainoffthegroundisW=(35ft)~(1lb/ft)=z.Themassofthechainis
m=W/g=z/32.ThenetforceisF=5W=5at.ByNewtonssecondlaw,
%<U)=5zorIE+UE=16032z'dvdz
Thus,thedifferentialequationis
szdz2
as?(E)+32m=160.
20.
Theforceistheweightofthechain,2L,sobyNewtonssecondlaw,amv]=2L.Sincethemass
oftheportionofchainoffthegroundism=2(Lz)/g,wehave
Thus,thedifferentialequationis
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Exercises1.3
21. Fromg=ki/R2wend16:gRg.Usinga=altar/cit2andthefactthatthepositivedirectionis
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upwardweget
d?169122d2rgR2
22. ThegravitationalforceonmisF:kMTm/r2SinceMT=47T5T3/3andN!=47T5RB/3wehave
MT=TBA/f/RSand
Mrmrst/R3mM
F=krQ=lcT2=kR37:
NowfromF=ma:dQT/clt2wehave
d2rkmMd2rch
(it?R3(it?R3
m=~ror=r
23. Thedifferentialequationis(ii1?=1c(MA).
24. Thedifferentialequationis%=1c1(MA)162A.
25. Thedifferentialequationis93(t)=rka:(t)where19>0.
26. BythePythagoreanTheoremtheslopeofthetangentlineisy:2y2.
sy
27. Weseefromthegurethat29+a27T.ThusH
y2tan9
=t=t29=t29=.
9:andan(7r)an1_tan?9
Sincetheslopeofthetangentlineisy=tan9wehavey/a:=9y[1(y)2]
oryy(y)2=293y,whichisthequadraticequationy(y)2+ny*y=0
iny.Usingthequadraticformulaweget
y'=2xiV410?+4y22x:l:i/xQ+y2~
2yy
Sincedy/dx>0,thedifferentialequationis
dy1:+\/1:2+y2dy,
_,z2.
ML]?+7+1=0.
dacygaine
28. ThedifferentialequationisdP/dt:lcP,sofromProblem31inExercises141,P=e,anda
oneparameterfamilyofsolutionsisP=cekt.
29. Thedifferentialequationin(3)isdT/dt=MTTm).Whenthebodyiscooling,T>Tm,so
TTm>0.SinceTisdecreasing,dT/dt<Oandlc<0.Whenthebodyiswarming,T<Tm,so
TTm<0.SinceTisincreasing,dT/dt>0andk<0.
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16
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