INSTRUCTION MANUAL

HB 017 PIPE FRICTION

Vertical pipe
Horizontal pipe (optional)
(The equipment sent to a customer may have some differences from the above picture, mainly depending on options and
our continuing improvement of products.)

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED

508 SOI 22/1 SOMDET PHRACHAO TAKSIN RD.
BUKKALO THONBURI BANGKOK 10600, THAILAND
TEL. +66 (0) 24760034 FAX +66 (0) 24761500

E-mail: essom@essom.com
www.essom.com

291211

CONTENTS
Page
Receipt of goods
Safety Guidelines
Installation instructions

A
B-C
D

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1-1
2-1
3-1
4-1
5-1

General description
Theory
Test procedures
Typical data
Sample calculations

Addendum
Addendum 1
Addendum 2
Addendum 3
Addendum 4

Water manometer
Mercury manometer
Acrylic cylinder assembly instruction
Properties table of water in SI unit

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying
or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this
publication) without the written permission from ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED.

291211

RECEIPT OF GOODS
1. On Receipt of Goods
a) On receipt of the goods at the consignees premises, the shipment should be immediately inspected for any damages
or missing package. This should be checked against the packing list or shipping documents. Any damage should be
reported immediately to the insurance agent.
b) The package should then be open to check items or parts against the delivery list. Any damaged or missing items
should be immediately claimed to the insurance agent with copy to the supplier.
c) If insurance has been arranged by the buyer then you must notify your insurer in writing of any damage or loss of
parts which was observed regarding this shipment within a specified period of time as stated in the Terms and
Conditions. This should include detailed photographs of the damaged equipment.
d) If insurance has been arranged by the seller you should notify the insurances representative along with any
correspondence including the insurance certificate supplied by the seller. These should include detailed photographs for
evaluation of damages or replacement parts pertaining to the shipment.
e) The supplier will only replace damaged items or missing on notification by the insurance company that the claim has
been accepted. The insurance company may refuse responsibility if parts are damaged or missing while under custodys
for a long time without prior claim. Immediate claim is therefore vital.
2. Manufacturers Liability
a) Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment listed in the instruction manual, we would like to
alert the user to the health and safety aspects of people who will work on or operate our equipment with regard to the
liability of the manufacturers or suppliers.
b) Manufacturers or suppliers are absolved of any responsibilities with regard to misuse of their equipment causing
harm or financial charges being incurred against them from clients or third parties for consequences of failure or
damage of the equipment in any way if the equipment is not installed, maintained and operated as outlined in the
instruction manual published by the manufacturers or suppliers.
c) In order to safeguard the students and operators of the equipment it is vital that all safety aspects as outlined in the
instruction manual are observed.

291211

3. Safety Guidelines
3.1General Safety Concerns
Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment described in the instruction manual we would like to
alert you to the dangerous potential hazards that would be present if safety practices were not performed in accordance
with the local standards and governing bodies regulations.
-Injury would occur to the operational staff of the equipment through misuse, electric shock, rotating equipment hazards
and lack of cleanliness.
To be able to achieve the aim, of accidents can be avoided it must be ensured that the equipment is installed correctly,
regularly maintained and operators of the equipment are made aware of the potential hazards associated with the
particular equipment.
We would like to inform our valuable customers of the safety guide lines when using their equipment.
3.2 Awareness of Safety Hazards
(a) Before attempting to work on the equipment the personnel who are going to install, commission, or operate the
equipment must be qualified and fully aware of all the manufacturers and suppliers recommendations and instructions.
(b) Ensure that the all the recommendations specified in the instruction manuals are maintained as stated in the contents.
4. Electrical Safety
(a) Ensure that the person who works on the equipment is a qualified electrical engineer/technician who is competent in
the safety aspects and operational mode of the equipment.
(b) If the electrical supply to the equipment is supplied by means of a portable trailing cable, protective devices such as
an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) must be installed.
This protective device must have a very high sensitivity (20-30mA).This device is also referred to as a residual current
device(R C D) within the electrical supply circuitry for personnel protection.
(c) The supply cable must be sized accordingly for all fault and physical conditions pertaining to its use. The supply
network must also incorporate a protection device that will disconnect and isolate the supply voltage in the case of an
overload in a specified period of time without causing any damage to the equipment. (An overload relay)
5. Installation
(a) On receipt of the equipment extreme care should be used to avoid damage to the equipment on handling and
unpacking. If slings are used ensure they are held on a rigid part of the equipment, the structure. In the case of a
mechanical lift such as a fork lift ensure the lifting forks are beneath the structure framework so that no damage will
occur during the lifting operation.
(b) In some cases it is imperative that the equipment be installed on a level and solid foundation
5.1 Electrical Supply Cables
(a) The normal color code of the power cables supplied on this equipment is as follows:
- Black----------------------------Line.
- Gray or white -----------------Neutral.
- Green-Yellow-----------------Ground.
(b)The three phase power cable has five wires.
- Red, blue and black ---------Line.
- Light gray or white ----------Neutral.
- Green-Yellow ----------------Ground.
5.2 General Precautions for Equipment with Water Including Evaporative Cooling Towers
(a) Any water contained in the system should be drained regularly. If it is left in the system for a long period of time
without circulation it will stagnate.
(b) The equipment should be flushed regularly with clean water.
(c) Impurities in the water will cause scale or algae and must be cleaned on a regular basis. An anti rust additive such as
used in the automobile industry is recommended to inhibit this process.
(d) The water should be at temperature under 45 degrees C to maintain effectiveness.
(e) Many of the problems encountered with water contamination can be reduced and prevented by means of a water
treatment program being introduced using the expertise available locally or on site.

010811

5.3 Rotating Equipment

(a) If the equipment is supplied with any rotating parts such as a motor, generator, fan etc these items are provided with
a protection shield or a guard to protect the operator from any dangers which may occur when the rotating parts fail.
These guards must be in place whenever the rotating parts are in operation (rotating) and only removed for maintenance
periods.
After maintenance is carried out ensure that the machine guards are replaced back in service. Do not operate any
rotating parts unless machine guards are in place.
5.4 Steam Equipment
(a) When using steam equipment, there are a number of vital precautions which must be remembered by the operators
and maintenance crew and placed into operation when both operating and performing maintenance schedules. During
operation of this equipment the steam and water are at a high temperature and pressure which can have a very damaging
and hazardous effects on students if safety precautions are not observed.
(b) Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are maintained and not
exceeded on the equipment.
(c) Safety valves should be calibrated on a regular basis with mandatory service records maintained. This should also
include pressure reducing valves.
(d) Calibration of any instrumentation such as pressure gauges, thermometers and sensors should be checked regularly.
(e) Visual inspection of the equipment should be regularly observed for leaks of steam etc and any frameworks or joints
should have the hardware checked for tightness.
(f) Always use protective clothes including gloves when carrying out maintenance on the equipment.
5.5 High Temperature Equipment
(a) When using high temperature equipment there are a number of vital precautions which must be remembered by the
operators and maintenance crew and observed when both operating and performing maintenance schedules. During
operation of this equipment the air, gas or water is at a high temperature and pressure which can have a very damaging
and hazardous effect on students if safety precautions are not observed.
(b) Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are maintained and not
exceeded on the equipment.
(c) Calibration of any instrumentation such as, thermometers and sensors must be checked regularly for safe operation.
6. Maintenance Safety Practices
(a) Always isolate the equipment from the electrical supply when carrying out maintenance on the equipment
(b) Ensure that safety notices are placed on the equipment supply advising personnel that the equipment is being
worked on, inspected and should not be operated.
(c) Check the operation of any protective devices, such as an ELCB so that it operates in accordance with its
specifications thus ensuring the safety of all operational personnel working on the equipment. Any malfunction of the
device must be corrected by a qualified electrician before returning the equipment back to a service condition.
(d) Ensure on completions of the work that the equipment is returned to its original state and that no covers, panels are
left open along with loose screw drivers, spanners are left in the equipment.
(e) If water is used with the equipment then there are certain preventative mandatory regulations that have to be taken to
prevent infection from harmful micro organisms.
7. General Safety Conditions when Operating or Maintaining the Equipment
(a) When operating or carrying out maintenance on the equipment the Health and Safety of the students can be
safeguarded in many ways by wearing protective clothing.
(b) Loose fitting clothes should never be worn in a laboratory. These clothes can cause a serious accident if caught in
rotating equipment, i.e. tie etc.
(c) Protective gloves must be used if handling toxic materials or where there is a high temperature present.
(d) Ear protectors should be worn when operating noisy equipment.
(e) Eye protection should always be used when there is a risk to the eyes.

291211

INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS
HB 017 PIPE FRICTION
GENERAL INSTRUCTION
Equipment shipped overseas are usually partially assembled to reduce possibility of damages and
shipping volume for. For this equipment the clear acrylic tank may be removed (See addendum 3)
Parts list or packing list is normally shipped with shipping documents. When the shipping boxes reach
the site. The box should be carefully opened, and the parts must be checked / examined for damage and
identified according to the parts list.

160112

INSTRUCTION MANUAL
HB 017 PIPE FRICTION

Figure 1-1a Vertical pipe

Figure 1-1b Horizontal pipe (optional)

1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
This equipment measures pressure drop when water flows through a vertical pipe at various flow rates both
laminar and turbulent. It is to be used with HB100 Hydraulics Bench (separately supplied)
It consists of adjustable constant head water source of removable clear acrylic cylinder for laminar flow.
Turbulent flow may be achieved by directly connecting the pipe to the Hydraulics Bench water supply. Flow rate
can be controlled by a valve at outlet. A water manometer with a vent valve, a hand air pump and a mercury
manometer are provided for measurement of pressure drop. The apparatus has a hose with a male quick coupling
connection to the Hydraulics Bench.
1.1 Technical Data
1.1.1 Cylinder diameter
: 150 mm
1.1.2 Adjustable constant head
: 800-1000 mm
1.1.3 Water manometer
: 450 mm x 1 mm graduation.
1.1.4 Mercury manometer
: 450 mm x 1 mm graduation.
Notes : Due to transport laws, ESSOM cannot supply the mercury. Buyer must source it locally.
Approximately 25 ml. or 350 g. is required. ESSOM will supply filling kit.
1.1.5 Test pipe
: Stainless steel, 3 mm approx ID.
1.1.6 Test section length
: 510 mm
1.1.7 Measuring cup
: 1 l
1.2 Optional : Horizontal test pipe instead vertical.
: HF 033A Differential pressure sensor and indicator, 0-500 cm. water instead of mercury manometer.
: HF 033B Differential pressure gauge, 60 kPa, 100 mm diameter, instead of mercury manometer.

1-1

170314

Acrylic tank
Pressure inlets for
mercury manometer
Stilling material
Vent valves
Connection to hand
air pump
Pressure measuring
point
Water manometer
Hand air pump
Mercury manometer
Test pipe
Pressure measuring
point
Outlet pipe
Pressure inlet for water
manometer

Figure 1-2a Front view of vertical pipe

Figure 1-2b Rear view of vertical pipe

Head tank

Stilling materials

Pressure inlets
(rear)

Vent valves

To test pipe

To water manometer
V5 Water manometer valve
To mercury manometer (U-tube)

For hand air pump

Water manometer
(Inverted U-tube)

Pressure measuring
points

Mercury manometer (U- tube)

Test pipe
To water manometer
V6 Water manometer valve
To mercury manometer (U-tube)
V4 Flow control valve
Outlet

V3
V2
V1

Inlet

Water supply control valves

Flexible hose to Hydraulics

Bench storage tank

Over flow pipe

Graduated beaker
Front View

Rear View

Figure 1-3 Schematic diagram of HB017 vertical pipe

1-2

031011
170314

Stilling material
Scale
Acrylic tank
Vent valves

Connection to
hand air pump
Mercury manometer

Water manometer

Test pipe

V5

V6
V4 Flow control valve

Inlet

Outlet
Pressure measuring points

Water supply
control valves V1 V2 V3
Figure 1-4 Horizontal pipe

Head tank
Over flow pipe
Stilling materials
Flexible hose to Hydraulics
Bench storage tank

Vent valves
For hand air pump

Vent valves

Water manometer
Inverted (U-tube)

Mercury manometer (U-tube)

Test pipe

V5 = Water manometer
valve

V6 = Water manometer valve

V4 = Flow control valve

Inlet

Outlet
Graduated beaker

V1 V2 V3
Water supply control valves

Pressure measuring points

Figure 1-5 Schematic diagram of horizontal pipe

Note: All pipes and hoses connection are already made by the manufacturer except inlet and outlet pipes, and
overflow pipe.

1-3

031011
170314

2. THEORY
When fluid flows in a pipe from one point to the next there is an energy loss due to the friction between the
pipe and the fluid and the interaction between particles of the fluid.
2.1 Type of Flow
There are two types of flow in pipe: laminar and turbulent flow. Laminar flow is one which fluid
particles move parallel to the pipe where particles at the center line of the pipe move faster than those near the
wall. Turbulent flow is one which fluid particles move at random in all direction but generally move forward
along with the flow. Particles at the center line of the pipes and those near the wall move at nearly the same
velocity. Turbulent flow results in higher friction loss, s. Laminar and turbulent flows may be defined by
Reynolds Number (ReD)

Re D
Where:

VD

D = Pipe inside diameter, m

V = Average velocity in pipe, m/s
= Density of the fluid, kg/m3
= Dynamic viscosity of the fluid, kg/m.s

The flow is laminar when Re D 2,000 and is turbulent when ReD > 4,000. Flow which ReD is between
2,000 - 4,000 is considered as transitional flow.
2.2 Energy Loss in Pipe

V12
2g

Total

energ
r

Hydr
aulic

p1

grade

hL

line

V22
2g

p
V2
p
V2
( 1 1 Z1 ) ( 2 2 Z 2 ) h L

2g

2g

(1)

Z1

y line

p2

(2)

Z2

Datum line

Figure 2-1 Flow in horizontal pipe with constant diameter

2-1

180310
220414

Energy loss due to the fluid flow in a pipe can be explained by an energy equation as follows:
The energy equation for the flow from point (1) to point (2) of the same stream is as follow.

Where: p

V
Z
HL
g

p1

V1

2g

Z1 ) (

p2

V2

2g

Z2 ) h L

(1)

= Static pressure, N/m

3
= Specific weight of fluid, N/m
= Average velocity of fluid in pipe, m/s
= Elevation of pipe, m
= Energy loss per unit weight of fluid , N m / N or m
2
= Acceleration due to gravity, m/s

Reference points (1) and (2) refer to point (1) and point (2) of the pipe respectively.
Since the pipe is horizontal and diameter is constant, then
Z1 = Z2, and V1 = V2
Therefore from equation (1) we get:

p
p
hL 1 2

(2)

If energy loss is expressed in term of head loss or Friction Head ( h L )

2.3 Loss of Energy for Laminar Flow.
2.3.1 From Poiseuilles experiment, it is found that

hL

32LV
gD

(3)

Where: L Length of pipe, m From equation (2)

hL
L

32V
gD

... (4)

Since (32 / gD ) is constant, then

2

hL
L

(5)

Thus Poiseuilles experiment shows that energy loss in laminar flow is proportional to average
velocity of the flow.
2.3.2 Darcy and Weisbach Experiments.
From experiments by Darcy and Weisbach, it is found that energy loss for both laminar and
turbulent flow may be expressed as:

hL f

L V

. (6)

D 2g

Where: f = Friction factor, dimensionless

By rearranging equation (6)

2-2

180310

hL
1 V2
f
L
D 2g

.. (7)

If we use the head loss in equation (3) as in equation (6), we get:

L V

32LV
gD

D 2g
f

64

VD

.. (8)

64
Re D

The equation may be expressed in logarithmic form as follows:

Log f = log 64 log ReD

.. (9)

2.4 Loss Of Energy For Turbulent Flow.

2.4.1 From Darcy & Weisbach experiment

hL
L

hL
L

1 V

L 2g

V2

.... (10)

The above equation shows that energy loss per unit length of pipe is proportional to the square of
the average velocity.
Osborne Reynolds Experiments

Transition Zone

From Reynolds experiments the energy loss per unit length for laminar flow and turbulent flow
may be expressed by a graph as shown per below.

Larminar

Turbulent
hL
1.7 to 2.0
V
L

hL
V
L

Log V

Figure 2-2 Relationship between (hL/L) and V

From the above details for laminar flow
hL

.... (11)

No clear conclusion could be made for transitional flow.

2-2
2-3

180310

For turbulent flow

hL
L
hL
L

V1.7

(for smooth pipe)

. (12)

V2

(for roughened pipe)

. (13)

Thus for turbulent flow the energy loss depends on average velocity or Reynolds Number and roughness
of the pipe wall
f F(Re D , /D)
Where:
F = Function
= Absolute roughness of pipe

2-2
2-4

180310

Moody experiment
Moodies studied Reynolds experiment and found the relationship between Reynolds number and
pipe roughness as f F(Re D , /D) and can be expressed in a graph as per diagram below. This is
known as Moody Diagram which show the relationship of f, Re D and /D

Values ( VD ) for water at 20C (velocity in m/s diameter in cm)

Figure 2-3 Moody diagram

Friction factors for any type and size of pipe. (From Pipe Friction Manual, 3rd ed., Hydraulic Institute, New York, 1961)

2.4.2

2-5

180310

Thus energy loss due to friction in pipe may be summarized as follows:

hL f
Where:

L V

D 2g
64

, for laminar flow

Re D

f F(Re D , /D) , for turbulent flow

, 103 Pa.s

The relation of f, ReD and /D can be found in Moody diagram.

Temperature, C

Figure 2-4 Dynamic viscosity of water

2-6

180310

3. TEST PROCEDURES

Acrylic tank
Pressure inlets for
mercury manometer
Stilling material
Vent valves
Connection to hand
air pump
Pressure measuring
point
Water manometer
Hand air pump
Mercury manometer
Test pipe
Pressure measuring
point
Outlet pipe
Pressure inlet for water
manometer

Figure 3-1 Vertical pipe

Stilling material
Scale
Acrylic tank
Vent valves

Connection to
hand air pump
Mercury manometer

Water manometer

Test pipe

V5

V6
V4 Flow control valve

Inlet

Outlet
Water supply
control valves V1 V2 V3
Figure 3-2 Horizontal pipe

3-1

Pressure measuring points

160112

3.1 Equipment Operation and Set up

3.1.1 The clear acrylic tank may be removed for overseas shipment. In this case install the tank and glass balls
per addendum 3.
3.1.2 Study manometers operation per addendum 1 and 2 i.e. Water manometer is fitted with hand air pump
and air above mercury manometer is removed.
3.1.3 Connect the equipment inlet pipe to the Hydraulics Bench outlet (See manual for HB100 Hydraulics
Bench) with a connecting hose.
3.1.4 Connect the equipment outlet to a beaker with a flexible hose to measure flow volume. (a stop watch is
required to determine the flow rate)
3.1.5 Connect the over flow pipe to the Hydraulics Bench storage tank
3.1.6 The equipment is now ready for the test.
3.1.7 Please note that
3.1.7.1 Mercury manometer is always available for reading when there is a flow in the test pipe.
3.1.7.2 Valves V5 and V6 are always closed (i.e. water manometer not in used) unless the differential
level in the mercury manometer is less than 30 mm. For better accuracy, the water manometer
is preferred.
3.2 Laminar Flow Test.
3.2.1 Open valve V1 and close valve V2 to direct water to the reservoir.
3.2.2 Adjust the over flow pipe to the required water level in the reservoir.
3.2.3 Open valve V3 to direct water from the reservoir to the test pipe.
3.2.4 Operate valve V4 to control the flow rate.
3.2.5 Record the manometer readings for pressure loss between the two test points. At the same time use the
provided beaker and a stop watch to record the flow rate.
3.2.6 Open valve V5 and V6 for water manometer reading the difference for mercury manometer reading is
less than 30 mm.
3.2.7 Repeat 2.2.4 and 2.2.5 for other flow rates.
3.3 Turbulent Flow Test.
3.3.1 Close valve V1 and V3 and open valve V2 so that water from the Hydraulics Bench flows directly
through the test pipe in order to obtain higher flow rate than 3.2 lpm
3.3.2 Repeat 3.2.4 to 3.2.5 for different flow rates
Head tank

Stilling materials

Pressure inlets
(rear)

Vent valves

To test pipe

To water manometer
V5 Water manometer valve
To mercury manometer (U-tube)

For hand air pump

Water manometer
(Inverted U-tube)

Pressure measuring
points

Mercury manometer (U- tube)

Test pipe
To water manometer
V6 Water manometer valve
To mercury manometer (U-tube)
V4 Flow control valve
Outlet

V3
V2
V1

Inlet

Water supply control valves

Flexible hose to Hydraulics

Bench storage tank

Over flow pipe

Graduated beaker
Front View

Rear View

Figure 3-3 Schematic diagram of vertical pipe

Note: All pipe and hose connection made by the manufacturer expect inlet and outlet pipes, and overflow pipe.

3-2

160112

Head tank
Over flow pipe
Stilling materials
Flexible hose to Hydraulics
Bench storage tank

Vent valves
For hand air pump

Vent valves

Water manometer
Inverted (U-tube)

Mercury manometer (U-tube)

Test pipe

V5 = Water manometer
valve

V6 = Water manometer valve

V4 = Flow control valve

Inlet

Outlet
Graduated beaker

V1 V2 V3
Water supply control valves

Pressure measuring points

Figure 3-4 Schematic diagram of horizontal pipe

Note: All pipes and hoses connection are already made by the manufacturer except inlet and outlet pipes, and
overflow pipe.

3-3

160112

DATA SHEET
HB 017 PIPE FRICTION
Tested by .Date
Manometer
h1
mm Hg

h2
mm Hg

Volume flow rate

h2- h1

h1

h2

h1- h2

mm Hg

mm H2O

mm H2O

mm H2O

3-4
Please note: 1. This is the upstream test point.
2. This is the downstream test point.
Thus h1 is lower than h2 for mercury manometer
But h1 is higher than h2 for water manometer

Voluml

Time
sec

Flow rate
10-3 l/sec

Velocity
m/sec

ReD

L V2
D 2g

f from

hL
2

L V
D 2g

Moody chart
(smooth pipe)

220414

4. TYPICAL DATA
DATA SHEET
HB 017 PIPE FRICTION
Tested by..S.Srinilta.. Date.26/12/95
Manometer
h1

h2

Volume flow rate

h2- h1

h1

h2

h1- h2

Volume
l

Time
sec

Flow rate
10-3 l/sec

Velocity
m/sec

ReD

L V2
D 2g

f from

hL
2

L V
D 2g

Moody chart

4-1

mm Hg

mm Hg

mm Hg

mm H2O

mm H2O

mm H2O

215

232

0.82

123.48

6.64

0.841

3808

5.69

0.041

0.042

213

232

0.46

64.68

7.11

0.9

4075

6.51

0.0366

0.04

213

232

0.455

60.24

7.55

0.956

4329

7.35

0.0342

0.039

212

234

0.48

60.23

7.97

1.009

4569

8.19

0.0338

0.038

211

235

0.50

60.29

8.29

1.05

4755

8.87

0.034

0.038

210

236

0.50

60.31

8.29

1.05

4755

8.87

0.0368

0.038

206

239

1.205

30.36

39.69

5.029

22775

203.52

0.002038

0.0245

201

243

1.2

30.31

39.59

5.01

22688

202

0.00261

0.024

Please note: 1. This is the upstream test point.

2. This is the downstream test point.
Thus h1 is lower than h2 for mercury manometer.
But h1 is higher than h2 for water manometer.

(smooth pipe)

220414

5. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
5.1

Typical Test Data

Test runs were conducted by a team of engineers and technicians at ESSOM factory prior to shipment to
customer. Typical test data were shown below.
Pressure head at point (1) is 21.5 cm.Hg; at point (2) is 23.2cm.Hg
Measuring volume from measuring tank 0.82
liter,
measuring time
123.48 s

5.2

Sample Calculations
Then, head loss due to friction between point (1) and (2) is:
hL = 23.2 cm.Hg 21.5 cm.Hg
= 1.7 cm.Hg
12.6 cm.H 2 O
21.42 cm.H 2 O
= 1.7 cm.Hg
cm.Hg
= 21.42 cm.H2O
= 0.2142 m. H2O
Flow rate in the pipe is:
Measuring volume
Q
Measuring Time

1.82 l
l
l 1m3
m3
0.00664 0.00664
6.64 10 6
123.48 s
s
s 10 3 l
s
Dimensions of test pipe is 3.17 mm. in inside diameter and 500 mm. long, then velocity of water in the pipe is:

Q
6.64 10 6 m 3 /s

A (3.17 10 3 m) 2
4
m
0.841
s

L V2
D 2g
Substituting all variables in Equation (6) gives:
From Equation (6),

0.2142 m f

hL f

500 10 3 m

3.17 10 3 m
f 0.038

0.841 m/s2
2 9.81 m/s 2

From Addendum 4, properties of water at 30 C :

995.7 kg/m 3
kg
m.s
o
Reynolds number of water in pipe at water temperature 30 C is:
kg
m
995.7 3 0.841 3.17 10 3 m
VD
s
m
Re D

kg

0.80110 3
m.s
3,313.99
For stainless steel tube (smooth pipe)

0.801 10 3

From the Moody chart, for smooth pipe at ReD = 3314 gives f 0.042.

5-1

220414
160112

ADDENDUM 1
WATER MANOMETER

WATER MANOMETER (WMW)

Pressurized Manometer for Water
Description
Two-Tube Manometer

Pressurizing valve for

hand air pump
Air bleeding valve

Multi-Tube Manometer

This manometer employs clear acrylic tubes

with a top common chamber. This chamber has
an air relief valve and can be pressurized by a
hand air pump or may be reduced by opening a
vent valve. Pressure ports are at the bottom.
Range
: 0-450, 0-950 mm or as required
Graduation : 1 mm
Application : Comparison of water pressures

Top chamber
This manometer uses 2 clear acrylic tubes.
For multiple reading, the number of tubes may
be 4, 6, 8, 10 or more available as an option.
Instruction for Use
1. Close the vent valve at the top chamber.
2. Connect pressure lines from the pressure
source to the inlet pressure ports of the
manometer. Water levels will show on the
manometer scale.
3. If the levels are too low, release pressure from
the top chamber by opening the vent valve or
increase static pressure of the system to be
measured by closing the system outlet valve. If
the levels are too high, open the outlet valve of
the system slightly more or increase the top
chamber pressure by hand air pump via air
pressuring valve.
4. If differential pressure exceeds the water
manometer range. Close the water manometer
inlet valves and use the mercury manometer
only.
Pressure inlet valve
Pressure line

Notes : More than one pair of tubes may be used simultaneously if average pressure from one pair is not much different
from the other pairs. In this case, downstream average pressure is always lower than upstream average pressure. Thus, if
anyone pair of water levels are out of the manometer range, that pair cannot be used, simply close the inlet valves of
that pair or close the pressure tapping ports at the pressure source.

ADDENDUM 2
MERCURY MANOMETER

MERCURY MANOMETER

U-Tubes Mercury Manometer

Vent valve
Pressure inlet
valve (rear)

Pressure inlet
valve (rear)

1. Description:
This manometer employs clear acrylic tubes with top reservoirs for
mercury overspill and vent valves. Pressure ports are at the top.
Range
: 500 or 950 mm
Graduation
: 1 mm
Application
: High differential pressure of water or air
The manometer uses 2 clear acrylic tubes connected as a U-tube. The top
part of each tube has a chamber which acts as the mercury reservoir in case
of a pressure surge. Connected to the chamber is pressure inlet port with a
valve and a vent valves. These valves are used to bleed out air in the system.
2. Instruction for Use:
2.1 Differential pressure for air
2.1.1 Make sure there is nothing but air above the mercury. If there is
any water in any tube, empty the manometer tubes and refill with
mercury about half full.
2.1.2 Close both vent valves.
2.1.3 Connect the pressures from the pressure sources to the
manometer inlet valves using flexible hoses.
2.1.4 The differential pressure is the difference in height of the two
manometer columns. The equivalent height of water column for
the differential pressure is calculated as follows:
Equivalent water column height = 13.6 mercury column height difference.
2.2 Differential pressure of water
2.2.1 Connect the pressure inlet valves to the differential pressure
source to be measured.
2.2.2 Slightly open one of the valves at the pressure source and at the
mercury manometer. Water will flow into the connected tube of
the manometer and push the mercury to a higher level in the
other tube.
2.2.3 Slowly open the vent valve of the second tube to allow air
bubbles in the system (if any) out. Continue 2.2.2 until all air
bubbles in this tube are removed, then close the vent valve.
2.2.4 Repeat 2.2.2 and 2.2.3 for the other tube of the manometer. Now
only water remains on top of the mercury in the manometer. The
manometer is ready to record differential pressure. Equivalent
height of water column for the differential pressure is calculated
as follows:
Equivalent water column height = (13.6-1) mercury column height difference.
= 12.6 mercury column height difference.

3. Mercury Manometer Filling

Mercury is removed from the manometer during shipment. Filling of
the manometer with mercury is to be done at site as follows;

MERCURY MANOMETER FILLING

3.1

Carefully remove the

outer cap and the inner
cap of the mercury bottle.

3.2

Close the bottle with the outer

cap (one with a short hose)

Mercury mano vent valves

3.3 Remove left (or right) side vent tube from the
mercury mano vent valve by pushing and
holding red or blue plastic shoulder of quick
coupling and use the other hand pull the tube
out.

Mercury mano right

side vent tube

Mercury
Manometer

Mercury mano left

side vent tube
Water mano vent valve

3.4

Connect the tube from the mercury container

to the mercury mano vent valve then open
the valve.

For hand air pump

Water
Manometer

Mercury
container
Tube
Valve open

Mercury level
3.5

Slightly tilt the panel to inclined position and fill the

mercury only half of the manometer height. If the
test set is too heavy to be tilted, lightly knock the
manometer panel to make sure all mercury flows
down to the bottom.
3.6 Remove the tube of the mercury container from the
mercury mano vent valve the same method as 3.3.
3.7 Connect the left (or right) side vent tube back to
the mercury mano vent valve then close the valve.

ADDENDUM 3
ACRYLIC CYLINDER ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTION

ACRYLIC TANK ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTION

1. Install compressive ring and O-ring on acrylic tank.

Acrylic tank

Compressive Ring

O-ring

2. Install the tank to the support and screw the compressive ring until it is hand tight.

3. Put the diffuser plate into the acrylic tank with caution and adjust the over flow tube until the height equal to
the top of diffuser plate.
Diffuser plate

4. Put the glass balls into the acrylic tank on the over flow pipe side

Diffuser plate

Glass ball

ADDENDUM 4
PROPERTIES TABLE OF WATER IN SI UNITS

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE OF WATER IN SI UNITS

Temp, C

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100

Specific
weight

, N/m

9805
9806
9803
9798
9789
9779
9767
9752
9737
9720
9697
9679
9658
9635
9600
9589
9557
9529
9499
9469
9438

Viscosity
Density

, kg/ m3
999.9
1000.0
999.7
999.1
998.2
997.1
995.7
994.1
992.2
990.2
988.1
985.7
983.2
980.6
977.8
974.9
971.8
968.6
965.3
961.9
958.4

, kg/ms
10

-3

1.792
1.519
1.308
1.140
1.005
0.894
0.801
0.723
0.656
0.599
0.549
0.506
0.469
0.436
0.406
0.380
0.357
0.336
0.317
0.299
0.284

Surface
Tension

Kinematic
Viscosity
, m2/s
-6
10 =

, N/m
100 =

1.792
1.519
1.308
1.141
1.007
0.897
0.804
0.727
0.661
0.605
0.556
0.513
0.477
0.444
0.415
0.390
0.367
0.347
0.328
0.311
0.290

7.62
7.54
7.48
7.41
7.36
7.26
7.18
7.10
7.01
6.92
6.82
6.74
6.68
6.58
6.50
6.40
6.30
6.20
6.12
6.02
5.94

Vapor
Pressure
head

/, m
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.17
0.25
0.33
0.44
0.58
0.76
0.98
1.26
1.61
2.03
2.56
3.20
3.96
4.86
5.93
7.18
8.62
10.33

Bulk
modulus
of elasticity
2
K, N.m
-2
10 K =
204
206
211
214
220
222
223
224
227
229
230
231
228
226
225
223
221
217
216
211
207