UNIT 1: LIFE ENERGY

ACTIVITY 1: Leaf reaction when exposed to sunlight

MATERIALS
Leaf exposed to sunlight

2 petri dishes
Jar of water

bleaching solution
2 pieces filter paper (9cm x 15
cm)

Forceps
Dropper

Masking tape

2 pieces vinyl tile (10cm x 15 cm)

Hammer

leaf from the same plan covered from

sunlight

Iodine solution

Procedure
1. Join two pieces of vinyl tile along one side with masking tape to make filter
paper holder
2. Put the exposed leaf between 2 pieces of filter paper and insert the whole
thing in the filter paper holder
3. Close the folder. With a hammer, pound it about 10 times over the area
where the leaf is
4. Peel off the leaf from the filter paper. The lead will leave an imprint on the
filter paper
Question 1: what is the color of the leaf imprint?
Question 2: what do you think is this colored substance?
5. Put the pieces of filter paper in a petri dish or a bowl filled with bleaching
solution
6. When the color is gone, rinse the 2 pieces of filter paper in a jar of water
7. Transfer one filter paper to another petri dish or bowl. Pour diluted iodine
solution all over the filter paper. Do the same procedure for the other filter
paper.
Question 3: what happens to the color of the leaf imprint?
8. Repeat steps 1 to 7 using the colored leaf.
Question 4: do you notice any change in color of the filter paper?
When iodine solution changes in color from brown to blue, blue, black or
violet or purple, it shows the presence of starch.
Question 5: what can you infer from the color of the leaf imprint?
Question 6: does the covered leaf contain starch? Why do
you say so?
Question 7: according to this experiment, what do
plants in sunlight produce?

Summary:
All organisms need energy which the get from the food they eat.

Through the process of photosynthesis, plants and other chlorophyll bearing

organisms produce food for themselves, which is availed of by other living
forms.
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts found in their leaves
Three major steps in photosynthesis are:
- Capture of energy from sunlight by chlorophyll molecules;
- Conversion of light energy to chemical energy
- Storage of chemical energy into glucose sugar from ATP AND
NADPH
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria and some
protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce glucose from carbon
dioxide and water. This glucose can be converted into pyruvate which
releases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by cellular respiration. Oxygen is also
formed.

Photosynthesis may be summarised by the word equation:

carbon dioxide + water

glucose + oxygen

As light intensity increases, the rate of the light-dependent reaction, and

therefore photosynthesis generally, increases proportionately. As light
intensity is increased however, the rate of photosynthesis is eventually
limited by some other factor. Chlorophyll a is used in both photosystems. The
wavelength of light is also important. PSI absorbs energy most efficiently at
700 nm and PSII at 680 nm. Light with a high proportion of energy
concentrated in these wavelengths will produce a high rate of
photosynthesis.
An increase in the carbon dioxide concentration increases the rate at which
carbon is incorporated into carbohydrate in the light-independent reaction
and so the rate of photosynthesis generally increases until limited by another
factor.
Photosynthesis is dependent on temperature. It is a reaction catalysed by
enzymes. As the enzymes approach their optimum temperatures the overall
rate increases. Above the optimum temperature the rate begins to decrease
until it stops.

ASSESSMENT QUIZ
NAME: ______________________________
_________________

CLASS:_________________ DATE:

Multiple Choice
Encircle the letter that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Most of the energy used by life on Earth comes from the
a. rotation of the Earth b. moon c. weather d. sun
2.Where do plants get the carbon dioxide
needed for photosynthesis?
a. water b. the sun
c. the air d. glucose
3. Chlorophyll is green because
a. it absorbs green wavelengths
b. it reflects green wavelengths of light
c. of an optical illusion
caused by transmitted light
d. it absorbs
blue and yellow wavelengths, which makes green
4. Cellular respiration occurs in
a. animals only b. plants only c. animals and plants d.
bacteria only
5. Light energy is converted to chemical
energy through the process of
a. photosynthesis
b. glycolysis c. cellular respiration
d. fermentation
6. Which of the
following do not carry out photosynthesis?
a. plants
b. certain prokaryotes
c. algae
d. animals
7. Plants produce what two products in photosynthesis?
a. carbon dioxide and oxygen b. oxygen and glucose c.
glucose and carbon dioxide
d. nitrogen and glucose
8. What is ATP?
a. An energy
source for plants
b. a
compound created by the smooth endroplasmic reticulum
c. an energy source for animals
d. an energy source for both plants and animals
9. What is the name of the sugar that is formed during
photosynthesis?
a. fructose b. sucrose c. glucose
d. lactose
10. Which of the following is a factor that can affect can affect
photosynthesis?
a. too much water b. too little oxygen
c. too much sun d. too little glucose
answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:

D
C
B
C
A

6. ANS: D
7. ANS: B
8. ANS: D
9. ANS: C
10. ANS: C
LESSON 2: BIODIVERSITY

ACTIVITY 1: Conserving Biodiversity in the Community

As a citizen of the world, the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) has
made the following suggestions to help conserve biodiversity in the community.
1.)Which of these suggestions can you do?
In a piece of paper, indicate your answer by checking the column, YES or NO
SUGGESTIONS
1. Learn about local species
2. Support local conservation groups
3. Spread the importance of conserving species among friends
4. Plant trees (they provide habitats for many species.)
5. Dont pick wild flowers or plants (unless you will eat them)
6. Dont disturb wild habitats
7.Dont buy products that came from endangered species (alligator
skin bags or leather bags from animals)

YES

NO

2.) Aside from these, as a young citizen of the world, what are the other things that
you can do for conserving the environment?
3.) Form a group with 6 members and report to class what you did.

SUMMARY:

Biodiversity is the variety of life. It can be studied on many levels. At the

highest level, you can look at all the different species on the entire Earth. On
a much smaller scale, you can study biodiversity within a pond ecosystem or
a neighborhood park. Identifying and understanding the relationships
between all the life on Earth are some of the greatest challenges in science.

Biodiversity is extremely important to people and the health of ecosystems.

A few of the reasons are:
o Biodiversity allows us to live healthy and happy lives. It provides us
with an array of foods and materials and it contributes to the
economy. Without a diversity of pollinators, plants, and soils, our
o

supermarkets would have a lot less produce.

Most medical discoveries to cure diseases and lengthen life spans were
made because of research into plant and animal biology and genetics.
Every time a species goes extinct or genetic diversity is lost, we will
never know whether research would have given us a new vaccine or

drug.
Biodiversity is an important part of ecological services that make life
livable on Earth. They include everything from cleaning water
and absorbing chemicals, which wetlands do, to providing oxygen for

us to breatheone of the many things that plants do for people.

Biodiversity allows for ecosystems to adjust to disturbances like
extreme fires and floods. If a reptile species goes extinct, a forest with
20 other reptiles is likely to adapt better than another forest with only

one reptile.
Genetic diversity prevents diseases and helps species adjust to

changes in their environment.

Simply for the wonder of it all. There are few things as beautiful and
inspiring as the diversity of life that exists on Earth.

ASSESSMENT QUIZ:
Match the items in Column A with those in Column B.
COLUMN A
1. Tamaraw belongs to species of
mammals found only in the
Philippines
2. What is biodiversity?
3. Species no longer living
4. Main cause of extinction of
species
5. Illegal hunting and collecting of
wildlife

COLUMN B
A. The spread of all living
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.

things
Extinct species
Human activities
Disease
Poaching
Endemic species
Pollution
Wildlife species

B. Answer the following

1. For each value of biodiversity listed below, give two examples of organisms.
a. direct economic value
b. indirect economic value
c. aesthetic value to people
2. Why have many wild species become threatened or extinct?
3. How can people both young and old help conserve biodiversity?

SUMMARY: ECOYSTEMS

Ecosystems are living communities (biotic components) and their nonliving

environment (abiotic components) like light, temperature, and water

interacting together.
Ecosystems may be natural or managed. Examples of natural ecosystems are

rainforests, coral reefs, mangrove swamps, ponds, rivers and grasslands.

Biological diversity is greater in natural ecosystems than in managed ones.
Greater energy inputs are needed to maintain managed ecosystems than
natural ecosystems. However, artificial ecosystems yield greater outputs in
terms of desired products than managed ecosystems.

10 educational websites
UnplugTheTV.com
This student resource offers an alternative to TV (and, unfortunately, studying), hosting
randomized videos on interesting scientific topics.
UReddit.com
Youve probably heard of Reddit, but have you heard of UReddit? UReddit hosts courses and
lessons created by the public and can help users to learn languages, scientific principles or
even PHP programming.
Instructables.com
This is one of the most useful online student resources if you like making and fixing things
yourself. You can learn anything from how to make spaghetti ice-cream to how fix a broken
shelf.
TheBookPond.com
The Book Pond allows you to sell your old academic textbooks or buy the ones you need from
other students who are ready to pass them on.

Gumtree.com
Gumtree advertises jobs, second-hand goods, properties and services for people around the
UK. If youre a student in the UK, it can be a good place to search for part-time job

opportunities, look for accommodation, sell things you dont need any more, or even swap
goods or skills.
TED.com
TED hosts thought-provoking talks given at events all over the world on the core topics of
technology, entertainment and design but in fact covering pretty much every aspect of human
experience. The TED site is where you can find all the videos of these talks. Another good
procrastination device, but you may also find some inspiration for your next essay.
Wikipedia.org
Although your tutors will tell you never to reference Wikipedia in assignments, the
collaboratively edited encyclopedia project can be a very useful tool for early-stage research
into your assignment or project.
Curious World
Brought to you by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Curious World is designed to prepare kids for
kindergarten. Tiny tots learn not only math and reading readiness skills, but also social skills. A
super cool feature is the flashcards you can customize by your child's age and subject area you
want him to learn. Just select criteria from a pull down menu, and enjoy activities that can be
done anywhere, any time.
National Geographic Kids
Has your child ever asked you a question like, "What are baby penguins called?" Well, National
Geographic Kids has the answer! Kids can watch videos, play games, and best of all, learn
about animals, nature and the world around them. You know, in case you don't knoweverything!
ABCmouse.com
ABCMouse.com calls itself the most comprehensive learning site on Earth for kids ages 2 to 7.
Your kiddos can read or listen to books and music, play games and color as they accelerate
through customizable learning levels designed by teachers and experts. The site even tracks
your child's progress as she learns. You can try out the site for free for a month; after that, the
monthly subscription fee is $7.95.
Funbrain
Kids in preschool through Grade 8 will love Funbrain, a site that makes developing math,
reading and literacy skills fun. Check out games like Math Baseball and Grammar Gorillas. Kids
can even read books on the go.

Educational apps/games for students

Animal Pants

Do pandas wear pants? In this adorable app they do! Build your preschooler's matching skills by
asking him to help the animals find their pants (in the right size, of course) in the beautifully
illustrated nature scene. Along the way, your child can learn fun facts about the 12 different
animals and where they live. The app is available in English, Spanish, French, and German and
helps build early literacy skills across those languages.
Elmo Loves 123s
Help your child identify and count numbers from 1 to 20, do simple addition and subtraction, and
trace numbers that also open surprises, such as Sesame Street videos, puzzles, and coloring
pages. Along the way, everyone's favorite furry character, Elmo, and Abby Cadabby guide kids
through learning math. (ages 5 and under, $2.99; iPad) -- Written by Cheryl Lock

Funbrain Jr.

Numbers! Letters! Patterns! Yay! Preschoolers can dive into early learning with five games
featuring quirky characters. In "Balloon Blowup," kids pop the balloon with the largest number
set. In "Heat Wave," they connect pipes in alphabetical order to fill up a pool. In "Shape Shack,"
they click on the correct picture to complete a pattern.
Kids ABC Letters Lite
Help your preschooler learn her letters with the collection of fun games included in this app. In
one game, children create letters by sliding colorful puzzle pieces into place while in another,
kids learn to recognize letters as they appear in words. Note that this "lite" version covers only
letters A through H, and you must buy the complete version ($3.99) for the entire alphabet.
PLAY123
This fun geometry app for preschoolers won a 2013 Editor's Choice Award from Children's
Technology Review. A friendly voice guides children through the simple games about colors,
numbers, and shapes. Soon your tot will be a little math pro!
Alien Assignment
This out-of-this-world app was created by the Fred Rogers Center and a kindergarten teacher
and received a five-star review from Common Sense Media. Kids join the loveable Gloop family
of aliens in a problem-solving adventure to repair their space ship so they can return to their
home planet.
Endless Alphabet

This app comes from the creators of Sesame Street's The Monster at the End of This Book
so you know it's bound to be silly and cute. The monster-themed activities teach children new
words and how to spell them. The games don't have time limits or scores, so it's stress-free fun
for kids. Some words might be too advanced for preschool children. Make the 99-cent in-app
purchase to remove ads.

Endless Reader
Fans of Endless Alphabet will also love Endless Reader, by the same creators and with many of
the same cute characters. Endless Reader uses nifty graphics and fun word puzzles to bring
sight words and short sentences to life for early readers. The app offers a pack of six words for
kids to learn, with additional "Reader Packs" available to buy within the app ($4.99 per pack;
$11.99 for a bundle of packs).

Read Me Stories

Stay on a roll with reading! If you forgot to pack some children's books for on-the-go, this app is
a great option. A new eBook for kids is added every day. Each word is highlighted as the voice
tells the story so that kids can learn to read along. It's a great choice for early readers and
reluctant readers alike.
Spelling Test Free

Help your child brush up on her spelling skills (in English or a foreign language) with this toprated spelling app. You can create custom spelling tests, create a test on one device and share
it with another, and see detailed scores after each quiz to see which words your child spelled
correctly or missed. You can even record words for your child to hear and then spell.