Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vd
iL
io
+
Vo
Vin
iL
L
+
Vo
Vd
iL
+
Vo
Inductor current continues to decrease in this sub-interval. As mentioned earlier, it is assumed that the converter is operating in CCM. Thus,
any time before the inductor current hits zero, the switch must be on. As
soon as the switch returns to on, this mode comes to an end and the
inductor current again starts increasing. And the cycle repeats itself.
Vd
+
R
Figure 1.4 Buck converter when both switch S and diode D are off.
2009 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Vo
0 < t < DT
(1.1)
Vd = v L + Vo
(1.2)
iL
VL
VD
iD
D
T
iL
VL
VD
iD
D
T
diL Vd Vo
=
dt
L
iL (t ) =
Vd Vo
t + I L ,min
L
iL (t = DT ) = I L ,max
I L = I L ,max . I L ,min . =
Vd Vo
DT
L
(1.3)
(1.4)
(1.5)
(1.6)
DT < t < T
(1.7)
v L = Vo
(1.8)
diL Vo
=
dt
L
iL (t ) =
(1.9)
Vo
(t DT ) + I L ,max
L
iL (t = T ) = I L ,min
I L = I L ,max . I L ,min . =
Vo
(1 D )T
L
(1.10)
(1.11)
(1.12)
Vd Vo
V
DT = o (1 D )T
L
L
Vo = DVd where D =
t on
T
(1.13)
(1.14)
IL =
Vo
V
V
(1 D )T = o 1 o T
L
L
Vd
(1.15)
From this equation, we can write,
I L = Io =
Vo
R
(1.16)
IL =
Vo
V
V
(1 D )T = o 1 o T
L
L
Vd
(1.17)
1 (Vd Vo )
=0
R
2 LfVd
I L ,min . = 0
L=
(Vd Vo ) R (1 D ) R
=
2 fVd
2f
(1.18)
(1.19)
iL = ic + io
ic iL I o = iL
ic = C
Vo
R
dv o
dt
(1.20)
(1.21)
Integrating the equation for capacitor current shown above for change in
output voltage dV, the equation becomes,
ic = C
dv o
dt
(1.22)
t2
1
1
1 1 T IL
Vo =
ic dt =
Q=
C
C
C22 2
t1
(1.23)
Now, if the value of I L is substituted in these equations from the equations shown before, the resulting equation will be,
2009 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Vo =
1
8Cf
Vo =
Vo
(1 D )T
L
(1 D )Vo
8 LCf 2
(1.24)
(1.25)
Vo (1 D )
=
Vo
8 LCf 2
(1.26)
C=
(1 D )
8 L VO / VO f 2
(1.27)
io
vin
vo
PWM
e(t)
Firing
circuit
PI
e(t)
Voref.
Ramp
generator
iL
L
+ VL
Vd
+
C
R Vo
1
Vo
=
Vi 1 D
(1.28)
Similar to the buck converter, here also the state of the inductor current
decides the operating mode. The converter can be operated in CCM as well
as DCM. Both of these modes are examined in the following sections.
10
flowing through the inductor. As soon as the switch is on, the first subinterval starts. The inductor current starts increasing linearly. The negative voltage across the diode forces it to be off. Thus, there is no current
through the diode and the load is supplied entirely by the output capacitor. The power stage circuit is shown in Figure1.9.
The inductor current goes on increasing linearly unless the switch is
off. When the switch is off, the second sub-interval starts. The inductor
has to deplete its energy once the switch is made off and this forces the
diode to conduct. The diode starts conducting and some of the inductor
energy supplies the load and some charges the capacitor. The power
stage circuit for the sub-interval is shown in Figure1.10.
The inductor current continues to decrease until the switch is made
on again or it reaches zero. But here it is assumed that the converter
operates in continuous conduction mode and thus, before the inductor
current reaches zero, the switch is made on again. Once again the current starts increasing and the cycle repeats. The operating mode waveforms of the boost converter in continuous conduction mode are shown
in Figure1.11.
Vin
+
R Vo
+
R Vo
Vin
11
iL
Io
VL
VD
iD
ic
Vc
D
T
12
Vin
+
R Vo
Figure 1.12 Boost converter when both switch S and diode D are off.
waveforms for the DCM operation are the same as those for the DCM of
the buck converter.
L=
RD(1 D )2
2f
(1.29)
C=
2009 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
D
Rf Vo / Vo
(1.30)
13
Vo
D
=
Vin 1 D
(1.31)
S
iL
Vd
+
VL
R Vo
+
14
D can be selected such that the output voltage can either be higher or lower
than the input voltage. This gives the converter the flexibility to either step
up or step down the supply [7]-[9]. Since both input and output currents are
pulsating, low ripple levels are very difficult to achieve using the buck-boost.
Very large output filter capacitors are neededtypically up to eight times
that of a buck converter. The transistor switch also needs to be able to conduct
the high peak current, as well as supporting the higher summed voltage.
Though the polarity of the output voltage is not similar to the input
voltage, unlike the buck and boost converters, the buck-boost converter can
handle similar operating modes, for example, continuous or discontinuous conduction modes. Both of these modes are explained in the following
sections.
Vin
+
R Vo
Vin
15
+
R Vo
Figure 1.15 Buck-boost converter when switch is off and diode is on.
0
(Vo)
iL
TS
IL
0
ton
toff
16
conduct in the opposite direction, and thus the current stays zero. The
capacitor voltage also remains at its initial position, for example, constant.
The sub-interval comes to an end when the switch goes off. The power
stage in the third sub-interval will appear as shown in Figure1.17.
Once the switch is made on, the inductor current starts increasing
from zero. Here it must be noted that the switch is always on after the
inductor current reaches zero, not before that, and therefore the inductor
current has zero initial value. The operating mode waveforms in DCM are
shown in Figure1.18.
Vin
+
R Vo
Figure 1.17 Buck-boost converter when both switch S and diode D are off.
vL
0
iL
Vd
t
(Vo)
1T
DT
2T
17
R(1 D )2
,
2f
(1.32)
L=
where L is the value of the inductance of the inductor, R is the load impedance, D is duty ratio, and f is switching frequency. An inductance value
more than the equation given above will force the converter to operate
in continuous conduction mode. And a value less than that will result in
converter operation in discontinuous conduction mode. The capacitance
value is given by,
C=
D
Rf Vo / Vo ,
(1.33)
References