Chapter 3

Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second

Law of Thermodynamics

Hot reservoir at Th

Qh

Weng

Engine

Qc

Cold reservoir at Tc

Figure 3.1
Schematic representation of a heat
engine. The engine does work
Weng. The arrow at the top
represents energy Qh . 0 entering
the engine. At the bottom, Qc , 0
represents energy leaving the
engine.

Area = Weng

F I G U R E 3.2 The PV
diagram for an arbitrary cyclic
process. The net work done
by the engine equals the area
enclosed by the curve.
 Hot reservoir at Th

Qh

Weng

Engine

Cold reservoir at Tc

The impossible engine

FIGURE 3.3 Schematic

representation of a heat engine that
absorbs energy Q h from a hot
reservoir and does an equivalent
amount of work. It is not possible to
construct such a perfect engine.
 Sand

Energy reservoir

F I G U R E 3.4 A gas in thermal

contact with an energy reservoir
is compressed slowly as
individual grains of sand are
dropped onto the piston. The
compression is isothermal and
reversible.
 A B
Isothermal
expansion

Qh

Energy reservoir at Th
(a)

D A B C
Adiabatic Adiabatic
Cycle
compression expansion

Q=0 Q=0

(d) (b)

C D
Isothermal
compression

Qc

Energy reservoir at Tc
(c)
P
A

Qh
B

Weng Th

C
D Qc Tc
V
Figure 3.6
The PV diagram for the Carnot
cycle. The net work done Weng
equals the net energy transferred
into the Carnot engine in one cycle,
&Qh& &Qc&. Note that DEint 5 0
for the cycle.
 Hot reservoir at Th

Qh

Heat pump

Qc

Cold reservoir at Tc

Figure 3.7
Schematic representation of a
heat pump, which absorbs
energy Qc from a cold reservoir
and expels energy Qh to a hot
reservoir. The work done on the
heat pump is W.
 Hot reservoir at Th

Qh = Qc

Heat pump

Qc

Cold reservoir at Tc

Impossible heat pump

FIGURE 3.8 Schematic

diagram of an impos sible heat
pump or refrigerator, that is,
one that takes in energy from
a cold reservoir and expels an
equivalent amount of energy
to a hot reservoir without the
input of energy by work.
 (a)

(b)

FIGURE 3. 9 Two
different micros tates for a
throw of two dice. These
correspond to two
macrostates, having va lues of
(a) 4 and (b) 6.
 (a)

(b)

FIGURE 3.10 Possible

two-dice microstates for a
macrostate of (a) 7 and (b) 2.
The macrostate of 7 is more
probable because the re are
more ways of achie ving it;
more microstates are ass
ociated with a 7 than with a 2.
 Vi Vacuum

(a)

Vf

(b)
F I G U R E 3.11 (a) A
gas is initially restricted
to an available volume Vi
while the remainder of
the volume is evacuated.
(b) During a free
expansion, the gas is
allowed to expand into
the evacuated volume.
Figure Q3.9
(Courtesy of PASCO Scientific Company)
 Qc Heat Qh
pump

Outside Inside
Tc Th

Figure P3.18
 Valve

H2 Vacuum

Figure P3.31

H2 O2

Figure P3.32