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A
I
vd
A
q
vd ∆t
Figure 6.3
A schematic representation of the
zigzag motion of a charge carrier in a
conductor. The changes in direction
are due to collisions with atoms in the
conductor. Note that the net motion
of electrons is opposite the direction
of the electric field. Because of the
acceleration of the charge carriers
due to the electric force, the paths are
actually parabolic. The drift speed,
however, is much smaller than the
average speed, so the parabolic shape
is not visible on this scale.
A I
Vb E Va
I I
Slope = 1
R
V V
(a) (b)
F I G U R E 6.5 (a) The current –potential difference curve for an ohmic
material. The curve is linear, and the slope is equal to the inverse of the
resistance of the conductor. (b) A nonlinear current – potential
difference curve for a semiconducting diode. This device does not obey
Ohm’s law.
(SuperStock)
F I G U R E 6.6 The colored bands on a resistor
represent a code for determining resistance. The
first two colors give the first two digits in the
resistance value. The third color represents the
power of ten for the multiplier of the resistance
value. The last color is the tolerance of the
resistance value. As an example, the four colors
on the circled resistors are red ( 2), black ( 0),
orange ( 103), and gold ( 5%), and so the
resistance value is 20 103 20 k with a
tolerance value of 5% 1 k . (The values for
the colors come from Table 6.2.)
ρ
0 T
ρ0
0 T
R (Ω)
0.15
0.10
0.05
Tc
0.00
4.0 4.2 4.4
T (K)
b c
+
∆V R
a d
Figure 6.9
A circuit consisting of a resistor of
resistance R and a battery having a
potential difference V across its
terminals. Positive charge flows in the
clockwise direction.
30 W
e f
60 W
c d
a b
∆V
F I G U R E 6.10 (Quick Quiz 6.4
and Thinking Physics 6.2) Two
lightbulbs connected across the
same potential difference.
Battery
+
Resistor
ε r
a b
I I
d R c
(a)
V ε r R
ε Ir
IR
a b c d
(b)
Figure 6.12
(a) Circuit diagram of a source of emf
(in this case, a battery) with internal
resistance r, connected to an external
resistor of resistance R. (b) Graphical
representation showing how the pote-
ntial changes as the circuit in (a) is
traversed clockwise.
R1 R2
I 1 = I2 = I R eq = R 1 + R 2
R1 R2
a b c a c
+
I I
I
∆V ∆V
Battery
Figure 6.13
(a) A series connection of two lightbulbs with resistances R 1 and R 2 . (b) The circuit diagram for the two-resistor circuit. The
current in R 1 is the same as that in R 2 . (c) The resistors are replaced with a single resistor having an equivalent resistance
R eq R 1 R 2.
R1
R2
Figure 6.14
∆V 1 = ∆V 2 = ∆V
1 = 1 + 1
R1 R eq R1 R2 (a) A parallel connection of two
lightbulbs with resistances R 1 and
R 2. (b) The circuit diagram for
I1
+ R2 the two-resistor circuit. The
a b
potential difference across R 1 is
I2 I
I the same as that across R 2. (c)
∆V ∆V The resistors are replaced with a
Battery single resistor having an
(a) (b) (c) equivalent resistance given by
Equation 6.29.
A B
C D
F I G U R E 6.15(Thinking Physics
6.4) What happens to the lightbulbs if
one fails?
100-W filament
75-W filament
S1
120 V
S2
FIGURE 6.1 6
(Thinking Physics 6.5) A
three-way lightbulb.
6.0 Ω
I1
8.0 Ω 4.0 Ω
(a) b
a I c
I2
3.0 Ω
12.0 Ω 2.0 Ω
(b)
a b c
14.0 Ω
(c)
a c
I1 I2 I3
18.0 V
3.00 Ω 6.00 Ω 9.00 Ω
b
F I G U R E 6.18 (Example6.8)
Three resistors connected in
parallel. The voltage across
each resistor is 18.0 V.
14.0 V
e f
4.0 Ω
I2
I1
b c
10.0 V 6.0 Ω I3
a d
2.0 Ω
I3
(a)
Flow in
Flow out
(b)
I
(a)
a b
∆V = –IR
I
(b)
a b
∆V = +IR
ε
(c)
a b
∆V = + ε
ε
+
(d)
a b
∆V = – ε
Cε
0.632C ε
=RC
t
(a)
I0 I0 = ε
R
0.368I0
(b)
FIGURE 6.23 (a) Plot of
capacitor charge versus time for the
circuit shown in Figure 6.25. After a
time interval equal to one time
constant has passed, the charge is
63.2% of the maximum value C . The
charge approaches its maximum value
as t approaches infinity. (b) Plot of
current versus time for the RC circuit
shown in Figure 6.25. The current has
its maximum value
I0 /R at t 0 and decays to zero
exponentially as t approaches infinity.
After a time interval equal to one time
constant has passed, the current is
36.8% of its initial value.
–Q
C R
+Q
S
t<0
(a)
–q
C R I
+q
S
t>0
(b)
Figure 6.24
(a) A charged capacitor connected to
a resistor and a switch, which is open
for t 0. (b) After the switch is closed
at t 0, a current that decreases in
magnitude with time is set up in the
direction shown and the charge on
the capacitor decreases exponentially
with time.
[6.35]
ε C L
Switch
Battery
Figure Q6.15
Figure Q6.18
A B C
ε S
Figure Q6.21
7.00 Ω
4.00 Ω 9.00 Ω
10.0 Ω
a b
Figure P6.25
1.00 MΩ
50.0 V
Figure P6.26
100 Ω
a 100 Ω b
100 Ω
Figure P6.27
2.00 Ω
3.00 Ω 1.00 Ω
18.0 V
4.00 Ω
Figure P6.28
R 2 = 2R
R1 = R
R 4 = 3R
ε
I
R 3 = 4R
Figure P6.29
7.00 Ω 15.0 V
I1
5.00 Ω
A
I2
2.00 Ω ε
Figure P6.31
3.00 Ω
5.00 Ω
1.00 Ω
8.00 Ω 1.00 Ω
+
12.0 V
+
4.00 V
+ +
ε 2ε
4R 3R
a e
Figure P6.35
0.01 Ω 1.00 Ω
0.06
Starter
+ +
12 V 10 V
Live Dead
battery battery
Figure P6.36
50.0 kΩ
10.0 V 10.0 µ F
S
100 kΩ
Figure P6.38
1.00 Ω 8.00 Ω
1.00 µF
10.0 V
4.00 Ω 2.00 Ω
Figure P6.40
–
+ +
+ + +
– + +
+ + –
F I G U R E 6.1 (Quick Quiz 6.1) Four groups of
(a) (b) (c) (d) charges move through a region.
R1 R1
R2 A R2 A
(a) (b)
F I G U R E 6.2 (Quick Quiz 6.6) What happens
when the switch is opened?
R2 R2
R1 R1
A A
(a) (b)