Notes for 110.

311 Complex Analysis

19th Lecture
17 November 2015
Abstract
In this lecture we review the relationship between power series and analytic functions as well as introduce
Laurent series.

Power Series and Analytic Functions

Summarizing what has been covered thus far,

1. Given a function fP
(z) that is analytic in a neighborhood around z = a, one acquires a power series

(the Taylor series) j=0 cj (z a)j that coincides with f (z) in the disk of convergence.
P
2. Given a power series j=0 cj (z a)j on acquires an analytic function f (z) that coincides with the
series in the disk of convergence.
The relation between the function and the series is the Taylor series coefficient term
Example 1:
P
Let f (z) = k=0
1. Justify that
2. Find

(1+i)k
k+1 (z

3)k .

(f (z))2
|z3|= 12 (z3)2

(f (z))2
|z3|= 21 (z3)2

f (j) (a)
j! .

dz is well defined

dz

Solutions:
1. From the example in the last lecture, we know that the series converges within |z 3| <
2

1 ;
2

in

(z))
particular, it converges to an analytic function in the disk. Then (f
(z3)2 is an analytic function within
1
1
1
1
|z 3| < 2 except for z = 3. As 2 < 2 , the circle |z 3| = 2 is found in this domain, so he integral
is well defined.



R
(f (z))2
1!
2 0
2. 2i |z3|= 1 (z3)2 dz = f (z)  , so
2

z=3

Z
|z3|= 12


2


(f (z))
2 0
dz = 2i f (z) 
(z 3)2
z=3
= 2i 2f (3) f 0 (3)
= 2i 2c0 c1 ,

where c0 = 1, c1 =

1+i
2

are the first two coefficients of the Taylor series, so

Z
|z3|= 12

(f (z))
dz = 2i(1 + i).
(z 3)2

Example 2:
Rz
Find the Maclaurin series of 0 w sin w dw.
We know that
sin w = w

w3
w5
+
+ ...,
3!
5!

so
w sin w = w2
Since

Rz

w2 k
0 (2k1)!

dw =

1
2k+1

w2k+1
(2k1)!

X
k=1

w2k+1
(2k+1)(2k1)! ,

w4
w6
+
+ ....
3!
5!

one finds

w2k+1
w3
w5
w7
=

+
+ ....
(2k + 1)(2k 1)!
3
5 3! 7 5!

Laurent Series

P
P
A Laurent series is a generalization of the Taylor series j=0 cj (z a)j to j= cj (z a)j . The reason
for doing so is to write f (z) as a series around z = a even if
f (z) is not analytic at z = a
in a domain other than a disk (i.e. domains other than |z a| < R).
We present a theorem without proof:
Theorem 1. If f (z) is analytic in an annulus r < |z a| < R, it can be written as
the annulus.
Example 2:
Find the Laurent series for

j
j= cj (z a)

within

1
z

From the theorem above, we have r = 0, R = ; f (z) is analytic within 0 < |z| < (i.e. |z| =
6 0). Thus the
Laurent series is already written for us: its the series for z1 .
Example 3:
Find the Laurent series of

1
1z .

For |z| < 1 the function is analytic, and its Taylor series is
|z| > 1, and we can write

1
1z

1


1
1 1
=
z 1 z1
 j
1X 1
=
z j=0 z

X  1 j+1
=

,
z
j=0

1
=
1z
z

which is the Laurent series for

1
1z .

Example 4:
Find the Laurent series of

for |z 3| > 2.

1
1z

1
z

j=0

z j . The function is also analytic for

We can rewrite

1
1z

as

1
2(z3) ,

and
1
1
1


=
2 (z 3)
z 3 1 2
z3

1
=
z3


X
j=0

2
z3

j
,

which is the Laurent series for this function.

Example 5:
Find the Laurent series of sin z1 .
The function is analytic everywhere except for z = 0, so for |z| > 0, we find the Laurent series to be
sin

1
1
1
1
+
+ .
=
z
z
3! z 3
5! z 5