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Lab 2:
Stoichiometry
Exploration:
Reactions with dilute hydrochloric acid . All the metals react with dilute hydrochloric
acid to give bubbles of hydrogen and a colourless solution of the metal chloride.
The Reaction of Metals with Dilute Acid.Potassium, sodium, lithium and calcium all react v
iolently with dilute sulfuric acid and dilute hydrochloric acid.It is dangerous to put
.3
1 http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group2/reactacids.html 25-11-14
2 http://amrita.olabs.co.in/?sub=73&brch=2&sim=77&cnt=1
3 http://www.gcsescience.com/r4-metal-reaction-with-acid.htm
Controlled Variable:
Requirements
Chemicals
Mg strips
Zn
powder
Al powder
Fe
powder
Cu
powder
HCl = 1.0
M
Instruments
Thermometer ( 0.5 C)
Measuring cylinder (
1.0cm3)
Weighing scale (0.01 g)
Timer (0.01s)
Others
Styrofoam cup
insulator
Glass rod for stirring
Spatula 4
Scissors to cut Mg
strips
Paper pieces for
weighing the metal
Dropper
Procedure:
1. Weigh out 0.05g of Mg strips
2. With a measuring cylinder measure out 20 cm 3 of HCl and pour in a clean and
dry Styrofoam cup.
3. Place a thermometer in the acid and record the most stable temperature of
the acid. For a stable temperature leave the thermometer in the acid for 2
minutes.
4. Record this temperature as the initial temperature. T i
5. Carefully add all the Mg strips to the Styrofoam cup. Start the timer. Be careful
here, there would be fizzing.
6. Record the temperature of the reaction mixture every 30 s for 3 minutes. The
highest temperature of the reaction mixture is - T f
7. Repeat step 1 6 for another 2 trials
8. Record the time and temperature in a table.
9. Repeat steps 2 to 7 with 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.5of Mg strips.
10.Repeat steps 2 to 8 with the next metal.
Initial
temperatu
re (C)
0.5
Mass (g)
0.01
0.05
0.10
0.20
Zn
Al
Attul , Beste
Prikshet , Lucas
27.0
27.0
27.0
Shyam, Nasiha,
Vedaaya
25.0
36.
0
43.
0
51.
5
40.
5
45.
0
53.
0
39.
0
45.
0
53.
0
27.
0
27.
0
27.
0
27.
0
27.
0
27.
0
27.
0
27.
0
27.
0
27.
0
26.
0
26.
0
26.
5
26.
0
26.
0
26.
0
26.
0
26.
0
26.
5
26.
5
26.
5
26.
5
26.
5
26.
5
Fe
Mg
Zn
Al
Fe
0.05
38.5
27.0
26.5
26.5
0.10
44.5
27.0
26.0
26.5
0.20
52.5
27.0
26.0
26.5
Processed Data 2
26.5
26.5
26.5
Mass
(g)
0.0
1
Moles
0.05
0.10
0.20
Mg
Zn
Al
Fe
Attul , Beste
Prikshet , Lucas
0.002
Tf-Ti
(
1.0
0
C)
11.5
0.004
17.5
0.008
25.5
Tf-Ti/
Mole
s
mole
s
5750
.0
4375
.0
3187
.0
0.000
7
0.001
0
0.003
0
Tf-Ti
(
1.0
0
C)
0 .0
Tf-Ti/
Mole
s
Mole
s
0.0
0 .0
0.0
0 .0
0.0
0.00
2
0.00
4
0.00
7
Tf-Ti
(
1.0
0
C)
0.5
Tf-Ti/
Mole
s
Moles
Tf-Ti/
Moles
0.0009
Tf-Ti
(
1.0
0
C)
1.5
250
1.0
0
1.0
0
250
0.0012
1.5
1250.0
143
0.0030
1.5
500.0
1666.6
Calculations
Moles of metal= Given mass of the metal 0.01/ Atomic mass. Eg: Mols of
Mg= 0.5/24
Change in temperature = Final temperature (C) 0.5- initial temperature (C)
0.5 =Tf-Ti 1.0 0C.
Change in temperature/ moles= Tf-Ti/ Moles
Moles= Concentration x Volume
Qualitative Observation
Brisk effervescence increases, and formation of bubbles increases from
Fe<Zn<Al<Mg.
We can smell different Odour during the reaction.
After the reaction there was a change in colour of the solution as it becomes a
salt.
The temperature remained the same before after the reaction in Fe, Zn, Al but
in Mg the temperature after the reaction went quite high.
60
50
40
Average temperature rise
30
20
10
0
0
0.01
0.01
0.01
Moles of Mg
Graph 2
30
25
20
Average Temperature rise
15
10
5
0
0
Moles of Zn
Graph 3
30
25
20
Average Temperature Rise
15
10
5
0
0
Moles of Al
Graph4
30
25
20
Average Temperature Rise 15
10
5
0
0
Moles of Fe
Analysis
We can see from the above graphs that there is no significant rise in temperature in
Al, Zn and Fe because we have only taken 1.0 M of HCL in 20 cm 3 which will only
give us 0.002 mols of HCL, where as we have different mols of metals for different
masses which exceeds the mol of HCL. As HCL is the limiting reagent the reaction is
incomplete as some metal didnt at all reacted with the acid, so how we can expect a
temperature rise. For example
Mg + 2HCL
MgCl2 +H2
Mass of Mg = 0.20g
1:2
0.0083= 2(0.0083)
And we can only see a significant rise in temperature only in Magnesium, not in Al,
Zn and Fe that is because of the bond length of the MgCl 2 . It requires more energy to
break the bond between H and Cl but doesnt need that much energy to make the
bond between Mg and Cl, so the surplus energy is used up in the form of heat,
because MgCl2 has longer bond length then HCl. In order to get a significant result we
need to balance the equation theoretically, where the HCl should be in excess, this
experiment is not successful, we need to repeat it with more volume of HCl.
Improvement: use only powdered metals so that the rate of the reaction will
stay uniform in every experiment.
6. Need to balance the equation first and do the experiment in order to see a
significant rise in temperature.