GEOLOGI FISIK

oleh:
Rininta Fatmarani, ST.

Batuan Sedimen

Batuan Sedimen
Perbandingan volume batuan penyusun litosfer:
Batuan sedimen 5 %
Batuan beku dan metamorf 95 %
Batuan sedimen tsb terdiri dari:

Perbandingan luas permukaan singkapan

batuan penyusun permukaan bumi:
Batuan sedimen 75 %
Batuan beku dan metamorf 25 %

Litifikasi

Sediment

Rock

TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Clastic rocks

Chemical & Organic rocks

Sandstones
Conglomerates
Breccia
Shale/mudstones
Carbonate rocks

Evaporitic rocks

These rocks are formed

due to evaporation of saline
water (sea water)
eg. Gypsum, Halit
(rock salt)

Form basically from

CaCO3 both by
chemical leaching and
by organic source
(biochemical)
eg.
Limestone; dolomite

Organic rocks

Form due to
decomposition of
organic remains
under temperature
and pressure eg.
Coal/Lignite etc.

Ukuran Butir

Gravel
>256-2 mm

Boulder: >256mm
Cobble: 64-256 mm
Pebble: 4-64 mm
Granule: 2-4mm
Fine gravel

Sand
2- 0.062 mm

Silt
0.062-0.004 mm

Clay
<0.004 mm

Batuan sedimen klastik diklasifikasikan

berdasarkan:
1. Ukuran butir
2. Komposisi
3. Tekstur

Rock Type

Sediment

Grain Size

Shale

Clay

less than 0.004 mm

Siltstone

Silt

.062-0.004 mm

Sandstone

Sand

.062-2 mm

Conglomerate Gravel

2mm +

Sortasi

Sorting of the sediments also suggest the mode of deposition and transportation.
Long distance transport= well-rounded and well-sorted sediments,
Short distance transport = poorly sorted angular grains.
Also helps in knowing the energy conditions of the river.

Angularity or roundness

Struktur Sedimen

1. Struktur berlapis
2. Struktur berfosil

1. Struktur Berlapis
Paling umum pada batuan sedimen
Perlapisan > 1 cm
Laminasi < 1 cm

Silang siur ( Cross bed )

Graded bedding / bersusun

2. Struktur berfosil

Klasifikasi Batuan Sedimen

Klasifikasi Batuan Sedimen

Detrital Sedimentary Rock ID

Clastic (Detrital) Sedimentary Rocks
Grain Size

Roundness

Sorting

Composition

Name

Rounded

Moderate to
poor

Fragments of any rock type

CONGLOMERATE

Angular

Moderate to
poor

Fragments of any rock type

BRECCIA

Rounded

Well

All Quartz - usually white to tan

QUARTZ
SANDSTONE

Subrounded to
Angular

Moderate to
poor (few
grains
>2mm)

Feldspar (usually orthoclase), micas,

quartz, and other minerals

ARKOSE (Arkosic
Sandstone)

Subrounded

Moderate to
well

Quartz, lithic fragments, and other

minerals

LITHIC
SANDSTONE

Rounded to
angular

Moderate

Quartz and rock fragments mixed

with >15% clay; often gray colored

GRAYWACKE
SANDSTONE

(to small to
see)

Well

Clay and quartz (but usually too

small to see)

SILTSTONE

Clay (but usually too small to see);

Massive

MUDSTONE

Clay (but usually too small to see);

Breaks into semi-flat layers

SHALE

Gravel-sized
(> 2 mm)

Sand-sized
(visible grains
up to 2 mm)

Silt-sized
(feels gritty)

Clay-sized
(feels smooth)

(to small to
see)

Well

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

(Names based primarily on composition)

Composition
Calcite
Quartz (silica)
Halite
Gypsum
Carbon / Plant
Remains

Basic Rock Name

Limestone
Chert
Rock Salt
Rock Gypsum
Peat or Coal

Chemical Rocks
Limestones

Crystalline
Limestone

Fossiliferous Limestone

Chalk

Chemical Rocks
Evaporites

Chert

Rock Salt

Rock
Gypsum

Coal

Chemical Sedimentary Rock ID

Chemical, Biochemical & Organic Sedimentary Rocks
Composition

Calcite (acid
reaction)

Dolomite
(acid reaction)

Texture

Name

Crystalline - medium to coarse (visible) grains

CRYSTALLINE
LIMESTONE

Crystalline - grains too small to see

MICRITE

Abundant fossils in a fine- to coarse-grained crystalline matrix

FOSSILIFEROUS
LIMESTONE

Fine-grained powder, earthy smell (often black, gray, or white)

CHALK

Crystalline - fine to coarse grained

DOLOSTONE

Quartz
(scratches
glass)

Crystalline - grains too small to see; conchoidal fracture

CHERT

Fine-grained powder, earthy smell (no acid reaction) (often white)

DIATOMITE

Gypsum

Crystalline - fine to coarse grained

ROCK GYPSUM

Halite
(tastes salty)

Crystalline - fine to coarse grained

ROCK SALT

Fibrous, brownish plant material; soft

PEAT

Dense, black masses; depending on grade may be dull to vitreous;

lower grades may contain minor fossils

COAL

Plant Remains
(Carbon)

Shale

Breksi

Importance of
Sedimentary Rocks

Bauxite: ore of aluminum

Diagenesis
Weathering and Erosion of pre-existing rocks and minerals

Transportation
by
Water,ice, or wind

Deposition
(Sediment is laid down)

Compaction

Cementation
by silica or calcite

Recrystallization

Lithification

Sedimentary environments :
Continental
Near shore / shallow water / transitional
Deep marine water
Controls on sedimentary environments :
Body fossils
Trace fossils

Continental sedimentary environments :

1. Glacial
2. Fluvial
3. Lacustrine
4. Aeolian

Transitional sedimentary environments :

1. Delta
2. Beaches
3. Shelf
4. Reefs

Deep marine sedimentary environments :

1. Shelf
2. Slope and rise
3. Deep marine

Sedimentary environments

Landforms Associated with

Sedimentary Rocks

Mesa, Utah

Grandfather Bluff, Wisconsin

Cuesta, Wyoming

Hogback, Wyoming

Flat Irons, Boulder, Colorado

Garden of The Gods, Colorado

What Rocks Tell Us

Rock Type
Igneous

Sedimentary

How Classified
Composition
Texture
Chemical
Composition
Grain Size
Composition

Metamorphic

Mineral Makeup
Texture

What it Tells Us
Tectonic Setting
Cooling History
Surface
Environment
Energy of
Environment
Original Rock Type
Temperature,
Pressure
Degree of Change