CHAPTER

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

Introduction
In the general sense, a magnetic circuit is any
path taken by magnetic flux. More specifically, it is
associated with the magnetic flux within silicon
steel cores such as those found in transformer,
generators, motors, relays, etc.

Magnetic field
The space around the poles of a magnet is called the magnetic field ,and
is represented by magnetic lines of forces.

Magnetic Flux density

The number of flux lines per unit area is called the flux
density, is denoted by the capital letter B, and is measured in
teslas. Its magnitude is determined by the following equation:
B _ teslas (T)
_ webers (Wb) (11.1)
A _ square meters (m2)

Similarities between Magnetic and

Electric Circuits

Energy stored in Magnetic Field

So far we have discussed the inductance in static forms.
In earlier chapter we discussed the fact that work is
required to be expended to assemble a group of charges
and this work is stated as electric energy. In the same
manner energy needs to be expended in sending
currents through coils and it is stored as magnetic
energy.
Let us consider a scenario where we consider a coil in
which the current is increased from 0 to a value I. As
mentioned earlier, the self inductance of a coil in
general can be written as

Faraday's law's of Electromagnetic

induction
FIRST LAW
First Law of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction state that whenever a
conductor are placed in a varying magnetic field emf are induced which
is called induced emf, if the conductor circuit are closed current are also
induced which is called induced current.
Or
Whenever a conductor is rotated in magnetic field emf is induced which
are induced emf.
SECOND LAW
Second Law of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction state that the induced
emf is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages (flux linkages is the
product of turns, n of the coil and the flux associated with it).

Let,

Initial flux linkages = N1

Final flux linkages = N2
Change in flux linkages= N2 N1
=N((2-1)
If (2-1)=
Then change in flux linkages=N
Rate of change of flux linkages= N/t wb/sec
Taking derivative of right hand side we get
Rate of change of flux linkages= Nd/dt wb/sec
Rut according to Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, the rate of
change of flux linkages equal to the induced emf, hence we can write
= Nd/dt volt
Generally Faraday's laws is written as
e = -Nd/dt volt

Self and Mutual inductance

The changing magnetic field created by one circuit (the primary) can
induce a changing voltage and/or current in a second circuit (the
secondary).
The mutual inductance, M, of two circuits describes the size of the
voltage in the secondary induced by changes in the current of the
primary: change in I (primary) V(secondary) = - M * ---------------------change in time
The units of mutual inductance are henry, abbreviated "H".
A circuit can create changing magnetic flux through itself, which can
induce an opposing voltage in itself. The size of that opposing voltage
is change in I V(opposing) = - L * ------------- change in time where L is
the self-inductance of the circuit, again measured in henries.

The mutual inductance that exists between the two coils can be greatly increased by
positioning them on a common soft iron core or by increasing the number of turns
of either coil as would be found in a transformer. If the two coils are tightly wound
one on top of the other over a common soft iron core unity coupling is said to exist
between them as any losses due to the leakage of flux will be extremely small

Here the current flowing in coil one, L1 sets up a

magnetic field around itself with some of these
magnetic field lines passing through coil two, L2
giving us mutual inductance. Coil one has a current
of I1 and N1 turns while, coil two has N2 turns.
Therefore, the mutual inductance, M12 of coil two
that exists with respect to coil one depends on their
position with respect to each other and is given as:

Transformer
A transformer is a power converter that transfers energy between two
electrical circuits by inductive coupling between two or more windings.
A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic
flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through
the secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage", in the secondary winding. This
effect is called inductive coupling.
If a load is connected to the secondary winding, current will flow in this
winding, and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary
circuit through the transformer to the load. Transformers may be used
for AC-to-AC conversion of a single power frequency, or for
conversion of signal power over a wide range of frequencies, such as
audio or radio frequencies.
In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding
(Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp) and is given by the
ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of
turns in the primary (Np) as follows:

Transformer Construction

Transformer Action -- DC

d
e1 N 1
dt
Opposes battery voltage

d
e2 N 2
dt
Opposes flux buildup

Transformer Action -- AC

EP 4.44 N P f max
Opposes VT

ES 4.44 N S f max
Opposes M

EP 4.44 N P f max N P

ES 4.44 N S f max N S

No-Load Condition

No load condition continued

Io = Ife + IM
Io = exciting current
Io provides the magnetizing flux and the core loss

Ife = core-loss current Ife = VT / Rfe

IM = magnetizing current

IM = VT / jXM

I O I fe I M
N P I O N P I fe N P I M
No-Load Excitation mmf
Magnetizing mmf
No-Load Core Loss mmf

NP IM
M
Rcore

VT I P RP EP
VT EP
IP
IO
RP

Close the load switch

N P iM N S iS

Rcore

Secondary current will set up an mmf in OPPOSITION to the

primary mmf. The core flux will DECREASE to

The decrease in flux causes a decrease in the counteremf EP, and the primary current will increase by an
amount known as IP,load, the load component of the
primary current. Additional mmf due to this current adds
to the magnetizing flux.

P = net flux in window of primary

lp = leakage flux of primary

S = net flux in window of secondary

ls = leakage flux of secondary

M = mutual flux
P = M + lp
S = M ls

EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMER

Losses in a transformer
There are mainly two kinds of losses in a transformer,namely
(1)core loss.
(2)Ohmic loss.
1.Core loss:
These core losses in transformer consists of two components hysteresis
loss and eddy current loss
i.e. core loss=hysteresis loss+eddy current loss.
hysteresis losses depends on applied voltage and its frequency
eddy current loss is proportional to squre of the applied votage and is
independent of frequency f.
3.Ohmic loss:
when transformer is loadded ohmic losses(i^2*r)occurs in both the
primary and secondary winding resisrances.
In addition to core loss the follwing loss has to be taken into consideration
.

 Stray losses: Leakage fields present in the transformer

induce eddy currents in conductors, tanks, channels,
bolts etc. and these eddy currents give rise to stray losses
CORE LOSSES:
I. the energy dissipated in the core due to hysterisis over
one cycle is the area enclosed by the hysterisis loop.

are the magnetic field (flux density) and

magnetizing intensity (or auxilliary field or
just "H") present in the core.
Physically, this loss is understood as the
energy required to orient and reorient the
magnetic domains in the ferromagnetic
material, when the direction of the magnetic
field changes due to the A.C. current.

II. Eddy current "flows" through the core of

the transformer-- this flux is proportional to
the current, so it is also CHANGING in time.

OHMIC LOSS:
This one is the easiest to understand-- The copper windings of
the primary and secondary of the transformer are (obviously)
conductors, so some energy will be dissipated in them. The
copper wire of the primary and secondary will have total
resistances of R P
and
RS
energy will dissipate in them at a rate of