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Endocrine System
The hypothalamus, a
collection of specialized cells
that are located in the lower
central part of the brain, is
the primary link between
the endocrine and nervous
systems. Nerve cells in the
hypothalamus control the
pituitary gland by
producing chemicals that
either stimulate or suppress
hormone secretions from
the pituitary.
The tiny pituitary is divided into two parts: the anterior lobe and
the posterior lobe. The anterior lobe regulates the activity of the
thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands. Among the hormones it
produces are growth hormone, which stimulates the growth of bone
and other body tissues and plays a role in the body's handling of
carbohydrates, fats, protein and minerals; prolactin, which activates
milk production in women who are breast-feeding; thyrotropin,
which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones;
and corticotropin, which stimulates the adrenal gland to produce
cortisol and other hormones.
Growth hormone (GH) is a peptide anterior pituitary hormone
essential for growth. GH-releasing hormone stimulates release of
GH. GH-inhibiting hormone suppresses the release of GH. The
hypothalamus maintains homeostatic levels of GH. Cells under the
action of GH increase in size (hypertrophy) and number
(hyperplasia). GH also causes increase in bone length and thickness
by deposition of cartilage at the ends of bones. During adolescence,
sex hormones cause replacement of cartilage by bone, halting
further bone growth even though GH is still present. Too little or
two much GH can cause dwarfism or gigantism, respectively.
Pineal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Attached to the thyroid are four tiny glands that function together
called the parathyroids. They release the parathyroid hormone,
which regulates the level of calcium in the blood with the help of
calcitonin, which is produced in the thyroid.
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Hormones produced by
the pancreas work together
to maintain a steady level of
glucose, or sugar, in the
blood and to keep the body supplied with fuel to produce and
maintain stores of energy.
The pancreas is also a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice
containing digestive enzymes that assist the absorption of nutrients
and the digestion in the small intestine.
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Reflexology
The ancient healing art of reflexology has been known to man for
many thousands of years. It was first practiced by the early Indian,
Chinese and Egyptian peoples.
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