Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Number 4
April 2014
Contents
ISSN 0376-7256
Page
2-3
Subgrade Charactertistics of Soil Mixed with Foundry Sand and Randomly Distributed Steel Chips
R.K. Sharma
12
20
33
Laboratory Evaluation for the Use of Moorum and Ganga Sand in Wet Mix Macadam Unbound Base Course
G.D. Ransinchung R.N., Praveen Kumar, Brind Kumar, Aditya Kumar Anupam and Arun Prakash Chauhan
40
Field Investigations and 3DFE Analysis on Plain Jointed High Volume Fly Ash Concrete Pavements for Thermal
and Wheel Loads
Aravindkumar B. Harwalkar and S.S. Awanti
54
65
Is Bus Fare the Only Concern to Urban Trip Makers'? An Experience in Kolkata
Saurabh Dandapat, Bhargab Maitra and C.V. Phanikumar
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without prior written permission from the Secretary General, IRC.
Edited and Published by Shri Vishnu Shankar Prasad on behalf of the Indian Roads Congress (IRC), New Delhi. The responsibility of the
contents and the opinions expressed in Indian Highways is exclusively of the author/s concerned. IRC and the Editor disclaim responsibility
and liability for any statement or opinion, originality of contents and of any copyright violations by the authors. The opinions expressed in the
papers and contents published in the Indian Highways do not necessarily represent the views of the Editor or IRC.
EDITORIAL
The issue of health and hygiene along the roads deserve a renewed attention and such noble projects
having long term good social positive effect may help in boosting social standing of an enterprise
and may also help in creating better goodwill. The road side solar operated waterless toilets may be
one such example and similarly there may be many more activities including that of reduction of
greenhouse gas emission, etc. which can be taken along the roads under CSR.
The onus of the development of our society lies on all of us. It is not the government alone which can
develop the society but all should chip-in their contribution to the extent possible in the development
of the society. As the responsibility goes up many fold in developing countries like ours, effective
contribution under CSR by the business enterprises may go a long way in adding significant movement
to Indias economic & social development, thereby leading to equitable and sustainable growth of
the country.
With CSR becoming mandatory, the need is also to put in place proper utilization system of the huge
amount coming in the shape of CSR contribution. Therefore, innovative CSR activities, processes
as well as good practices to execute CSR initiatives attain strategic importance. Simultaneously,
social impact assessment of the CSR spending may assume major significance in the coming years.
The road sector provides ample scope of utilization of CSR contribution. Proper partnership of the
Govt./private enterprises with apex institutions like Indian Roads Congress, etc. can be forged for
developing road side social infrastructure ensuring healthy & livable atmosphere while simultaneously
avoiding duplication of the governmental efforts. The common pool of resources can be created to
ensure uniformity of process and activities across the country. The sponsored CSR activities in the
road sector may perhaps create the much needed ripple effect.
INTRODUCTION
TECHNICAL PAPERS
the locally available soil. Therefore, large volume of
foundry sand can be used in embankments and subbases of roads.
Significant efforts have been made in recent years to
use foundry sand in civil engineering construction.
Some of the application areas included highway bases
and retaining structures (Kirk, 1998; Mast and Fox,
1998; Goodhue et al., 2001), landfill liners (Abichou
et al., 1998, 2004), asphalt concrete (Javed and Lovell,
1995), flow able fill (Bhat and Lovell, 1996), and
pavement bases (Kleven et al., 2000). Other studies
have shown that the thermal or biological remediation
of the foundry sands provides an opportunity for their
land applications (Leidel and Novakowski, 1994;
Reddi et al., 1996). Existing research has shown that
foundry sand can be effectively used in geotechnical
construction due to its comparable properties with
sand-bentonite mixtures (Abichou et al., 2004).
However, limited information exists about the use
of foundry sand as a component in base, sub-base or
sub-grade layers of highway pavements. Roadway
applications provide an opportunity for high volume
reuse of the excess material. Moreover, the effect of
different factors on the mechanical properties of the
sub base or sub-grade layers constructed with foundry
sand need to be evaluated. These factors are mainly
due to differences in constructional operations (e.g.,
compaction conditions), material homogeneity, and
the selection of different materials amended with
foundry sand. Limited literature is available about
reinforcement of foundry sand and soil mixture with
steel chips.
1.1
1.
TECHNICAL PAPERS
2.
3.
4.
3 ENGINEERING
PROPERTIES
MATERIALS USED
OF
Soil
FS
2.66
2.55
Coefficient of uniformity, Cu
1.86
Coefficient of curvature, Cc
0.95
IS soil classification
SC
SP
29.0
NP
19.3
NP
1.79
1.77
12.9
9.5
CBR (%)
6.06
16.0
Specific Gravity
IS:2720 (Part 3) 1980
1.
2.
TECHNICAL PAPERS
foundry sand content on the properties like moisturedensity relation (IS light compaction) and CBR
(un-soaked) are evaluated.
4
4.1
Compaction Characteristics
TECHNICAL PAPERS
increased beyond the optimum value more void spaces
were created resulting decrease in value of MDD. For
3% steel chips content in the mixture of 80% soil and
20% foundry sand, the MDD value was found to be
the maximum.
TECHNICAL PAPERS
The CBR values for different compositions were
obtained by compaction of mixture at optimum
moisture content to achieve maximum dry density as
per standard Proctor compaction test given in IS:2720
(Part VII) (may be taken as equivalent to 12 passes
of 20 ton dual drum roller for 150 mm compaction
lifts). Figure 8 shows the variation of CBR values
with increased percentage of foundry sand in soil.
CBR value is initially increased with increase in
foundry sand content and then it started decreasing.
The maximum CBR value was obtained for 80% soil
and 20% foundry sand mixture. The CBR values for
different percentage of steel chips in 80% soil and 20%
Foundry Sand (FS) were obtained by compacting the
mixture to the maximum dry density and Optimum
Moisture Content (OMC) corresponding to IS light
compaction and testing under un-soaked and soaked
conditions. From Fig. 9, it is observed that the value
of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) first increases and
then it starts decreasing with the increase in steel chips
content. The maximum value of CBR was obtained
for 3% steel chips content under both soaked and unsoaked conditions.
4.3
Cost Implications
TECHNICAL PAPERS
and CBR value of mixture started decreasing.
Based on above, it was concluded that there
is optimum percentage of foundry sand which
increases strength of soil.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
CONCLUSIONS
10
REFeRENCES
1.
TECHNICAL PAPERS
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Reddi, L.N., Rieck, G.P., Schwab, A.P., Chou, S.T. & Fan,
L.T.(1996). Stabilization of Phenolics in Foundry Waste
using Cementitious Materials. Journal of Hazardous
Materials 4 (23), pp. 89106.
18.
19.
__________
11
ABSTRACT
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) obtained from damaged or
abandoned pavements needs to be used to save the environment.
This paper describes a laboratory investigation on RAP obtained
from one of the road construction sites from Gujarat state to
examine its use in hot bituminous as well as in cold bituminous
mixes for the construction of road pavements. From this study, it
is found that RAP can be effectively used in hot as well as cold
bituminous mixes for construction of surface as well as base
layers.
INTRODUCTION
**
12
TECHNICAL PAPERS
RAP stabilized with bitumen emulsion and foamed
bitumen has been extensively used as a base
layer. Details of mix design, construction and
post construction behaviour are widely reported
in the available literature (1, 13-17). Laboratory
investigation is vital for use of RAP in hot and cold
mixes for the rehabilitation of pavements.
It is thus clear that both cold as well as hot recycling
of RAP are possible and research efforts are needed to
maximize its use.
3 LABORATORY INVESTIGATION
In the present investigation, RAP was collected from
a National Highway near Rajkot of Gujarat state. The
RAP aggregate gradation was determined before and
after the extraction of bitumen by solvent extraction.
RAP was proposed to be used in the surface layer as
Method of Testing
Value Obtained
IS:1203 1978
IS:1205 1978
79
82
% Passing by wt of Aggregates
Extracted from RAP
100
75
65
52
29
17
12
10
8
6
5
13
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Aggregates for Bituminous Concrete (BC-1) mix
containing 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% RAP and fresh
aggregates were blended and it is found that all the
blends has the gradation lying within the upper and
lower limits of the gradation of Bituminous Concrete-1
as per MoRTH Specifications, 4th Revision (Fig. 1).
Hence aggregates were not adjusted to meet to mid
point gradation requirement of BC-1 keeping in mind
the practical variation in grading.
Table 3 G* and Values of the Binders Recovered from the BC Mixes Containing Different Proportions of RAP
% RAP in BC
Mixes
10
20
30
40
Temp, C
G*(kPa)
Phase Angle()
Grade of Binder
(High Temperature)
80(158F)
1955
84.77
PG 64
64(147F)
3961
82.98
58(136F)
10300
79.36
Viscosity of VG30 at
60C = 2550 poise
80(158F)
2116
77.16
64(147F)
4598
75.86
58(136F)
11300
74.11
80(158F)
2863
76.65
64(147F)
5676
74.33
58(136F)
16500
72.22
80(158F)
5155
65.95
64(147F)
9545
65.2
58(136F)
18700
64.59
80(158F)
6841
63.65
64(147F)
11900
64.34
58136F
22700
62.13
PG 70
PG 70
----
PG 82
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Table 4 Physical Properties of Different Mixes with RAP
Mix Parameters
Fresh bitumen content (% total mix)
Bulk density, kg/m3
Voids in Mineral Aggregates (VMA)
Voids Filled with Bitumen (VFB)
Air Voids %
0
5.00
2444
13.06
72.44
3.59
10
4.73
2439
14.22
74.05
3.69
RAP (%)
20
4.47
2443
13.49
68.93
4.19
30
4.21
2379
15.19
48.71
7.79
40
3.96
2376
14.71
39.98
8.84
TECHNICAL PAPERS
16
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Fig. 4 shows the upper and lower limits of WMM as
per MoRTH guidelines as well as two gradations of
blend of RAP and stone dust considered in the present
study.
Two types cold mixes were made using (i) 80% RAP,
20% Stone dust and (ii) 90% RAP,10% stone dust
whose gradations are close to the upper limits of
the WMM of MoRTH specifications. Slow Setting
emulsions are usually used for stabilising granular
materials having fines so that there is no breaking of
emulsion during mixing. Readily available Medium
Setting emulsion was used in the present investigation
since there was no breaking of the emulsion during
the trial mix design. Emulsion contents of 3 and
4 percent, one per cent cement and a water content
of 2.5 percent all by weight of the total aggregates
consisting of RAP and stone dust were used for casting
the Marshall samples using 75 blow compaction on
each face. Water content of 2.5% is needed to give
maximum dry density as determined from compaction
test over several water contents. Cement helps in
uniform distribution of bitumen emulsion and it
also provides initial strength gain. Greater amount
of cement makes the RAP brittle and susceptible to
cracking (22). The samples were cured at 60C for
two days to simulate long term curing before carrying
out tests. Procedure used for the determination of
modulus of BC mixes was used for the cold mix
INDIAN HIGHWAYS, April 2014
4.2
TECHNICAL PAPERS
strength with higher amount of stone dust will be
higher under triaxial condition due to higher angle of
internal friction. ITS gives only the cohesion behaviour
of the mix. Tri-axial test on bitumen emulsion treated
RAP sample is desirable to determine contribution
of the angle of internal friction and cohesion to the
shear strength of the treated RAP. High shear strength
materials will undergo lower rutting.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
h t t p : / / w w w. f h w a . d o t . g o v / p u b l i c a t i o n s / r e s e a r c h /
infrastructure/structures/97148/rap132.cfm
11.
12.
CONCLUSIONS
2.
3.
4.
18
TECHNICAL PAPERS
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19
Associate Professor
**
Professor
20
INTRODUCTION
1.1
General
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Review existing transportation and landuse data and past studies pertaining to the
Study area.
2 STUDY AREA
Hyderabad is currently ranked as the sixth
largest urban agglomeration in the country. The
Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration (HUA) consists
of the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad
(MCH), 12-peripheral municipalities, Secunderabad
Cantonment, Osmania University and other areas.
The total area of HUA is about 778 sq. kms, including
172 sq. kms. under Hyderabad Municipal corporation
Area and 419 sq. kms. under 12 Municipalities, and
187 sqkms of other areas.
2.1
Transport Characteristics
Road Network
TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Currently, the city division of APSRTC has a fleet
size of 2,800 buses and operates 2,669 schedules per
day, making more than 36,000 trips across the city,
covering 7.1 lakh vehicle kilometers each day. While
the mode split of APSRTC is around 3.5%, the modal
split share caters to more than 42%. This is shown in
Fig. 1.
The fleet size and patronage for the past seven years
from 1995 to 2001 are given in Table 1. It can be
observed that the patronage of buses has remained
stable over the years even though the fleet size is
increased over the years. The important reason for
this could be deteriorating service especially in the
peak hours and a concomitant proliferation of seven
seated Para transit modes providing convenient
accessibility.
Table 1 Fleet and Number of Passengers Carried
Bus Occupancy No of Passengers
Fleet
Rate
Carried Per Day
in Millions
1995-96
2018
74
2.981
1996-97
2122
75
3.177
1997-98
2217
69
3.054
1998-99
2328
70
3.253
1999-2000
2425
63
3.05
2000-2001
2480
58
2.872
2001-2002
2605
59
3.068
Average Annual
growth (%)
4.3
22
The para-transit operators, mainly in the form of autorickshaws (3-seater and 7-seater) have mushroomed in
the recent years to capture the peak hour demand and
are emerging as unhealthy competitors to the APSRTC
buses. A total of 80,000 auto-rickshaws ply on the city
roads and cater to an estimated 10% of the 71 lakh
person trips each day. While a proper integration of
para-transit can actually complement the bus system,
this has not happened due to the much unorganized
nature of the sector with too many independent owners
of auto rickshaws. The high degree of maneuverability
of the auto rickshaws and frequent stopping on the
carriageway to serve the passengers have resulted in
the severe problem to smooth flow of road traffic in
the city.
3.3 Multi Modal Transport System (MMTS)
Year
0.5
TRANSPORTATION
ANALYSIS
STUDIES
AND
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Road Network Inventory and Household Interview.
The standard survey formats for all the surveys
were used. The findings are detailed in the following
sections.
4.1
Traffic Studies
4.2
Total 8 hr Traffic
in PCU
Peak Hour
Bollaram Road
6.00-7.00
2598
2624
Mumai Road 1
8.00-9.00
8293
8775
Bowenpally Road
5.30-6.30
5646
6633
Chikkadapally Road
4.00-5.00
9988
9745
Ecil X Road
4.30-5.30
8904
12219
Kaldikali X Road
8.15-9.15
4033
5646
Malakpet Road
9.15-10.15
8928
9480
8.00-9.00
9410
10580
Bollaram Road
12413
Medak Road
Mumbai Road 1
39856
Mumbai Road 2
5.00-6.00
10127
10945
Bowenpally Road
36819
9.15-10.15
7472
7406
Chikkadapally Road
50598
Panjagutta Road
8.00-9.00
10856
9947
Mumbai Road 3
5.00-6.00
10127
10945
Vijayawada Road
8.00-9.00
10634
11799
ECIL X Road
64493
Kaldikali X Road
27139
Mumbai Road 2
65403
41295
Panjagutta Road
62445
10
Mumbai Road 3
65403
11
Vijayawada Road
72967
23
TECHNICAL PAPERS
The zoning scheme has been designed based on the
municipal ward boundaries so that the zoning system is
in coherence with those adopted by the local planning
bodies and those by used the past studies. The zone
system of study area comprised of 85 internal zones
and 6 external zones outside Hyderabad city area,
making a total of 91 zones.
5
TRIP FREQUENCY
Vehicles
pCu
2598
2624
8293
8775
5.30-6.30
5646
Chikkadapally Road
4.00-5.00
9988
ECIL X Road
4.30-5.30
8904
Vehicle Type12219
Kaldikali X Road
8.15-9.15
4033
Truck
5646
1.5
Malakpet Road
9.15-10.15
8928
MAV
9480
3.9
Medak Road
8.00-9.00
9410
LCV
10580
1.0
Mumbai Road 2
5.00-6.00
10127
Car
10945
3.2
9.15-10.15
7472
Auto-rikshaw
7406
3.6
Panjagutta Road
8.00-9.00
Two
wheelers
10856
9949
1.5
Mumbai Road 3
5.00-6.00
Bus
10127
10945
62
Vijayawada Road
8.00-9.00
10634
11799
JOURNEY PURPOSE
peak Hour
Bowenpally Road
8.00-9.00
peak Hour
6633
Table 9745
4 Occupancy Rate
Avg. Occupancy
TECHNICAL PAPERS
9
ROAD
SURVEY
NETWORK
INVENTORY
Year 2006
1000
3.25
0.963
PCTR(motorized)
0.827
9060
1.4
Car
0.54
Mode distribution (%)
Walk
10.2
2.1
Scooter/mc
35.3
Public transport
42.3
Car/van/jeep
4.5
Auto
5.6
TECHNICAL PAPERS
has been developed using Trans CAD (a state-of-theart Travel Demand Modeling software).
t = tf [1 + (V/C)]
... 1
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Where,
t f
= Link volume,
= Link capacity,
, = Calibration parameters
12
TRANSIT NETWORK
Mode
Internal
Trips
External
Trips
Total
Trips
T/W
Passengers
194377
36772
231149
Car
Passengers
52654
5063
57717
Auto
Passengers
35795
3322
39117
Public Transit
Passengers
299358
13668
313025
Hyderabad
Observed
Assigned
% Difference
T/W
30932
32427
-5%
CAR
20341
19199
6%
AUTO
18153
16738
8%
PT (Buses)
10094
11120
10%
14
ASSIGNMENT AND
VALIDATION
OBSERVED
O-D
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Table 8 Traffic Characteristics
Corridor
PPHPD V/C
Speed
(kmph)
BHEL to Kukatpally
38515
1.9
18
Kukatpally to Koti
75320
1.8
21
41665
1.4
22
Koti to Secunderabad
Railway station
60067
1.1
18
Narayanaguda to
Tarnaka
54835
1.06
26
Panjagutta to
Mehdipatnam
66480
1.2
22
76330
1.63
19
16
CALIBRATION
... 2
Where,
a
1.4357
b
-0.7282
c
0.0557
17 MODE CHOICE
A multinomial mode choice model of the form shown
below is calibrated in order to split the trips among
the modes, public transport, car, and two-wheeler
and auto rickshaw. The public transport assignment
INDIAN HIGHWAYS, April 2014
TECHNICAL PAPERS
module shall achieve the modal split among the
public-transport modes i.e., Bus, and Rail. Utility
functions (VM) for each mode were calibrated using
the disaggregate person trip and mode choice data
derived from the observed o-d, travel time and travel
cost for each individual.
VM = TTM + TCM
... 3
Where,
Mode
Two Wheeler
Car
Auto
Public
Transport
0.028827
-0.007659
0.008080
0.013137
-0.039631
-00011820
-0.0059658
0.046076
18
HUDA
Mode
PV
PT
Model
9.34
11.40
Household Survey
9.01
10.98
2011
2021
2031
27.696
28.775
40.941
55.123
HUDA
19
Table 12 Mode wise Trip Length
2011
2021
2031
74.028
76.912
102.085
120.928
TRAFFIC FORECAST
NOTHING SCENARIO
UNDER
DO-
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Table 15 Traffic Characteristics
Trips assigned (Peak hour),
PCU
Trips assigned-TW (Peak hour),
PCU
Trips assigned-Car (Peak hour)
PCU
Trips assigned Auto (Peak hour),
PCU
Trips assigned-PT (Peak hour)
PCU
Average Network Speed
: 582184
Sl. No.
Corridor
BHEL to Kukatpally
65090
3.9
Kukatpally to Koti
113733
3.6
12
Nehru Zoological
Park Road to Koti
68747
2.9
14
: 299358 (51%)
Koti to Secunderabad
Railway station
83493
4.6
10
: 19 kmph
Narayanaguda to
Tarnaka
86639
2.6
Panjagutta to
Mehdipatnam
108362
4.1
11
110679
3.6
: 194377 (33%)
: 52654 (9%)
: 35795 (6%)
Mode
40449
38%
Car
64050
7088
10%
Auto
42596
4153
7%
Public
Transport
281160
16402
45%
Total
625891
68092
100%
385133
52584
41%
Car
109512
10278
12%
Auto
81354
5398
9%
Public
Transport
364476
19846
39%
Total
940475
88106
100%
525569
68359
42%
Car
183361
14903
15%
Auto
133319
7018
11%
Public
Transport
395602
24014
Total
1237852
114293
30
PPHPD V/C
Speed
(kmph)
Corridor
2011
2021
2031
65090
BHEL to Kukatpally
41981
53536
Kukatpally to Koti
80330
97032 113733
45197
56972
68747
Koti to Secunderabad
Railway station
63123
73308
83493
Narayanaguda to
Tarnaka
58983
72811
86639
32%
Panjagutta to
Mehdipatnam
71943
90152 108362
100%
80810
95744 110679
TECHNICAL PAPERS
The numbers are based on the normal scenario and
indicate that a mass transit system facility is needed.
However, with a policy intervention, according due
allocation of anticipated trips with a greater share for
mass transport modes as suggested in the National
urban transport Policy, the PPHPD on the identified
corridorsare estimated as shown in the Table 18.
20
20.1 Discussion
Following conclusions
discussions:
can
be
drawn
from
i.
ii.
iii.
31
TECHNICAL PAPERS
iv.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
32
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
INTRODUCTION
**
*** Asstt. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT-BHU, Varanasi, E-mail: kumar_brind.civ@itbhu.ac.in
**** Ph.D. Scholar, E-mail: addiknit03@gmail.com
***** M.Tech. Student, E-mail: arunppce@iitr.ernet.in
33
TECHNICAL PAPERS
is already evident. A maximization of alternate
sustainable materials as partial replacement of
conventional crushed aggregates would play a vital
role not only in achieving the quantity requirements for
speedy construction, but also significant improvements
in quality and economy under sustained scientific
innovations. The demand for construction aggregates
in India was 1.1 billion metric tons in 2006, making
the country the third biggest aggregates market in
the Asia-Pacific region and fourth largest market
in the world after China, the US and Japan (www.
freedoniagroup.com, 2007). Considering the highway
sector alone, about 15,000 tonnes of aggregates are
required per kilometer (www.equipmentIndia.com).
Moorum is fragmented weathered rock naturally
occurring with varying proportions of silt and clay. It
is considered as a low grade marginal material for road
construction by codes. It has generally low bearing
capacity and high water absorption value in comparison
to conventional aggregates. It finds application in the
construction of Water Bound Macadam as binders at
such locations where the same is abundantly available
in short hauling distances. Quality of moorum varies
significantly from one location to another in terms
of its crushing and impact value, grain size, clay
and deleterious content. Its application in Wet Mix
Macadam (WMM) unbound base course becomes a
matter of study for its eventual use.
28.0
27.0
20 mm
2.617
10 mm
2.620
Results
20 mm
2.890
10 mm
3.896
56
35
25
10
2.1
8.05
40
TECHNICAL PAPERS
2.2
Ganga Sand
3
Physical Properties
Results
WMM
MIX
PROPORTIONS
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
AND
--
Sand, %
65.00
Silt, %
30.00
Clay, %
5.00
3.02
1.06
Non-plastic
2.3
80.0
Crushed Aggregates
40 mm 20 mm 10 mm
NMAS NMAS NMAS
2.698
2.672
2.615
Stone
Dust
2.600
18
16
35
17
18
21
0.75
0.80
0.90
1.10
38
45
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Table 4 Proportioning of WMM Mix Designations
Mix
Designation
Percentage by Weight of
40 mm NMAS
20 mm NMAS
10 mm NMAS
Stone Dust
Ganga Sand
Moorum
OPC
M1
24
16
32
28
M2
24
16
32
20
M3
24
16
32
20
(< 9.5 mm)
M4
100
M5
97
M6
94
M7
91
4.1
Table 5 Achieved Gradations of WMM Mixes with Respect to MoRT&H, IV Revision, (% Passing)
IS Sieve
(mm)
Gradation
Limits
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
53
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
45
95-100
98.96
98.96
98.96
100
100
100
100
22.4
60-80
76.00
76.00
76.00
95.0
95.0
95.0
95.0
11.2
40-60
54.56
57.04
54.56
67.7
67.7
67.7
67.7
4.75
25-40
27.80
26.95
27.95
27.8
27.8
27.8
27.8
2.36
15-30
21.64
24.31
19.49
18.6
18.6
18.6
18.6
0.6
8-22
14.22
17.95
11.19
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
0.075
0-8
0.89
1.32
0.79
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
36
TECHNICAL PAPERS
37
TECHNICAL PAPERS
4.6
Cost Comparison
38
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Table 6 Cost Comparison of Various WMM Mix
Designations (Material Component)
Sl. No. WMM Mix Cost Per 300 Cost Per Percentage
Designation
Cum (Rs)
Cum (Rs)
Saving
1
M1
133320
444.4
----2
M2
83760
279.2
37.17
3
M3
83010
276.7
37.74
4
M4
17997
60.0
86.50
5
M5
21327
71.1
84.00
6
M6
32253
107.5
75.81
7
M7
50805.2
169.4
61.89
CONCLUSIONS
2.
3.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
39
INTRODUCTION
**
40
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Review of Literature
TECHNICAL PAPERS
carried out validation of field data for curling stresses
in concrete pavement.
3 Laboratory Investigations
3.1 Materials
Characteristics
Laboratory Value
29
Max 34
4.9
Min 4.5
2.01
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Table 2 Mix Proportions of Concrete
Mixture Components
Cement (OPC 53 grade) in kg/m
Superplasticizer in liters/m
PQHVFAC
Conventional PCC
176
440
264
132
154
3.5
9.9
858.2
871.0
1059
1059
Property of Concrete/
Type of Concrete
Modulus of
Elasticity in GPa
PQHVFAC
40.8
5.3
42.0
PCC
56.3
5.5
47.0
Field Investigations
TECHNICAL PAPERS
4.1
44
TECHNICAL PAPERS
4.2
Analysis of Results
45
TECHNICAL PAPERS
46
TECHNICAL PAPERS
strain). During a day the attainment of peak value
of strain and peak value of temperature differential
(either positive or negative) was not simultaneous
for both types of concrete. Attainment of peak
temperature differential was lagging by 1 to 4 hours
with the timing of attainment of peak value of strain.
This indicates that curling strain development in
concrete is not an instantaneous process.
5.3 Performance Studies on Test Stretch
Fig. 12 Temperature Profile Across Different Thicknesses of
PCC for Maximum PNTD
5.2
TECHNICAL PAPERS
between contraction joints i.e., of size 3.5 m 4.5 m
0.2 m has been considered. CONTAC174 interface
element which can support Coulomb and shear stress
friction has been used for representing the interfacial
behavior between slab and the base material. Since
polythene sheet was provided between the pavement
slab and the sub grade, a low value of 1.2 has been
used for the friction factor in the analysis. A typical
meshed pavement model is shown in Fig. 14.
6.1
Table 4 Longitudinal Curling Strain Values in Concrete Obtained by 3DFE Analysis for
Non Linear Temperature Gradient
Type of
Concrete
Maximum
PPTD
in C
At the Level of
Top Strain Gage
At the Level of
Bottom Strain
Gage
At the Level of
Top Strain Gage
At the Level of
Bottom Strain
Gage
PQHVFAC
20.4
+4.51
-4.33
-36.3
+36.4
PCC
13.4
+2.66
-2.52
-23.9
+24.0
a Tensile strains are indicated by +ve sign and compressive strains are indicated by ve sign.
48
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Table 5 Recorded Longitudinal Curling Strain Values for Maximum PPTD
Type of
Concrete
Maximum
PPTD
in C
PQHVFAC
PCC
20.4
13.4
b Tensile strains are indicated by +ve sign and compressive strains are indicated by ve sign
Type of
Concrete
Thickness of
Concrete in
mm
Maximum
PPTD in C
PQHVFAC
200
20.4
PCC
200
13.4
+2.25
+2.77
TECHNICAL PAPERS
6.3
For Corner
Loading
For Edge
Loading
2.18
5.25
1.95
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Table 8 Analyzed Longitudinal Strain Values for a Single Axle Load of 184.4 kN
Type of
Concrete
PQHVFAC
PCC
51
TECHNICAL PAPERS
with spacing of 0.31 m and axle length of 1.81 m was
assumed in the analysis. The modulus of elasticity
was assumed as 29.2 GPa for this parametric study
so as to facilitate the comparison of 3DFE technique
used in the current work with analysis methods
given in IRC code5. The techniques mentioned in the
codal provisions are that due to classical solution of
Westergaard modified by Teller and Sutherland, and
the charts provided by IITRIGID software. Analysis
was carried out for different thicknesses. The results
are presented in the Fig. 21. Both the approaches
mentioned in the IRC code give an under estimate
of edge wheel load stresses since they ignore the
influence of one dual wheel on the other. Hence 3DFE
results give more realistic response of rigid pavement
for the vehicular loading.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Westergaard-Bradbury
approach
overestimate of curling stress values.
10.
Conclusions
2.
52
gives
TECHNICAL PAPERS
11.
12.
13.
14.
8.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Zhang, J., Fwa, T.W., Tan, K.H. and Shi, X.P., 2003,
Model for Nonlinear Thermal Effect on Pavement
Warping Stresses, Journal of Transportation Engineering,
ASCE 129.6, pp.695-702.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
2.
3.
4.
5.
53
INTRODUCTION
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
General
Chief General Manager, ICT Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, E-mail: swapan.bagui@ictonline.com
**
54
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Guidance on good grouting practice and the use of
grouting trials are presented by U.K. and European
sources (Tilly, G. P., and R. J. Wood ward., 1996)4.
Additional research is needed to develop improved
techniques for grouting, especially the grouting of
vertical tendons.
Tables 1 and 2 show the standards that are currently
used in the United States and the United Kingdom for
grout materials.
Table 1 Current U.K. Grout Requirement
Property
Common
Grout
Special
Grout
0.40
0.35
- 1% to + 5%
0 to 5%
Less Than 1 %
None
27 MPa
27 MPa
Common Grout
0.45
Volume Change
Not Specified
Bleeding
Strength at 28 Days
55
TECHNICAL PAPERS
TDR can be used as an effective nondestructive
damage detection method for concrete bridges. A void
changes the electrical properties of transmission lines
and therefore introduces electrical discontinuities. It
can be detected and analysed by TDR. Experiments
on short specimens that are used to model grouted
post tensioning ducts with built-in voids have been
conducted and demonstrated the potential of TDR as
a void detection method.
Non-destructive Evaluation Method for Determination
(Larry D. Olson., 2008)7, of Internal Grout Conditions
inside Bridge Post-tensioning Ducts using Rolling
Stress Waves for Continuous Scanning. Posttensioned systems have been widely used for
infrastructure bridge transportation systems since
late 1950s. However, if a good quality control plan
is not implemented during construction, there is the
potential problem during construction that the ducts
which carry the post tensioning cables may not be
fully grouted. This results in voids in some areas
therefore insufficient protection for post-tensioning
steel tendons. Over the long term, water can enter the
tendon ducts in the void areas resulting in corrosion of
the tendon. The collapse of a two bridges in UK and
a corrosion related failure in a bridge in Florida have
shown that it is important to have a reliable method
to practically inspect the quality of grout fill inside
the ducts after the grouting process is complete. It is
equally important to be able to evaluate the condition
of older bridges which were never inspected for
voids.
ASTM recommended following
grouting as mentioned below:
guidelines
for
56
Quality Control
TECHNICAL PAPERS
in place and in the plan, a repair or modified grout
procedure can proceed, making a potential problem a
no problem.
2.2.2 Materials and Grouting Operations
Before the grout is pumped, each duct should be tested
for leaks. This can be done with oil-free compressed
air or potable water. If leaks are found, they should
be sealed before grouting to prevent blockages due
to partially filled ducts. This procedure will detect
crossover or blockage problems within the system.
A crossover results when grout physically crosses
between two adjacent post tensioning tendon ducts
or enters a duct that was not intended to be grouted
at that time, resulting in serious problems if it is not
detected before grouting. As any delay to the grouting
operation can cause problems and potential delays
to the project, it is important that, once a problem is
detected, repairs to be made before grouting. If the
grout does not flow correctly and freely through the
system, the integrity of the grouting will be in question.
In an effort to provide a more consistent grout material,
Florida DOT is requiring the use of a prebagged bleedresistant grout. ASBI and PTI have recommended the
use of antibleed or low-bleed grouts that meet a series
of performance requirements. These grouts reduce
the size and the number of voids due to bleed water.
Although all of these grouts need to be mixed at the
proper watercement ratio with the right equipment.
The type of mixer and the time that the grout is mixed
are factors that determine the quality of the grout.
The manufacturers instructions should be followed,
and a colloidal or shear-type mixer should be used to
obtain a homogeneous mixture. Over mixing of the
grout will result in a variable density grout, whereas
under mixing of the grout will produce an inconsistent
poor grout. Grout should flow from the injection point
to the first vent, with any residual flushing water or
entrapped air removed. That vent should then be closed.
The remaining vents should be closed in sequence in
the same manner. This will provide a continuous flow
of grout throughout the grouting operations. Changes
in the material requirements for the high-density
polyethylene duct systems have been suggested for all
INDIAN HIGHWAYS, April 2014
TECHNICAL PAPERS
4 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF PRESeNT
RESEARCH WORK
Based on available literatures, major findings and
draw back of IRC practices, importance of grouting
in post tensioning system and needs of present
works, following quality control tests are identified
considering international practices:
Test
Sand Zone
Fineness Modulus
Specific Gravity
Water Absorption
Result
Zone II
2.920
2.822
1.18 %
Sieve test
5.1.3 Water
Fluidity;
Bleeding
Volume change;
Strength;
Setting time;
Fluid density.
Result
20
246
110
125
25
Limit
200 mg/litre
3000 mg/litre
400 mg/litre
3000 mg/litre
2000 mg/litre
5.1.4 Admixture
Test
Chemical Properties
Ratio of Alumina to Iron Oxide
1.56
Insoluble residue
2.40
2.22
Chloride content
0.018
Physical Properties
Consistency
28 %
Fineness
3.3 %
5.1.2 Sand
Yamuna Nagar sand is used. The sand zone, fineness
modulus, specific gravity and water absorption were
tested and test results reported in Table 4.
58
Characteristic
Organic
Inorganic
Suspended Material
Sulphate
Choloride
PH value
Dry Material Content
Density
Chloride
Ash Content
Result
7.74
38.91 %
1.226 g/cc
0.0036 %
7.1 %
TECHNICAL PAPERS
5.2.6 Setting Time
5.2.3 Bleeding
The bleeding of the grout is sufficiently low to prevent
excessive segregation and sedimentation of the grout
materials. Bleeding is tested by the wick induced
method and average of three results the bleeding is
reported and value not exceed 3% of the initial volume
of the grout after 3 hours kept at rest.
5.2.7 Density
5.2.5 Strength
5.3
Test Frequency
Property
Homogeneity
Fluidity
Bleeding
Volume Change
Setting Time
Density
Compressive Strength
Test Method
Sieve Test
Grout Spread
WickInduced
WickInduced
Weight to Volume
100 mm cube
Frequency of Test
One
One test immediately and two tests after 30 minutes
Two tests
Two tests
One test
Two tests
One test at 7 Days (Three Cubes) for upto 5 m3 grouting,
two test for 6-15 m3 grouting
Apparatus
Reporting
a)
TECHNICAL PAPERS
b)
c)
d)
Thermometer.
e)
Test procedure
Preparation
The spread test is carried out on the horizontal plate.
Ensure that the surfaces of the mould and plate are
clean and slightly moistened. If necessary apply a
thin film of petroleum jelly (e.g. Vaseline) to the brim
of the mould in contact with the plate to prevent the
mould from leaking during filling with grout.
Procedure
Place the mould on the plate and prevent it from
sliding. Pour the grout slowly into the mould until
the level of the grout has reached the upper brim. The
mould is steadily lifted from the plate and kept above
the spread for a maximum of 30 s before it is taken
away. The spread is measured in two perpendicular
directions at 30 s after the start of lifting the mould.
Reporting of results
Report the spread diameter as the average measured
in the two perpendicular directions across the grout
spread in millimeters.
2 Smooth plate
60
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Reporting of results
Bleeding is expressed as :
hw/ho x 100%
Reporting of results
The method of sampling, measuring weight and
volume, the equipment used and the density determined
is reported in g/cc.
Endoscope,
Pressure Vacuum,
Radiology,
Percussive,
Radar,
Reporting of results
The average of all results of the compressive cubes
expressed, in N/mm2.
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Mix design has been finalized by trial and error
method. Water cement ratio was found 0.37.
5.6
Test Results
Super
Sieve
Plasticizer Test
in g
Density
(g/cc)
Water
in g
Flow in mm
Bleeding
at 3 h in
%
Initial After 30 Initial After 30
Minutes
Minutes
0.45
2000
4.96
2.010
900
225
200
0.44
2000
5.208
2.002
880
215
0.43
2000
5.456
1.993
860
210
0.42
2000
5.952
1.981
840
0.41
2000
6.448
1.970
0.4
2000
6.944
1.962
0.39
2000
7.192
0.38
2000
7.44
0.37
2000
7.44
Compressive
Strength at
7 Days in
MPa
6.37
8.4
4.76
28.5
195
9.1
3.61
29.6
190
7.4
8.8
31.6
200
185
8.2
9.1
2.9
33.1
820
195
175
8.6
2.6
33.6
800
185
175
8.9
9.2
1.4
34.1
1.955
780
178
170
9.1
9.6
34.5
1.949
760
170
165
9.3
9.8
0.8
36.1
1.941
740
165
155
9.4
9.9
36.9
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Marsh Cone
Flow in Sec
TECHNICAL PAPERS
6.5 New code to be developed/Specification of
present IRC needs to be revised including void
detection methodology to be identified.
6.6 No bleeding grout is to be used for better
quality control and longer life span of post tensioning
structure.
Larry D. Olson, Applications and Limitations of ImpactEcho Scanning for Void Detection in Post-Tensioned
Bridge Ducts,TRB,2008,Annual Meeting,CD ROM.
8.
9.
10.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
11.
3.
12.
4.
13.
5.
14.
6.
Test Value
Test Method
ASTM C 1152/C1I52M
ASTM C 33
ASTM C 1090*
<2.0% for up to 3 h
ASTM C 940
>6 ksi
ASTM C 942
Min. 3 h
Max. 12 h
ASTM C 953
Min. 11s
Max. 30s or
Min. 9s
Max. 20 s
ASTM C 939
ASTM C 939***
ASTM C 939
ASTM C 939***
Expansion
Compressive Strength 28 day
(average of 3 cubes)
Initial Set of Grout
Fluidity Test** Efflux Time from Flow Cone
a) immediately after Mixing
b) 30 min after Mixing with Remixing
for 30s
63
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Property
Bleeding at 3 h
Permeability at 28 days
Test Value
Test Method
Max. 0.0%
ASTM C 940****
**
Adjustments to flow rates will be achieved by strict compliance with the Manufacturers recommendations.
***
Grout fluidity shall meet either the standard ASTM C 939 flow cone test or the modified test described herein.
Modify the ASTM C 939 test by filling the cone to the top instead of to the standard level. The efflux time is the
time to fill a 1.0-L container placed directly under the flow cone.
****
Modify ASTM C 940 to conform with the wick induced bleed test described below:
a)
Condition dry ingredients, mixing water, prestressing strand and test apparatus overnight at 70 to 77F.
b)
Insert 800 mL of mixed conditioned grout with conditioned water into the 1000 mL graduated cylinder. Mark the
level of the top of the grout.
c)
Wrap the strand with 2.0-in, wide duct or electrical tape at each end prior to cutting to avoid splaying of the wires
when it is cut.
Degrease (with acetone or hexane solvent) and wire brush to remove any surface rust on the strand before
temperature conditioning. Insert completely a 20.0-in, length of conditioned, cleaned, ASTM A 416/A 416M
seven wire strand 0.5-in, diameter into the 1000 mL graduated cylinder. Center and fasten the strand so it
remains essentially parallel to the vertical axis of the cylinder (possibly using a centralizer). Mark the Level
of the top of the grout,
d)
Store the mixed grout at the temperature range listed above in (a).
e)
Measure the level of the bleed water every 15 mm for the first hour and hourly afterward for 2 h,
f)
Calculate the bleed water, if any, at the end of the 3-h test period and the resulting expansion per the
procedures outlined in ASTM C 940, with the quantity of bleed water expressed as a percent of the initial
grout volume. Note if the bleed water remains above or below the top of the grout.
OBITUARY
The Indian Roads Congress express their profound sorrow on the sad demise of Late Shri S.K. Garg,
resident of B-21, Sarvodaya Nagar, Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) and Late Shri A.A. Salam, resident of E-2,
Ullas Nagar, Peroorkada, Trivandrum, Kerala. They were very active members of the
Indian Roads Congress.
May their souls rest in peace.
64
INTRODUCTION
**
*** Accent Fellow, Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. LS2 9JT
E-mail: v.p.k.chintakayala@its.leeds.ac.uk
65
TECHNICAL PAPERS
2 METHODOLOGY
2.1
Approach
U = V +
... (1)
V = V (z, S, )
... (2)
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Assuming IID (Gumbel distribution) for , the
probability (Pn) that an individual chooses i can be
given by the MNL model:
... (3)
i = 1, 2, ., m; n = 1, 2, , m
... (3)
... (1)
3 SURVEY INSTRUMENT AND STUDY
... (2)
TECHNICAL PAPERS
During preliminary investigation in the Kolkata metro
city it was observed that journey speeds for buses
were generally very low (about 8 to 15 kmph), buses
were crowded and headway was often in the range of
5 to 15 minutes. Also, bus schedules were largely not
known to passengers, and no information was available
at bus stops or on-board. Presently, the Kolkata city
is predominantly served by four distinctly different
types of bus called as Mini Bus (BT1), Ordinary
Private Bus (BT2), Ordinary State Bus (BT3) and
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JnNURM) Bus (BT4). The dimensions, appearance
and comfort offered by these buses are different. The
newly introduced JnNURM buses appear to be most
attractive in terms of appearance and comfort among
all types of bus operating in the Kolkata metro city.
Apart from bus fare five attributes of bus system were
included as attributes in the choice experiment. The
attributes considered in the study can be classified as
quantitative attributes and qualitative attributes. The
quantitative attibutes included average journey speed,
travel cost and waiting time at bus stop. On the other
hand, the qualitative attributes included discomfort
during journey, type of bus, and nature of traffic
information. Each attribute was further described by
four or five levels as mentioned below:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
Traffic information:
v)
Seat (CC4)
68
vi)
Fare (INR/km)
TECHNICAL PAPERS
choice set were presented in generic form (i.e., Alt-A
and Alt-B).
Pilot surveys were carried out in February 2011 in order
to identify various important aspects of questionnaire
and data collection such as respondents understanding
level, proper explanation of SC experiment, decision
Choice Set:-SC1
Discomfort
Traffic Information
Type of Bus
Waiting
Time
JnNURM/
15 min
Comfortable
Standee
3 min
Congested
Standee
Articulated bus
Ordinary Private
Bus
In-vehicle
travel time
Fare
(Rs.)
Your
Choice
60 min
11.00
33 min
14.00
4
DATABASE
The database included respondents socioeconomic
characteristics such as age, occupation, personal
income, household size, car ownership, occupation,
education and household income. It also included trip
characteristics such as trip length, purpose, duration
of trip, fare paid, and route characteristics such as
length of route for the most recent trip. Depending
on the trip length, trips were classified as short trip
( 6 Km) or long trip (> 6 km). Out of 1614
observations, 930 (58%) responses were collected
from male respondents. Summary of trip and
socioeconomic characteristics of respondents as per
the refined database is given in Table-1.
Variable(s)
Trip Purpose
Household
Income per
month (INR)
Age (Years)
Car ownership
(No. of car)
Description
Education Recration
302
111
20k-30K
30K-40K
Levels
Number
Levels
Number
Work
828
10K
Business
173
10k-20K
246
583
422
196
Levels
Number
Levels
Number
20
62
0
1153
21-35
841
1
398
36-55
600
2
63
>55
111
Shopping
66
40K-60K
Social
75
60K-80K
Other
59
>80K
105
23
39
69
TECHNICAL PAPERS
5 MODEL DESCRIPTION, RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
Keeping in view the objective of present work, the
quantitative attributes such as In Vehicle Travel Time,
Waiting Time and Fare were entered in the model
in cardinal linear form. On the other hand, dummy
coding was used for three qualitative attributes such as
bus type, traffic information and comfort condition. In
Bus type, BT4 was considered as the base alternative.
In case of Traffic Information, TI4 was considered as
the base alternative and CC4 was considered as the
Attributes
MNL
Coefficient (t -Stat)
RPL
IVTT
-0.622 (-14.31)
Coefficient (t -Stat)
-0.745 (-12.21)
WT
-0.041(-5.00)
-0.046 (-4.83)
BT1
-0.801 (-4.61)
-0.922 (-4.49)
BT2
-0.530 (-5.13)
-0.608 (-4.94)
BT3
-0.394 (-2.57)
-0.418 (-2.29)
TI1
-0.893 (-8.55)
-0.985 (-7.86)
TI2
-1.291 (-3.52)
-1.462 (-3.21)
TI3
-0.798 (-2.19)
-0.826 (-2.01)
CC1
-1.098 (-8.96)
-1.254 (-8.27)
CC2
-0.927 (-5.18)
-0.982 (-4.66)
CC3
-0.494 (-2.43)
-0.472 (-1.99)
Fare
-0.007 (-5.70)
-0.008 (-5.61)
ASC
0.099 (1.43)+
0.106 (1.32)+
# of Observation
1614
1614
-790.861
-789.912
0.28732
0.28819
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Negative sign associated with in-vehicle travel time
and waiting time indicates that as the value of these
attributes increases the disutility also increases.
Among four types of bus service, JnNURM buses are
considered superior to other three types of bus. It is
interesting to note that between Mini Bus (BT1) and
Ordinary Private Bus (BT2), the disutility is considered
more for Mini Bus (BT1) which is contrary to the
conventional belief. The fare for Mini Bus (BT1) is
higher as it is assumed to offer a more comfortable
journey. The condition of majority of Mini Buses is
extremely poor, leg-space is inadequate and traveling
as a standee is more inconvenient due to low head
room, which may justify the result in the context of
the Kolkata metro city. It is also interesting to note
that Ordinary State Bus (BT3) is considered superior
to Mini Bus (BT1) and Ordinary Private Bus (BT2).
The results bring out the images of four types of bus,
as perceived by commuters in the Kolkata metro city.
It is interesting to note that TI2 (Displaying bus
route/destination information using LED display) is
considered as more disutility than TI1 (Traditional
way of displaying bus route/destination information)
which is apparently not an expected outcome. A further
investigation reveals that in JnNURM buses which
are presently operating in Kolkata, the font size used
in the LED display is small and there are problems
associated with the visibility during daytime. Also, in
many cases the LED displays are scrolled fast making
it difficult for trip makers to read and understand the
content. Altogether, Kolkata users find LED display in
its present form as more disutility than TI1 (Traditional
way of displaying bus route/destination information).
A comparison of coefficients of TI2 (Displaying bus
route/destination information using LED display) and
TI3 (Displaying bus route/destination information
using LED display + on-board information using LED
display) indicates that on-board information using
LED display is considered as utility by trip makers. A
comparison of coefficient estimate of TI3 (Displaying
bus route/destination information using LED display
+ on-board information using LED display) with the
base alternative clearly indicate that LED display at
INDIAN HIGHWAYS, April 2014
TECHNICAL PAPERS
qualitative and quantitative attributes of bus service.
The results also indicate the need for improving the
overall quality of bus service in the city to enhance the
attractiveness of bus system in the Kolkata metro city
and the benefit to bus users.
Table 3 Willingness-to-Pay Values (INR) for
Different Attributes of Bus System
Attributes
IVTT (INR/min)
WT (INR/min)
BT1 (INR/km)
BT2 (INR/km)
BT3 (INR/km)
TI1 (INR/km)
TI2 (INR/km)
TI3 (INR/km)
CC1 (INR/km)
CC2 (INR/km)
CC3 (INR/km)
WTP
MNL
0.90
0.59
1.16
0.77
0.57
1.30
1.88
1.16
1.60
1.35
0.72
RPL
0.98
0.59
1.20
0.80
0.55
1.29
1.92
1.08
1.64
1.29
0.62
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TECHNICAL PAPERS
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
8.
9.
21.
10.
22.
11.
23.
24.
25.
26.
12.
13.
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Note :
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Circular and Annexure-1 is available on Ministry's website (www.morth.nic.in) and same is also available in
Ministry's library
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