Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
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4
15
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PMMC instruments are used only to measure DC quantities and not AC quantities.
This is so, because permanent magnets are used for creating magnetic fields.
Constructional diagram of a PMMC instrument is shown in the fig. 1.
A PMMC type instrument consists of a moving coil, made up of enameled copper
wire, which is mounted on an aluminium drum. This drum is pivoted on the spindle
of a jeweled bearing. The pointer of the scale is also connected to this spindle.
The end of the moving coils are connected to springs which produce a controlling
force and also provide a way to lead current in and out of the coil.
The moving coil is placed in the magnetic field which is produced by the two magnets.
The supply to be measured is provided to the ends of the moving coil.
We know that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a
force is induced in it. Therefore, when the current flows through the coil, a force is
induced in it and since a spindle is attached to it, there is a movement in the spindle.
The movement of the spindle moves the pointer. This movement is controlled by
the controlling springs and thereby we get the final reading.
To avoid unwanted oscillations of the pointer, a damping torque is produced by
the eddy current method.
Torque equation
Pointer
Jewelled Bearing
Control Spring
Coil
Spindle
Input Supply
Permanent
Magnet
Aluminium
Drum
Deflecting torque, Td I
And controlling torque, Tc = Kcq
At steady position of pointer, Tc = Td
And thus, I q
since the deflection is directly proportional to the current flowing through
the instrument, we get a uniform scale for the instrument.
D.C. voltage and D.C. current can be measured using PMMC instruments.
Air Damping
Chamber
Scale
Pointer
Magnetic
Coil
Balanced
Weight
Moving Iron
Piece
Control Weight
Former
Air Damping
Piston Arm
And thus, q I 2
Since deflection of the pointer is directly proportional to the square of the current,
the scale of the attraction type moving iron type instrument is not uniform.
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3
Repulsion Type
In repulsion type instrument, two vanes of soft iron are used inside the coil. One vane
is fixed and the other one is free to move. When current flows through the coil, both
vanes are magnetized and therefore, there is a force of repulsion between the two and
this force acts as the driving force for the instrument. Two different designs of repulsion
type moving iron type instruments are common radial type and co-axial type.
Scale
l
Pointer
l
l
Moving
Coil
Input
A.C/D.C
F2
F1
Fixed coil
And thus, q I 2
Since, the deflection of the pointer is directly proportional to the square of the
current, the scale of the electrodynamometer type instrument is not uniform.
Pointer
Scale
Laminated
Magnetic
System
l
l
Spring
l
Laminated
Iron Core
l
Aluminium
Drum
L
R
Supply
Induction type instrument works on the principle of induction and therefore, this
method is used in measuring AC voltage and AC current.
The maximum length of scale is possible in induction type instrument as the angle
of deflection of this instrument may be 360 degrees.
Ferraris type induction type instrument is shown in the fig. 4
This type of instrument consists of two coils one coil is highly resistive and the
other one is highly inductive.
When we give signal to the instrument, current starts flowing through the system
and this current splits up, i.e. some portion of current flows through the resistive
coil and the remaining current flows through the inductive coil.
These two currents produce two flux and these two flux produce the deflecting
torque which rotates the laminated iron core which is mounted on the spindle.
With the movement of the spindle, the pointer also deflects. This deflection of
pointer is controlled by controlling forces, which is produced from the control
spring.
4
reading with respect to the applied current; whereas a digital voltmeter gives a numerical
display of the voltage according to the applied current, with the help of an ADC (analogto-digital convertor).
Analog Voltmeter : The fig. 5 shows the Darsonval type moving coil galvanometer.
The device consists of a pointer, a full deflection scale, magnets and a coil. The pointer
is attached with the coil, which is suspended in a magnetic field, as shown in the
figure 5. Under no biasing condition, the pointer is at the zero position, i.e. at the
center of the scale, which also helps to notify if the voltage changes its polarity. Now,
in order to measure the voltage, the galvanometer is connected in circuit with a series
resistor as shown in fig. 6; the resistor is connected in series to ensure that the angular
rotations of the indicator are directly proportional to the applied voltage. Normally, this
device is used in case of direct current; however, we can also have an AC source by
using a rectifier in the circuit. The output of this voltmeter is expressed in ohms per
volt.
Digital Voltmeter : A Digital voltmeter uses the analog-to-digital convertor for
displaying the voltage on the numerical display. The accuracy of a Digital voltmeter is
higher than that of an analog voltmeter. The main parts of Digital voltmeter are an
amplifier and a numeric display as shown in fig. 7. Just like the analog voltmeter, a
digital voltmeter is also connected in series with the circuit, but the value of series
resistance is fixed by the manufacturer (generally about 10 mega ohms).
Deflection Scale
10
15
5
0
20
ter
Poin
Magnets
Coil
Fig. 5: Analog Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Voltage to be
measured
Resistor
110
Function keys
I/O port
MEASUREMENT OF POWER
Power is generally measured through Wattmeters of which there are two types
electrodynamometer type and the induction type.
Electrodynamometer Type Wattmeter
l
Electrodynamometer type wattmeter consists of two coils as shown in the fig. 10.
l
Fixed coil is split up into two identical coils and are made up of thick copper
wires.This fixed coils are connected in series with the load and so they carry the
current in the circuit, thus, they form the current coil of the circuit.
l
Moving coil is mounted on the spindle and is placed in between the two fixed
coil.The moving coil is connected across the voltage and therefore it forms the
pressure coil of the wattmeter.
l
Spring control method is used for producing controlling torque and damping
torque is produced by air friction damping system.
l
The moving coil act as a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field
and thus force induced in it and since pointer is connected to this moving coil, it
deflects on the scale.
l
This deflection is controlled by the controlling spring and at last pointer comes to
rest showing a reading.
Conductor
B
Cold junction
Thermocouple
Ammeter connection
Ammeter
5
Spindle
Moving Coil
Fixed
Coil
Shunt
electromagnet
(P.C)
(cc)
S.C.
bands
Spindle
f1
Al disc
f2
Series
electromagnet
MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY
Energy is measured by an induction type energymeter, the arrangement for which is
shown in the figure and its whole operation is divided into four parts which are
explained below :-
Shunt
Electromagnet
Laminated
Core
PC
S C Bands
Braking
Magnet
Aluminium
Disc
Series
Electromagnet
The moving system consists of a disc which is mounted on a light alloy shaft.
The disc is made up of aluminium which is not magnetic but is a conducting
material.
l
This disc is positioned in between the air gap of the shunt and the series
electromagnet.
(c) Braking system
l
At the edge of the aluminium disc, a permanent magnet is positioned, which
forms the braking system of the instrument.
l
It controls the speed of the aluminium disc.
l
The disc acts as a current carrying conductor placed in the magnetic field (of
permanent magnet), and hence voltage is induced in it, due to which the current
is produced.
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6
This current produces a braking torque and by adjusting the position of the permanent
magnet, we can change the braking torque and hence the speed of the disc.
(d) Registering system
l
A gear arrangement is there in the instrument which is in the spindle.
l
It continuously records the number which is proportional to the revolutions made
by the moving system.
l
The power factor is measured by an electrodynamic power factor meter as described below:
Fixed coil
q
sin q sin f
=
cos q cos f
Moving
coil
90
Lag
Lead
Supply
Voltage
IA
IB
Fig. 14: Phasor diagram
tan q = tan f
q =f
Primary
Therefore, the deflection of the instrument is a measure of the phase angle of the
circuit and the instrument can be directly calibrated in terms of power factor.
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
The transformer used in conjunction with measuring instruments for measurement purposes
is called an Instrument Transformer. To measure current, Current Transformers (CTs) are
used and to measure voltage (or potential), Potential Transformers (PTs) are used.
Secondary
Current Transformer
l
Such a transformer is used to measure the current.
l
It is a step-up transformer whose primary (lv side) is connected to the line whose
S
current is to be measured and its secondary (hv side) is connected to the ammeter
as shown in fig. 15.
l
The ammeter gives a reading and this reading when multiplied by the
0-5A
transformation ratio, gives the value of line current which was flowing through
A
the line.
Fig. 15: Current transformer
l
By using CT, measurement is carried out using a low rating of ammeter.
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BRIDGES
Q
P
G
Wheatstone Bridge
This bridge is used to measure the medium resistance and its arrangement is shown in
fig. 17.
Let P and Q = known resistances known as ratio arms
S = known variable resistance
R = unknown resistance
Kb and Kg= Battery and Galvanometer key
E = supply voltage
P
The value of the unknown resistance when the bridge is in balanced state is R = S
Q
KG
S
R
d
Kb
b
G
KG
a
I
d S
e
E
KB
I1 b
E1
Z1
R1
L1
E2
Z2
R2
I1
D
I2
I2
R4
R3
Z
E3 3 L3
Potential Transformer
l
Such a transformer is used to measure voltage.
l
It is a step-down transformer whose primary (hv side) is connected to the line
whose voltage is to be measured and its secondary (lv side) is connected to a
voltmeter as shown in fig. 16.
l
The voltmeter gives a reading and this reading when multiplied by the
transformation ratio, gives the value of the line voltage of the line.
l
By using PT, measurement is carried out using a low rating of the voltmeter and
insulation required for measuring such a high voltage is minimized.
Z4
E4
d
R2
R4
Q factor =
w L3
R3 + r3
8
Maxwells Inductance-Capacitance Bridge
This bridge is also used to measure self inductance. Its circuit diagram and vector
b
diagram is shown in fig. 20 and 21 respectively
I1
L
1
R1 = resistance of the coil (unknown)
Z1
R2 Z2
R1
L1 = inductance of the coil (unknown)
I1
c
R2, R3, R4 = known non-inductive resistances
D
c
a
C = known variable capacitor
I2
IC
At balanced condition,
R
I
R3
IR 4
I
Z3
Z4
R2 R3
I2
d
R1 =
R4
E
L1 = CR2 R3
Fig. 20: Maxwells inductance Q factor = wCR4
capacitance bridge
Desaultay Bridge
This bridge is used to measure the value of capacitance circuit diagram is shown in
fig. 22.
b
C1
R2
I1
a
c
D
I1
I2
I
R4
C3
I
I2
d
I 1 jwL1
I2
I1R1
I1,I2
I1R2=E2
E4 = I2R4
E2 = I1R2
E1
I1, I2
R4 C3
R2
Anderson Bridge
This bridge is used to measure self inductance. Its circuit diagram and vector diagram
are shown in fig. 24 and 25 respectively
Bridge arrangement
b
r1
R1L1
R2
e
a
I
I1
R3
IC
r
I2
I1
c
R4
R2 R3
- r1
R4
L1 = C
I2R3
d IR = I2 IC
E
At balanced condition
E1 I 1 jwL1
I2
IC
ICr
IRR4
IR
I1(R1+r1 ) E2=I1R2
I
= C
jwc
Fig. 25: Vector diagram
R2
[ R3 R4 + r ( R3 + R4 )]
R4
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I1
Top view
Side view
Ranking
&
attenuator
DIGITAL VOLTMETERS
Input
Comparator
Start
Pulse
Clock
Osc.
Gate
Counter
Read out
0000
Stop
Pulse
Ramp
Gen.
Ground
Comp.
Sample rate
MV
Time
-12 V
Gating
time
interval
Clock
Pulses
Potentiometer
Read out
adjustment
0000
device
Error
Signal
+
Ref.
Voltage
Feedback
source
Sliding
voltage
contact
Comparator
On Known
Voltage
110
I
I/O port
-
MULTIMETER
R
Transistor
testing
Digital voltmeters are the instruments which measure AC or DC voltages and display
the results in a numeric form. This method is more advantageous than the analog
method as observational errors are eliminated. There are two types of digital voltmeters
ramp type voltmeter and potentiometric digital voltmeter.
10
Main applications of multimeter:
(a) Measuring of AC and DC
(b) Measuring voltage and current
(c) Measuring resistance
(d) Testing of continuity in circuit
Phase difference
1
f
360
Or
1
f
360
There is a device named Phase Analyzer, which is used to display the phase-frequency
curve over +1800 to 1800 ranges. There are different types of phase measurement
processes
(1) Complex impedance
(2) Group delay
(3) Deviation from linear phase
(4) Amplitude modulation to phase modulation conversion
T=
Frequency Measurement
Frequency is defined as the number of oscillations or repetitions of a signal per unit of
time. Three methods are used for frequency calculations:
(1) Counting Since we know that frequency is inversely proportional to time, i.e.
F=
(2)
(3)
1
T
11
Q-ME TER
Q-meter is a device which is used to determine the quality factor of a circuit. Generally,
this device is used in radio frequency circuits, where it is desirable to know how much
amount of energy is dissipated from the system in a non-ideal reactive form. Q-factor
is given asPeak Energy Stored
Q = 2p
Energy dissipated per Cycle
OSCILLOSCOPES
Input
Signal
Vertical
amplifier
CRT
Delay
Line
To CRT
HV Supply
LV Supply
Electron
To all Circuit Gun
Trigger Time base Horizontal
amplifier
generator
Circuit
Electron
beam
l
l
l
Screen
Time/division
l
l
Block diagram of the cathode ray oscilloscope is shown in the fig. 32.
The cathode ray tube (CRT) generates the electron beam, accelerates it to a high
velocity, focuses it and deflects the beam to produce the image on a phosphor
screen.
The power supply block provides the input required by the CRT to generate the
beam.
Horizontal and vertical amplifiers are required to strengthen the weak signal and
also to focus it correctly on the screen.
The time base generator provides the potential of variable frequency to be applied
to the x-plate.
The function of the vertical delay line is to allow the operator to observe the
leading edge of the signal waveform by delaying the signal drive.
POTENTIOMETRIC RECORDER
A Potentiometric recorder is a device which is used to record and monitor the voltage
which a voltmeter measures. The most important application of Potentiometric recorder
is that it enables us to monitor even minute unattended voltages during a measurement,
which varies over a wide range of 0 500 V. This device is highly sensitive in nature
and produces accurate results. The gain adjustment panel of recorder helps in
determining the sample voltage over full-scale recorder deflection. The differential
voltage determined by the recorder is not impaired in any way due to its high leakage
resistance, which is approximately 500,000 Mega Ohms.
ERROR ANALYSIS
There are three basic types of errors which are obtained while taking measurements in
lab with any electrical system and these are
(1) Random Error
(2) Systematic Error
(3) Gross Error
(1) Random Error : Those uncontrolled or uncertain fluctuations which randomly
affect the results of experiments are called random errors. Examples include the
change in temperature due to sunlight around temperature sensors, air fluctuations
caused by opening and closing of doors, etc. This error type is difficult to remove
but can be solved by calculating the estimated standard deviation of collected
data.
(2) Systematic Error : Instrumental mistakes, methodological and personal mistakes
fall under this category. Instrumental errors can be caused in many ways, for e.g.
an improper placement of device. Methodological errors are caused because of
the selection of wrong alternatives for experiment, and personal mistakes are
caused by observers and performers like noting down incorrect readings, etc.
These errors can be easily eliminated by careful observation and correct operation
of instruments.
(3) Gross Error : This error is caused either by an instrument failure or the
carelessness of the experimenter. In order to minimize this error, a set of precision
measurements must be taken by the experimenter.
12
A DC ammeter has a resistance of 0.1 ohm and its current range is 0 100 A. If this
range is to be extended to 0 500 A, then the meter requires the following shunt
resistance:
(a) 0.010 ohms
(b) 0.011 ohms
(c) 0.025 ohms
(d) 1.00 ohms
Solution : Maximum current which can flow through the ammeter is 100 A.
So, the value of the shunt resistance which is required to measure the 500 A
current must be chosen in such a way that 400 A current flows through the
shunt.
From current division formula, ( I - I a ) Rshunt = I a Ra
Ia
100
Ra =
0.1
Therefore, Rshunt =
(I - I a )
(500 - 100)
1
Thus, Rshunt = 0.1 = 0.025W
4
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
2.
The setup in the fig. 1 is used to measure resistance R. The ammeter and voltmeter
resistances are 0.1 ohm and 2000 ohm, respectively. Their readings are 2 A and
180 V respectively, yielding a measured resistance of 90 ohm. The percentage
error in the measurement is
(a) 2.25%
(b) 2.35%
(c) 4.5%
(d) 4.71%
Solution : From Ohms law, the current flowing through voltmeter,
180
V
IV = =
= 0.09 A
R 2000
Therefore, actual ammeter current should be 2 - 0.09 = 1.91A
180
Therefore, actual value of resistance should be =
= 94.24 ohm
1.91
94.24 - 90
100 = 4.71%
The percent error =
90
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.
3.
Two wattmeters, which are connected to measure the total power on a three
phase system supplying a balanced load, read 10.5 kW and 2.5 kW respectively.
The total power and the power factor, respectively, are
(a) 13.0 kW, 0.334
(b) 13.0 kW, 0.684
(c) 8.0 kW, 0.52
(d) 8.0 kW, 0.334
Solution : We know that the total power of the circuit when measured by the twowattmeter method is the algebric sum of the readings of the two wattmeters.
I2
R
A
1000 W
V
Fig 1:
4.
Unity PF
13
Solution : We know that the reading which we get from a wattmeter comprises the
power which is consumed by the load and the power which is lost across
the current coil of the galvanometer.
Therefore,
Power consumed by the load, P = V I
Or, P = 200 20 = 4000W
2
And power loss across current coil, p = I R
2
Therefore, p = 20 (0.02) = 8W
Thus, ideally the wattmeter should show 4000W as the final reading, but
due to the loss, the reading which is shown by the wattmeter is
4000W + 8W = 4008W
I2
100 W
1000 W
I
4008 - 4000
100 = 0.2% more than the actual
4000
load power.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
5.
A galvanometer with a full scale current of 10 mA has a resistance of 1000 ohms
shown in fig. 3. The multiplying power (the ratio of measured current to
galvanometer current) of a 100 ohm shunt with this galvanometer is
(a) 110
(b) 100
(c) 11
(d) 10
Solution : We know that a shunt is always connected in parallel with a galvanometer.
In the question, it is given that the internal resistance of galvanometer is
1000 ohms and the value of shunt resistance is 100 ohms.
From the current division formula,
Let measured current = I
I1
100
I
1100
I
I1
On substituting the values, we get
I
= 11
1
100
I
1100
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
A moving coil of a meter has 10 turns, and a length and depth of 100 mm and 20
mm respectively. It is positioned in a uniform radial flux density of 200 mT. The
coil carries a current of 50 mA. The torque of the coil is
(a) 200 mNm
(b) 100 mNm
(c) 2 mNm
(d) 1 mNm
Multiplying factor =
6.
14
7.
A dc A-h meter is rated for 15 A, 250 V. The meter constant is 14.4 A-second/rev.
The meter constant at rated voltage may be expressed as
(a) 3750 rev/kWh
(b) 3600 rev/kWh
(c) 1000 rev/kWh
(d) 960 rev/kWh
Solution : Given,
Meter constant = 14.4 A - sec/ rev
1
hr
and 1sec =
3600
14.4
A - hr / rev
Therefore, the meter constant can be written as
3600
A - hr
W - hr
V =
also,
rev
rev
14.4 Ah / rev
thus,
250 = 1Wh / rev
3600
1
now, 1Wh =
kWh
1000
1
so, 1Wh / rev =
kWh / rev = 1000rev / kWh
1000
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
8.
A moving iron ammeter produces a full scale torque of 240 m Nm with a deflection
of 120 degrees at a current of 10 A. The rate of change of self inductance
( m H / radian ) of the instrument at full scale is
(a) 2.0 mH/radian
(b) 4.8 mH/radian
(c) 12.0 mH/radian
(d) 114.6 mH/radian
Solution : Full scale torque in a moving coil instrument,
1
dl
T = I2
2 dq
On substituting the value of current and torque in the above equation, we
get
dl
1
240 10 -6 = (10) 2
2
dq
dl
-6
Thus, 240 10 = 50
dq
-6
Therefore, 240 10 = dl
dq
50
= 4.8 10 -6 H/radian
= 4.8 H/radian
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
15
1.
2.
3.
3
2 +
2 V
(d)
17
V
2
0.5 % rdg
(b) 5.5% rdg
(c) 6.7% rdg
(d) 7.0 rdg
An energy meter connected to an immersion heater
(resistive) operating on an AC 230 V, 50 Hz, AC single
phase source reads 2.3 units (kWH) in 1 hour. The heater
is removed from the supply and now connected to a 400V
peak to peak square wave source of 150 Hz. The power
in kW dissipated by the heater will be
[2006, 2 Marks]
(a) 3.478
(b) 1.739
(c) 1.540
(d) 0.870
Consider the following statements with reference to the
5.
equation
dp
dt
[2006, 2 Marks]
(a)
R1 =
R 3R 4
R2
(b)
(c)
R1 =
R2R4
R3
(d) R1 = R2 + R3 + R4
R1 =
200
Current Transformer (CT) is wound with 200
1
turns on the secondary on a toroidal core. When it carries
a current of 160 A on the primary, the ratio and phase
errors of the CT are found to be 0.5% and 30 min
respectively. If the number of secondary turns is reduced
by 1, the new ratio error (%) and phase error (min) will
be respectively
[2006, 2 Marks]
(a) 0.0, 30
(b) 0.5, 35
(c) 1.0, 30
(d) 1.0, 25
7.
8.
4.
6.
9.
(a) 5 V, 1 ms
(c) 7.5 V, 2 ms
(b) 5V, 2 ms
(d) 10 V, 1 ms
16
10. A sampling wattmeter (that computes power from
simultaneously sampled values of voltage and current) is
used to measure the average power of a load. The peak
to peak voltage of the square wave is 10 V and the
current is a triangular wave of 5A (p-p) as shown in the
figure. The period is 25 ms. The reading in watt will be
[2006, 1 Mark]
Ch1
R
Vin
GND12
L
Ch2
C
(a) A, B, C, A
(b) A, B, C, B
(c) C, B, A, B
(d) B, A, B, C
13. The ac bridge shown in the figure is used to measure the
impedance Z.
If the bridge is balanced for oscillator frequency f = 2
kHz, then the impedance Z will be [2008, 2 Marks]
B 0.
0W
50
H
30
0W
R4
0W
R2
R3
30
R1
mH
A
.9
jX1
Oscillator
15
11.
(a) zero
(b) 25 W
(c) 50 W
(d) 100 W
A bridge circuit is shown in the figure below. Which one
of the sequences given below is most suitable for
balancing the bridge?
[2007, 2 Marks]
39
jX4
w1
2
w1
2
17
15. Two 8-bit ADCs, one of single slope integrating type and
other of successive approximate type, take TA and TB
times to convert 5 V analog input signal to equivalent
digital output. If the input analog signal is reduced to 2.5
V, the approximate time taken two ADCs will respectively,
be
[2008, 1 Mark]
(a) TA, TB
(c)
(b)
TA , TB
(d)
TA , TB
2
TA , TB
2
J0
+
1
CC
z1
(1
00
R3
0)W
400 volts
50 Hz.
R + jw L
+J
Z2
)W
0
(10
3-Phase
Balanced
supply
z2=
PC
R4
R2
(a) 0
(b) 1600 Watt
(c) 800 Watt
(d) 400 Watt
17. An average reading digital multimeter reads 10 V when
fed with a triangular wave, symmetric about the time axis.
For the same input, an rms reading meter will read
[2009, 2 Marks]
(a)
20
(b)
j/(w C4)
~
(a)
(b)
1
G2 and
. The relative small errors associated with
G3
each respective subsystem G1, G2 and G3 are e1, e2 and
e3. The error associated with the output is
[2009, 1 Mark]
1
G3
Input
G1
(a)
e1 + e 2 +
1
e3
(b)
e1 .e 2
e3
(c)
e1 + e 2 - e3
(d)
e1 + e 2 + e3
G2
Output
R = C4 R 2 R 3
L=
R 2R 3
R4
(c)
R=
R4
, L = C4 R 2 R 3
R 2R 3
(d)
L=
R4
, R = C4 R 2 R 3
R 2R3
(c)
18.
(d) 10 3
20 3
The measurement system shown in the figure uses three
sub-systems in cascade whose gains are specified as G1,
R 2R3
R4
L = C4 R 2 R 3
10
3
R=
18
23. A wattmeter is connected as shown in the figure. The
wattmeter reads
[2010, 1 Mark]
27. The bridge circuit shown in the figure below is used for
the measurement of an unknown element Zx. The bridge
circuit is best suited when Zx is a
[2011, 1 Mark]
C1
Current coil
Z1
Vs ~
Wattmeter
0.1%
0.3%
(b)
(d)
Zx
0.2%
0.4%
R4
Z2
R1
i(t)
+
v(t)
Wattmeter
1
E1 I1 cos f1
2
1
[ E1 I1 cos f1 + E1 I3 cos f3 + E1 I5 ]
(b)
2
1
[ E1I1 cos f1 + E3 I3 cos f3 ]
(c)
2
1
[ E1I1 cos f1 + E3 I1 cos f1 ]
(d)
2
30. The bridge method commonly used for finding mutual
inductance is
[2012, 1 Mark]
(a) Heavyside Campbell bridge
(b) Schering bridge
(c) De Sauty bridge
(d) Wien bridge
(a)
Load
Potential coil
R2
19
31. A periodic voltage waveform observed on an oscilloscope
across a load is shown. A permanent Magnet Moving
Coil (PMMC) meter connected across the same load reads
[2012, 1 Mark]
V(t)
10V
Vi
5V
0
5V
10
(a) 4 V
(c) 8 V
32.
12
20
R1
(b) 5 V
(d) 10 V
R2
(a) 56.02
(b) 40.83
(c) 29.85
(d) 10.02
35. In an oscilloscope screen, linear sweep is applied at the
(a) vertical axis
[2014, Set-1, 1 Mark]
(b) horizontal axis
(c) origin
(d) both horizontal and vertical axis
36. The reading of the voltmeter (rms) in volts, for the circuit
shown in the figure is _________.
R = 0.5W
100 kW
+
1jW
Voltmeter
1/jW
100 sin(wt)
V
1jW
1/jW
(a) 4.46
(b) 3.15
(c) 2.23
(d) 0
Three moving iron type voltmeters are connected as
shown below. Voltmeter readings are V, V1 and V2 as
indicated. The correct relation among the voltmeter
readings is
[2013, 1 mark]
j 1W
V1
j 2W
V2
(a)
V=
V1
2
(c) V = V1V2
34.
R3
Time (ms)
1 kW
33.
V0
V2
2
(b) V = V1 + V2
(d) V = V2 V1
A.C.
Source
XL
XC1
XC2
Load
200V
20
39. Two ammeters X and Y have resistances of 1.2 W and 1.5 W
respectively and they give full-scale deflection with 150 mA
and 250 mA respectively. The ranges have been extended
by connecting shunts so as to give full scale deflection
with 15A. The ammeters along with shunts are connected in
parallel and then placed in a circuit in which the total current
flowing is 15A. The current in amperes indicates in ammeter
X is _________.
[2014, Set-2, 2 marks]
40. An LPF wattmeter of power factor 0.2 is having three voltage
settings 300 V, 150 V and 75 V, and two current settings 5 A
and 10 A. The full scale reading is 150. If the wattmeter is
used with 150 V voltage setting and 10 A current setting, the
multiplying factor of the wattmeter is _________.
[2014, Set-3, 1 Mark]
41. The two signals S1 and S2, shown in figure, are applied to Y
and X deflection plates of an oscilloscope.
Y
1
-1
(d)
Y
1
S1
X
(c)
2T
-1
S2
42.
2T
(a)
Y
1
3
2
(b)
2
3
2
3
(d)
3
2
In the bridge circuit shown, the capacitors are loss free. At
balance, the value of capacitance C 1 in microfarad is
_________.
[2014, Set-3, 2 Marks]
(c)
43.
-1
(b)
Y
1
X
-1
0.1 F
21
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
( 400 3) A
( 400 1/ 5 ) A
(b)
( 400 2.24) A
( 400 1) A
(d)
(c)
A C.R.O. is operated with X and Y settings of 0.5 mV/cm
and 100 mV/cm. The screen of the C.R.O. is 10 cm 8 cm
(X and Y). A sine wave of frequency 200 Hz and r.m.s.
amplitude of 300 mV is applied to the Y-input. The screen
will show
(a) One cycle of the undistorted sine wave
(b) Two cycle of the undistorted sine wave
(c) One cycle of the sine wave with clipped amplitude
(d) Two cycle of the sine wave with clipped amplitude
A Wien-bridge is used to measure the frequency of the
input signal. However, the input signal has 10% third
harmonic distortion. Specifically signal is 2 sin 400 pt + 0.2
sin 1200 pt (with t in sec.). With this input the balance will
(a) Lead to a null indication and setting will correspond to
a frequency of 200 Hz.
(b) Lead to a null indication and setting will correspond to
260 Hz.
(c) Lead to a null indication and setting will correspond to
400 Hz.
(d) Not lead to null indication
Measurement of an unknown voltage with d.c. potentiometer
loses its advantage of open circuit measurement when
(a) primary circuit battery is changed.
(b) standardisation has to be done again to compensate
for drifts.
(c) Voltages larger than the range of the potentiometer are
measured.
(d) range reduction by a factor of 10 is employed in the
potentiometer to improve resolution.
A set of independent current measurements taken by four
observers was recorded as: 117.02 mA, 117.11 mA, 117.08 mA
and 117.03 mA. What is the range of error?
(a) 0.045
(b) 0.054
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
1. Maxwells bridge
2. Schering bridge
3. Wein-bridge
4. Hays bridge
5. Wheatstone bridge
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3, 4 and 5
(d) 1 and 4
The secondary winding of a current transformer is open
when current is flowing in the primary then,
(a) there will be high current in primary.
(b) there will be very high secondary voltage.
(c) the transformer will burn out immediately.
(d) the meter will burn out.
Which one of the following digital voltmeters is most
suitable to eliminate the effect of period noise?
(a) Ramp type digital voltmeter
(b) Integrating type digital voltmeter
(c) Successive approximation type digital voltmeter
(d) Servo type digital voltmeter
Match List - I (Instrument) and List - II (Error) and select the
correct answer using the code given below the lists:
List - I
List - II
A. PMMC voltmeter
1. Eddy current error
B. AC ammeter
2. Phase angle error
C. Current transformer
3. Braking system error
D. Energy meter
4. Temperature error
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 2 3 4 1
(b) 4 1 2 3
(c) 2 1 4 3
(d) 4 3 2 1
Which of the following can be used/modified for
measurement of angular speed?
1. LVDT
2. Magnetic pick-up
3. Tacho-generator
4. Strain gauge
Select the correct answer using the code given below
(a) Only 1 and 2
(b) Only 2 and 3
(c) Only 3
(d) Only 2, 3 and 4
A meter has full scale deflection at 90 at a current of 1 A,
the response of meter is square law. Assuming spring
control, the current for a deflection of 45 will be
(a) 0.25 A
(b) 0.50 A
(c) 0.67 A
(d) 0.707 A
The sensitivity of voltmeter using 0 to 5 mA meter movement
is
(a) 50 W/volt
(b) 100 W/volt
(c) 200 W/volt
(d) 500 W/volt
(c) 0.065
(d) 0.056
Which of the following bridges can be used for inductance
measurement?
Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/entrance-exams-books/gate-exams.html
22
14. The full scale deflection current of a meter is 1 mA and its
internal resistance is 100 W. This meter is to have full
deflection when 100 V is measured. What is the value of
series resistor to be used?
(a) 99.99 kW
(b) 100 kW
(c) 99.99 W
(d) 100 W
15. Calculate the maximum velocity of the beam of electrons in
a CRT having a cathode anode voltage of 1000 V. Assume
the electrons to leave the cathode with zero velocity.
Charge of electron = 1.6 1019 C and mass of electron
= 9.1 1031 kg.
(a) 0.1875 106 m/s
(b) 0.1875 107 m/s
(c) 0.1875 108 m/s
(d) 0.1875 109 m/s
16. In the Maxwell bridge as shown in the figure below, the
values of resistance Rx and inductance Lx of a coil are to be
calculated after balancing the bridge. The component values
are shown in the figure at balance. The values of Rx and Lx
will respectively be
LX
RX
2000 W
R4
0.05 mF
750 W
4000 W
(a) 375 W, 75 mH
(b) 75 W, 150 mH
(c) 37.5 W, 75 mH
(d) 75 W, 75 mH
17. A simple dc potentiometer is to be standardised by keeping
the slider wire setting at 1.0183 V. If by mistake, the setting
is at 1.0138 V and the standardisation is made to obtain a
source voltage of 1.0138 V, then the reading of the
potentiometer will be
(a) 1.0138 V
(b) 1.0183 V
(c)
(1.0138)2
(d) (1.0138)2 V
1.0183
18. Two-wattmeter method is employed to measure power in a
3-phase balanced system with the current coils connected
in the A and C lines. The phase sequence is ABC. If the
wattmeter with its current coil in A-phase line reads zero,
then the power factor of the 3-phase load will be
(a) zero lagging
(b) zero leading
(c) 0.5 lagging
(d) 0.5 leading
19. A digital voltmeter uses a 10 MHz clock and has a voltage
controlled generator which provides a width of 10 m sec per
volt of unit signal. 10 volt of input signal would correspond
to a pulse count of
(a) 500
(b) 750
(c) 1000
(d) 1500
20. In a digital voltmeter, the oscillator frequency is 400 kHz
and the ramp voltage fills from 8 V to 0 V in 20 m sec. The
number of pulses countered by the counter is
(a) 800
(b) 2000
(c) 4000
(d) 8000
21. A high frequency a.c. signal is applied to a PMMC
instrument. If the rms value of the a.c. signal is 2 V, then the
reading of the instrument will be
(a) zero
(b) 2 V
(c)
(d) 4 2V
2 V
22. A current i = (10 + 10 sin t) amperes is passed through an
ideal moving iron type ammeter. Its reading will be
(a) zero
(b) 10 A
(c)
(d) 10 2A
150A
23. In PMMC instrument, the central spring stiffness and the
strength of the magnet decrease by 0.04% and 0.02%
respectively due to a rise in temperature by 1C. With a rise
in temperature of 10C, the instrument reading will
(a) increase by 0.2%
(b) decrease by 0.2%
(c) increase by 0.6%
(b) decrease by 0.6%
24. Standard cell
(a) Will have precise and accurate constant voltage when
current drawn from it is few microamperes only.
(b) Will have precise and accurate constant voltage when
few milliamperes are drawn from it.
(c) Will continue to have constant voltage irrespective of
loading conditions.
(d) Can supply voltages up to 10 V.
25. If the reading of the two wattmeters are equal and positive
in two-wattmeter method, the load pf in a balanced 3-phase
3-wire circuit will be
(a) zero
(b) 0.5
(c) 0.866
(d) unity
26. A voltage of {200 2 sin 314t + 6 2 sin ( 942t + 30 )
+ 8 2 cos (1570t + 30 )}V is given to a harmonic distortion
23
30. A Lissajous pattern, as shown in figure below, is observed
on the screen of a CRO when voltages of frequencies fx and
fy are applied to the x and y plates respectively. fx : fy is then
equal to
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
(a) 3 : 2
(b) 1 : 2
(c) 2 : 3
(d) 2 : 1
Two voltmeters have the same range 400 V. The internal
impedances are 30,000 ohms and 20,000 ohms. If they are
connected in series and 600 V be applied across them, the
readings are
(a) 360 V and 240 V
(b) 300 V and 300 V
(c) 400 V and 200 V
(d) None of these
A meter has a full-scale angle of 90 at a current of 1 A. This
meter has perfect square-law response. What is the current
when the deflection angle is 45?
(a) 0.5 A
(b) 0.65 A
(c) 0.707 A
(d) 0.87 A
Which of the following electronic instruments (or
equipment) can be used to measure correctly the fundamental
frequency component of a waveform and its higher
harmonics?
1. Cathode ray oscilloscope
2. Vacuum tube voltmeter
3. Spectrum analyzer
4. Distortion factor meter
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 and 4
(d) 1 and 4
In d.c. potentiometer measurements, a second reading is
often taken after reversing the polarities of the d.c. supply
and the unknown voltage, and the average of the two reading
is taken. This is with a view to eliminate the effects of
(a) ripples in the d.c. supply
(b) stray magnetic fields
(c) stray thermal emfs
(d) erroneous standardisation
Electrostatic instruments are normally used for
(a) low current measurements
(b) high current measurements
(c) low voltage mesurements
(d) high voltage measurements
A certain oscilloscope with 4 cm 4 cm screen has its own
sweep output fed to its input. If the x and y sensitivities are
same, the oscilloscope will display a
(a) triangular wave
(b) diagonal line
(c) sine wave
(d) circle
Which instrument has necessarily the square law type
scale?
(a) Permanent magnet moving coil.
(b) Hot wire instruments
(c) Moving iron repulsion
(d) None of the above
24
46. Which one of the following decides the time of response of
an indicating instrument?
(a) Deflecting system
(b) Controlling system
(c) Damping system
(d) Pivot and Jewel bearing
47. Chopper stabilized d.c. amplifier type electronic voltmeter
overcomes the effect of
(a) Amplifier CMRR
(b) Amplifier sensitivity
(c) Amplifier drift
(d) Electromagnetic interference
48. Which one of the following defects is responsible for
creeping in an induction type energy meter?
(a) Imperfect lag compensation
(b) Over friction compensation
(c) Imperfect overload compensation
(d) Misalignment of brake magnet
49. What is the range for a 3 digital meter?
(a) 0 to 1999
(b) 0 to 1500
(c) 0 to 999
(d) 0 to 19999
50. Piezoelectric crystal is generally employed for the
measurement of which one of the following?
(a) Flow
(b) Velocity
(c) Acceleration
(d) Temperature
51. The deflection expression q V2 =
A.C.
Source
DISPLACEMENT
j6
dC
corresponds to
dq
j2
VT
List - I (Position of the
voltmeter
A. VT
B. VR
C. VL
D. VC
List - II (readings on
the voltmeter
1. 60
2. 20
3. 30
4. 50
5. 110
Codes
A B C D
(a) 5 4 2 1
(b) 5 3 1 2
(c) 4 5 1 2
(d) 4 3 2 1
57. A 10 V full-scale voltmeter having 100 k-ohm / V sensitivity
is used to measure the output of a photovoltaic cell having
an internal resistance of 1 M-ohm. The voltmeter reads 5 V.
The voltage generated by the photovoltaic cell is
(a) 5 V
(b) 10 V
(c) greater than 5 V but less than 10 V
(d) greater than 10 V
58. Differential transformer transducer is used for measurement of
(a) speech and music
(b) displacement
(c) liquid level
(d) temperature
25
59. A shunt type ohmmeter is shown in the figure given below.
With Rx disconnected, the meter reads full scale S
represents the meter current as a fraction of full scale current
with Rx connected such that S =
62. In the multimeter circuit shown in the figure for a.c. voltage
measurement, the function of diode D1 is to
D2
Rx
R x + Rp
M
D1
Rp
A
Im
E
Rx
Rm
(b) R1 + Rm
R1R x
R
( 1 + Rm )
(d)
R1.R m
R
( 1 + Rm )
Y2
Rsh
A
+
Circuit - I
+
V
Circuit - II
Y1
= 0.5
Y2
Y1
2V1 / V2
(d) p V1 / 2V2
26
67. In the statement the wattmeter commonly used for power
measurement at commercial frequencies is of the X type.
This meter consists of two coil systems, the fixed system
being the Y coil and moving system being Z coil. X, Y and
Z stand respectively for
(a) dynamometer, voltage and current
(b) dynamometer, current and voltage
(c) induction, voltage and current
(d) induction, current and voltage
68. A galvanometer is tested shown in figure, in the circuit where
E = 1.5 V, R1 = 1.0 ohm, R2 = 2500 ohm and R3 is variable.
With R3 set at 450 W, the galvanometer deflection is 140 mm
and with R3 set at 950 ohm, the galvanometer deflection is
70 mm. The resistance of the galvanometer is
R3
RG
E
15 V
1.0 W
R1
2500 kW
R2
(a) 99 ohm
(b) 49 ohm
(c) 25 ohm
(d) 10 ohm
69. In the particular form of frequency meter, a 1 mF capacitor is
connected across a symmetrical square wave signal of IV
peak value. If the average value of the current taken by the
capacitor, after full wave rectification is measured as 2 mA,
then the frequency of the signal will be
(a) 1000 / p Hz
(b) 500 Hz
(c) 1000 Hz
(d) 1000 p Hz
70. Consider the following statements about LVDT as a
transducer:
1. The relationship between input displacement and
output voltage is almost linear.
2. The range of displacement that can be measured is
wide
3. It does not form a loading on the mechanical system.
Of these statements:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
(b) 2 and 3 are correct
(c) 1 and 2 are correct
(d) 1 and 3 are correct
71. In the Maxwell bridge as shown in the figure below, the
values of resistance Rx and Inductance Lx of a coil are to be
calculated after balancing the bridge. The component values
are shown in the figure at balance. The values of Rx and Lx
will respectively be:
LX
2000 W
RX
0.05 mF
750 W
4000 W
27
78. Which of the following error is likely to occur in bridge
method of measurement?
I. Residual error
II. Frequency and waveform error
III. Leakage and eddy current error
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) I and II only
(d) I, II and IV
79. An ideal meter movement has a full scale deflection of 1 mA.
This meter is to be used in series with a vary-non-ideal
voltage source of 10 V to produce an ohm meter. It is noted
that the ohm-meter shows a full scale deflection when the
terminals are shorted (zero resistance). When the terminals
are open circuited, the meter movement deflection is zero
(infinite resistance). If 5 k ohm is placed across the terminals,
the meter movement will have a deflection of
(a) 1/5
(b) 1/2
(c) 1/3
(d) 2/3
80. A high - Q quartz crystal exhibits series resonance at the
frequency ws and parallel resonance at the frequency wp.
Then
(a) ws is very close to, but less than wp
(b) ws << wp
(c) ws is very close to, but greater than wp
(d) ws >> wp
81. An unshielded moving iron voltmeter is used to measure
the voltage in an a.c. circuit. If a stray d.c. magnetic field
having a component along the axis of the meter coil appears,
the meter reading would be
(a) unaffected
(b) decreased
(c) increased
(d) either decreased or increased depending on the
direction of the d.c. field.
82. A resistance is measured by the voltmeter ammeter method
employing d.c. excitation and a voltmeter of very high
resistance connected directly across the unknown
resistance. If the voltmeter and ammeter readings are subject
to maximum possible errors of 2.4% and 1.0%
respectively, then the magnitude of the maximum possible
percentage error in the value of resistance deduced form
the measurement is nearly
(a) 1.4%
(b) 1.7%
(c) 2.4%
(d) 3.4%
83. In d.c. potentiometer measurements, a second reading is
often taken after reversing the polarities of the d.c. supply
and the unknown voltage, and the average of the two
readings is taken. This is with a view of eliminate the effects of
(a) ripples in the d.c. supply
(a) stray magnetic field
(c) stray thermal emfs
(d) erroneous standardization.
84. In a dual slope integrating type digital voltmeter the first
integration is carried out for 10 periods of the supply
frequency of 50 Hz. If the reference voltage used is 2 V, the
total conversion time for an input of 1 V is
(a) 0.01 sec
(b) 0.05 sec
(c) 0.1 sec
(d) 1 sec
600 -40
Zb
Za
(b)
600 140
(c)
600 -140
CRO
Zc
Zd
(d) 150 40
88. For the ac bridge circuit shown in the figure, at balance, the
value of Rd, Ld and Qd will be
(a)
(b)
Ra Rb Ra Rc
:
: wCb R b
Rc
Cb
Cb
RbRc Ra Rc
:
: wC b R b
Ra
Cb
Rc
Rb
D
Ld
Ra
(c)
RbRc
: R a R c C b : wCb R c
Ra
(d)
R a Rc
: R a R c Cb : wCb R b
Rb
Rd
28
90. The Wein bridge circuit shown in the below figure can be
used as a frequency-measuring device, provided
(a)
R2
=2
R4
(b)
R4
=2
R2
(c)
(d)
z2
z1
R1
Wattmeter
R2
C1
z3
z4
R3
R2
=4
R4
C3
R4
VS
ZS
R2
=3
R4
20 W
v
20 W
10 W
+
10 V
(a) zero
(b) 3.33 V
(c) 4.20 V
(d) 6.66 V
93. Consider the following data for the circuit shown below:
W
LOAD
V
200
(b) 4%
11 %
5%
(d)
C1
5%
R1
L
D
Cs
Rs
(a)
L = Cs R s / R1, R = R s Cs / C1
(b)
L = Cs R s R1, R = R s Cs / C1
(c)
L = C1R s R1 , R = R s Cs C1
(d)
29
97. In the bridge circuit shown below, at balance condition, the
value of Cs = 0.5 mF and Rs = 1000 W.
LX
1000 W
RX
Cs
1000 W
Rs
L x = 0.5 H, R x = 1000 W
(b)
L x = 0.25 H, R x = 2000 W
(c)
L x = 0.5 H, R x = 3000 W
(d)
L x = 0.25 H, R x = 500 W
Modulated
Wave
Modulated
Wave
(a) 0
(b) 0.5
(c) 0.75
(d) 1
106. Voltages VY = 100 sin 1000 t and VX =50 sin 1000 t are
connected to Y and X terminals of a CRO, respectively.
What is the shape of the figure seen on the CRO?
(a) A circle
(b) A straight line
(c) An ellipse
(d) A parabola
107. Which one of the following measuring devices has minimum
loading effect on the quantity under measurement?
(a) PMMC
(b) CRO
(c) Hot wire
(d) Electrodynamometer
108. The figure shows Owen Bridge arranged to measure
incremental inductance of the unknown inductance LX, RX.
At balance, what are the values of LX and RX?
RC
Cb
CC
D
LX
Ra
RX
(b)
R a Rc
R C
;Rx = a b
Cb
Cc
L x = R a R cCb ; R x = R x Cb Cc
(c)
Lx =
(d)
Lx = R a R cCb ; R x =
(a)
Lx =
R a Rc
R C
;Rx = a c
Cb
Cb
R a Cb
Cc
30
109. Which one of the following statements is not correct?
(a) Data loggers are usually of digital types
(b) A digital voltmeter is essentially an A-D converter
(c) A servo-type Potentiometric recorder has a frequency
response better than that of a galvanometric recorder
(d) In digital transducers, there are ergonomic advantages
in presenting digital data
110. The Wheatstone bridge method of measuring resistance is
ideally suited for the measurement of resistance values in
the range of frequencies of
(a) 0.001 to 1 W
(b) 0.1 to 100 W
(c) 100 W to 10 kW
(d) 100 kW to 10 MW
111. Which of the following meters requires an external power
source for its operation?
(a) PMMC meter
(b) Hot wire meter
(c) Electronic voltmeter
(d) Electrodynamometer
112. In a digital voltmeter the oscillator frequency is 400 kHz and
the ramp voltage falls from 8 V to 0 V in 20 ms. What is the
number of pulses counted by the counter?
(a) 800
(b) 2000
(c) 4000
(d) 8000
113. Which of the following devices is used at the first stage of
an electronic voltmeter?
(a) BJT
(b) SCR
(c) MOSFET
(d) UJT
114. A single strain gauge of resistance 120 W is mounted along
the axial direction of an axially loaded specimen of steel
(E = 200 GPa). The percentage change in length of the rod
due to loading is 3% and the corresponding change in
resistivity of strain gauge material is 0.3%. For a Poissons
ratio of 0.3, the value of the gauge factor is
(a) 1.3
(b) 1.5
(c) 1.7
(d) 2.0
115. A voltmeter with an internal resistance of 200 kW when
connected across an unknown resistance reads 250 V. The
milliammeter internal resistance 0 connected in series with
the above combination reads 10 mA. The actual value of the
unknown resistance is
(a) 25 kW
(b) 200 kW
(c) 28.56 kW
(d) 20 kW
116. When a sinusoidal signal of 220 V, 50 Hz produces on CRO
a vertical deflection of 2 cm at a particular setting of the
vertical gain control, what would be the value of the voltage
to be applied to produce a deflection of 3 cm for the same
vertical gain?
(a) 330 V
(b) 110 V
(c) 220 V
(d) 55 V
117. Maximum value of voltage can be measured by 3 digit digital
voltmeter is
(a) 199 V
(b) 999 V
(c) 1999 V
(d) 900 V
E
R1
15 V
G RG
10 W
2.5 kW
R2
(a) 99 W
(b) 40 W
(c) 28 W
(d) 10 W
119. The arrangement shown in the given fig. represents an RC
potentiometer for measuring ac voltage. What should be
the value of C so that Vo/Vin is independent of the frequency
of the input signal?
1 mF
Input
Signal
10 kW
Vin
C
1kW V To meter
(a) 10 mF
(b) 11 mF
(c) 0.01 mF
(d) 0.09 mF
120. A scale of a 0-500 V voltmeter is divided into ten large
divisions representing 50 V each and each large division a
further subdivided into 10 small divisions, each representing
5 V. It is used for measurement of output voltage of a
potentiometer which can be varried form 0 to 500 V. It is
observed that when the sliding contact moved form its zero
position, there is no perceptible movement of pointer of the
voltmeter till the sliding contact reaches a position where
the output voltage should be 5 V. Therefore, it can be
concluded that
(a) threshold of the voltmeter is 5 V
(b) resolution of the voltmeter is 5 V
(c) sensitivity of the voltmeter is 5 V
(d) none of these
121. A slide wire potentiometer has 20 wires at 1 m each. With
the help of a standard voltage source of 1.018 V it is
standardised by keeping the jockey at 101.8 cm. If the
resistance of the potentiometer wires is 1000 ohm, then the
value of the working current will be
(a) 0.1 mA
(b) 0.5 mA
(c) 1 mA
(d) 10 mA
31
122. A 35 V d.c. supply is connected across a combined resistance
of 600 ohms and an unknown resistance of R ohms in series.
A voltmeter having a resistance of 1.2 kW is connected across
600 ohm resistor and reads 5 V. The resistance R will be
1200 W
5V
600 W
35 V
R
R3
125.
126.
127.
124.
R1
30
V
10
30 0
R2
Detector
10 V
(a) 0.0 W
(b) 100 W
4.7 kW
(c) 9.9 kW
(d) 10 kW
20 kW
5 nF
A single-phase energymeter is operating on 230 V, 50 Hz
supply with a load of 20 A for two hours at upf. The meter
D
makes 1380 revolutions in that period. The meter constant
10 kW
is
100 kW
(a) 695 rev/kWh
(b) 150 rev/kWh
(c) 0.15 rev/kWh
(d) 1/150 rev/kWh
10 nF
In the case of power measurement by two wattmeter method
(a) 32.8 kHz
(b) 15.9 kHz
in a balanced 3-phase system with a pure inductive load
(c) 3.28 kHz
(d) 1.59 kHz
(a) both the wattmeters will indicates the same value but 133. Two sinusoidal voltage signals of equal frequency are
applied to the vertical and horizontal deflection plates of a
with opposite signs
CRO. The output observed on the screen is shown in the
(b) both the wattmeters will indicate zero
following figure.
(c) both the wattmeters will indicate the same value with
same signs
Y
(d) one wattmeter will indicate zero and the other will
indicate some non-zero value
A 230 V, 10 A, single-phase energymeter makes 90
revolutions in 3 minutes at half load rated voltage and unity
5.0
3.0
pf. If the meter constant is 1800 revolutions / kWh, then its
X
X'
error at half load will be
(a) 13.04% slow
(b) 13.04% fast
(c) 15% slow
(d) 15% fast
The expected value of the voltage across a resistor is 80 V,
and the measured value is 79 V. What is the percentage
Y'
error and relative accuracy of the measurement?
The phase difference between the applied signals is
(a) 1. 265%, 98.735%
(b) 1%, 99%
(a) 31
(b) 53.13
(c) 2.625%, 97.375%
(d) 1.25%, 98.75%
(c) 143.1
(d) 59
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32
134. The shunt type ohmmeter is NOT suitable for high
resistance measurements because
(a) a very low resistance of the meter would short the high
unknown resistance
(b) scale is highly cramped for high resistance values
(c) full-scale value of the meter may be exceeded
(d) battery cannot supply the necessary current for proper
meter detection
135. A CRO probe has an impedance of 500 kW in parallel with a
capacitance of 10 pF. The probe is used to measure the
voltage between P and Q as shown in figure. The measured
voltage will be
100 kW
10 V rms
100 kHz
136.
137.
138.
139.
To CRO
through
probe
100 kW
(a) 3.53 V
(b) 4.37 V
(c) 4.54 V
(d) 5.00 V
Which of the following are disadvantages of using
multipliers with voltmeters at high voltages?
(a) The power consumption of multipliers becomes large
average voltages.
(b) The multipliers at high voltages have to be shielded in
order to prevent capacitive currents.
(c) The metering circuit is not electrically from the power
circuit
(d) All of these.
When testing a coil having a resistance of 10 ohms,
resonance occurred when the oscillator frequency was 10
MHz and the rotating capacitor was set at 500 /2 p pF. The
effective value of the Q of the coil is
(a) 200
(b) 254
(c) 314
(d) 542
A dc circuit can be represented by an internal voltage source
of 50 V with an output resistance of 100 kW. In order to
achieve accuracy better than 99% for voltage measurement
across its terminals, the voltage measuring device should
have a resistance of atleast
(a) 10 MW
(b) 1 MW
(c) 10 kW
(d) 1 kW
In an oscilloscope, two Lissajous figure (X) and (Y) are
observed. This indicates that ratio of vertical input signal
frequency to that of horizontal input frequency are
(X)
(Y)
(a)
5
3
for X and for Y
3
2
(b)
5
3
for X and for Y
3
2
5
5
3
3
for X and for Y
(d)
for X and for Y
3
3
2
2
140. Three d.c. voltmeters are connected in series across a 120 V
d.c. supply. The voltmeters are specified as follows:
Voltmeter A : 100 V, 5 mA
Voltmeter B : 100 V, 250 ohms/V
Voltmeter C : 10 mA, 15,000 ohms
The voltages read by the meters A, B and C are, respectively
(a) 40, 50 and 30 V
(b) 40, 40 and 40 V
(c) 60, 30 and 30 V
(d) 30, 60 and 30 V
141. Consider the signal
Vm sin 100 t + 2 Vm sin 200 t
to be sampled and stored in a data acquisition system. The
same is to be extracted off-line later on. In order to extract
the signal effectively, the original sampling frequency has
to be
(a) 100 rad/s
(b) 200 rad/s
(c)
142.
143.
144.
145.
33
NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
146. A dc circuit can be represented by an internal voltage source
of 50 V with an output resistance of 100 kW. In order to
achieve accuracy better than 99% for voltage measurement
across terminals, the voltage measuring device should have
a resistance of at least _____ MW.
147. In the measurement of power on balanced load by two
Wattmeter method in a 3-phase circuit, the readings of the
Wattmeters are 3 kW and 1 kW respectively, the latter being
obtained after reversing the connections to the current coil.
The power factor of the load is _____.
148. A 1 cm piezoelectric transducer having a g-coefficient of 58
V/kg/m2 is subjected to a constant pressure of 103 kg/m2
for about 15 minutes. The Piezo electric voltage developed
by the transducer will be mV _____.
149. A moving-coil instrument gives full-scale deflection for
1 mA and has a resistance of 5 W. If a resistance of 0.55 W is
connected in parallel to the instrument, what is the maximum
value of current it can measure?
150. A single side wire is used for the measurement of current in
a circuit. The voltage drop across a standard resistance of
1.0 W is balanced at 70 cm. What is the magnitude of the
current, if the standard cell having an e.m.f. of 1.45 volts is
balanced at 50 cm?
151. Pulses from the clock of frequency 100 kHz pass through
the counter of digital multimeter during a gate period 5.75 m
sec.
The number of pulses counted by the counter will be
152. In a CRT, 3 1017 electrons are accelerated through a
potential difference of 10,000 V over a distance of 40 mm per
minute. Calculate the average power supplied to the beam
of electrons.
153. A zero to 300 V voltmeter has a guaranteed accuracy of 1%
full scale reading. The voltage measured by the instrument
is 83 V. The percent limiting error is
154. In a dual slope integrating type digital voltmeter the first
integration is carried out for 10 periods of the supply
frequency of 50 Hz. If the reference voltage used is 2 V the
total conversion time for an input of 1 V is
R = 10 W
L = 1 mH
C = 10 F
ei
e0
34
3.
(c)
(a) The permanent magnet moving coil measures the DC
value only. The torque will be reversed if the current
is reversed. If the instrument is connected to AC, the
deflection responds to the mean torque which is
zero. Hence, voltmeter reads 2 V.
i1 R2 R4
=
=
i2 R1 R3
R1 =
7.
xy
z
Taking log, we get,
log w = log x + log y + log z
By considering only positive error, differentiating
with respect to w, we get, for maximum uncertainly
(d) Given, w =
4.
kn - R
R
0.5 R1 = 100 kn 100 R1
(kn = 200)
R1 =201
l0 cos a
=1
lg
8.
V 2 t 230 230
=
1
R
R
R = 23.W
\ Power dissipated in
9.
(d)
(b) At balance condition,
= 10A
R3
i1
A
R4
R2
6 2
8 +
2
i2
\ n becomes 199.
% error in ratio = 0
(c) PMMC instrument leads only DC value and since, it
is centre zero type so, it will give 8 value. RMS
meter will read rms value of the current
So, RMS =
V 2 200 200
=
kW =
R
R
40
103 = 1.739 kW..
=
23
R1
l0 cos(d + a)
= 200 + l0 cos a
lg
2.3 103 =
5.
6.
dx dy dz
dw
= +
+ 100
w
y
z
x
0.4 1 0.75
+ +
100
=
80 20 50
= 7% of reading
(b) Reading of Energy Meter = 2.3 Units (kWH)
R2 R3
R4
1
= 10-3 = 1 ms
103
and division on x-axis = 4
\ Time Period =
Time
1 ms
=
Division
4
and division of Lower trace voltage on x-axis = 8
Thus,
~
V
VB = VD
V i1R1 = V i2R2
and V i1R3 = V i2R4
Thus,
Time
1 ms
=
Division
4
Time
Period of unknown signal,
8 = 2 ms
Division
35
Z1 Z4 = Z2 Z3
R1 (R4 + jX4) = (R2 + jX2) (R3 jX3)
500 (R4 + jX4) = (300 + j200) (300 j200)
500 (R4 + jX4) = 90000 + 40000
10. (a) From waveform it is clear that for half of time period
the power is of opposite sign of equal amplitude to
another half of the time period. The total power in
one period is zero. Hence, the reading of wattmeter
is zero.
11.
R4 + jX4 =
1
X1 = wL1 , X 4 =
, Z1 = R1 + jX1 ,
wC4
(c)
Z4 = R4 jX4
At balance,
14. (d)
Z1 Z3
=
Z2 Z4
1
(R1 + jwL1 ) R 4 - j wL = R 2 R 3
4
L1 =
1 + (w C 4 R 4 ) 2
Quality factor, Q =
, R1 =
w2 R 2 R 3R 4C42
1 + ( wC 4 R 4 ) 2
wL1
1
=
wC 4 R 4
R1
B
0W
50
Z1
A
X2
X3
D
R4
Z3
0.398 mF
R3 300W
C
= 200 W
120
b
120
V - 0
V - 120
1
XC =
2pfC
w2 1
w
=
w2 = 1
w1 2
2
and q(w2t ) will lead p(w1t ) by 90
2
4
Then, L1 =
w R2 R3 R4 C
R2 R3C4
, R1 =
1
1
1+ 2
1+ 2
Q
Q
For Q > 10, L1 R2R3C4, R1 = w2R2R3C42R4
As R2 is common in both the expression of L1 and R1,
then R2 would have to be adjusted first and then R4
should be adjusted.
12. (b) Here, B is a common point
S1 A
G1 B
S2 C
G2 B
Hence answer is A, B, C, B
13. (a) XL = 2p fL
= 2p 2000 15.91 103 = 200W
2
Oscillator
w2 w y
=
w1 wx
=
Z1Z4 = Z3Z2
R 2 R 3C 4
\ Z = 260 + j0
130000
= 260
500
Vm
3
Vm
= 10V Vm = 30
3
rms =
30
3
= 10 3
36
18. (d) The relative error of product or division of different
quantities is equal to the sum of relative errors of
individual quantities.
19. (b) Pressure coil of a dynamometer type wattmeter is
made to have very high resistance which includes
small unavoidable inductance.
20. (b) In X-Y mode, if figure shows ellipse that indicates
the amplitude is not equal but it changes to circle
means amplitudes are equal. The inference can be
made from the amplitudes of the signal are very
close but not equal.
Z3
R3
Z1
jw
L
21. (a)
22. (d)
A1
05A
0.2W
For 25A,
Let 5A through ammeter A1.
So, remaining current through Rsh,
I = 25 5 = 20 A
\ 20 Rsh = 0.2 5
1
= 0.05 W
20
23. (c) The fixed coil or field coil is connected in series with
the load and so carries the current in the circuit. The
fixed coil therefore forms the current coil. The moving
coil is connected across the voltage and therefore
carries a current proportional to voltage.
24. (c) Number of full digits = 4
Rsh =
1
digits display = 19999
2
Full-scale reading = 200 V
4)
200V
19999
Then, error corresponding to 10 counts
j
/ (w
R2
R4
(0 25A)
Rsh
Z4
Z2
1 Count =
200
= 0.1 V
19999
and, error corresponding to 0.2% of reading
= 10
100
= 0.2 V
100
Hence total error, E = E1 + E2 = 0.3V
= 0.2
At balance,
Z1 Z3
=
Z2 Z4
E
100% = 0.3%
100
(b) The compensating coil is made nearly identical with
the current coil and is also coincident with the
current coil and opposes the field produce by current
coil.
The additional conductor is an internal connections,
corresponding to the lead from P to Q of Fig. which
carries the voltage-coil current in a reverse direction
through the winding.
% percentage error =
R + j wL
= R3
+ j w C4
R2
R4
R
wL R 3
+j
=
+ jw R 3 C 4
R2
R 2 R4
25.
I = I P + IC M
R
R
= 3
R2 R4
Supply V1
R 2R 3
R=
R4
IC
P
IP
M.C
OR
P.C
Compensated wattmeter
wL
= w R 3 C4
R2
L = R2R3C4
37
26. (c) Oscilloscope with two vertical inputs, referred to as
dual trace oscilloscope. Using a single-beam CRT,
they multiplex the inputs, usually switching between
them fast enough to display two traces apparently
at once.
Switching channels can be asynchronous, i.e., free
running with trace blanking while switching or after
each horizontal sweep is complete. Asynchronous
switching is usually designated chopped while
sweep-synchronised is designated att [esnate].
27. (c) The circuit shown in the figure is the Maxwell's
inductance-capacitance bridge. In this bridge, an
inductance is measured by comparison with a
standard capacitance. This bridge is limited to
measurement of low Q coil.
28. (d) Let resistance of voltmeter be RkW.
200 kW
+
R kW
440 V V
352
V = 352 +
80
R
...(ii)
+
220
VL
480
220 = 406 V
40 + 220
(c) Average power,
VL =
1
+
2p
2p
2p
0
2p
1
4p
2p
2p
1
4p
2p
E1I1 cos f1 1
+ .E3 I3 cos f3
2
2
as cos(2wt - f1 ).d wt
0
sin(2wt - f1 ) 2 p
=0
=
2
30. (a)
31. (a) PMMC type of instrument measure average value
1
4p
2p
1
+
4p
2p
< P >=
40 kW
1
=
2p
...(i)
480
352 V
440
V=
20 + 440
R
1
<P> = 2p
1
+ 4p
2p
2p
Solving, V = 480 V
R = 220 W
29.
1
= 4p
1
2p
80 kW
+
V
Area of graph
Total time
1
10 10 - 5 2 + 8 5
= 2
20
80
= 4V
20
38
when Rs is increased by 1% new value of
1 kW
R 'e = 303W
32.
(a)
v0 = v0 - v1 = v mn - v
100 kW
Voltmeter
100 102
3
100 10 + 110
300
12 = ( 6 - 5.97 ) v = 0.03 v = 30 mv
603
(b) horizontal axis
140 to 142
3.0 to 3.4
17.34 W
Total power dissipated in the circuit is 1kW.
P = 1kW
1000 = I2.1+ I2.R.
1000 = (2)2 . 1 + (10)2 . R.
= 6-
35.
36.
37.
38.
R = 9.96W
1
= 4.46V
2
|Z| =
Input Voltage
V
200
= 20
1
10
R 2 + XL2
|Z| =
X 2L = (Z)2 - R 2
14.14
X 2L = (20)2 (9.96)2
20 ms
10 ms
wt, t
X L = 17.34W
39.
10.157
X and Y ammeters are connected in parallel
Shunt Registration of X and Y meters:
15A
1.2W
10 ms
20 ms
Rshx
Imx= 150mA
1.5W
Rshy
Imy = 250mA
14.14
33.
34.
R2
b
+
Rs
d
Rshx =
R3
15 103
150 - 1
Rshx = 0.01212W
Rshy =
V0
1.2
1.5
15 103
250 - 1
Rshy = 0.02542W
Current through X ammeter is
0.02542
15
(0.1212 + 0.2542)
= 10.157 amperes
39
40.
2
Power at full scale reading = 150
Current range used = 10A
Voltage range used = 150V
Power factor = 0.2
Multiplying factor =
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1.
(c) Induction principle is more generally used for Watthour meters than for ammeters and voltmeters owing
to their comparatively high cost, and inaccuracy of
induction instruments of the latter types.
2.
(b)
10 150 0.2
15
=2
41.
(a)
I 2 I 2
s1 =
s +
s
I1 I1 I2 I2
I
I
=
=1
I1 I2
\ s1 =
Points Y(S1 )
X (S2 )
x 2 + y2
f = 100 -1
-1
-1
45
2
0
3.
(a)
6.
0
225
y
1
4. (d)
5. (c)
= 0.045mA
2
7. (d)
8. (b)
9. (d) Refer potentiometric type digital voltmeter
10. (b)
11. (b) LVDT & strain gauge measure linear displacement.
12. (d)
Td = Cq, Td = KI 2
2
\I =
= 2.24A
C
q = C 'q
K
I2 C ' p / 4
=
1 C'p / 2
2 1
I = ; I = 0.707A
2
1
= 200 W / V
13. (c) Sensitivity (I) =
5mA
42.
(a)
2 1
RMS value = 1 +
2
= 1+
=
43.
kW = 99.99 kW
14. (a) Series resistor = 100 kW - 1
100
15. (c) Work done by the electric field = eV
1
2
3
2
Kinetic energy =
0.3
z1z4 = z2z3
or v =
1
1
35kx jw 0.1 = 105k jwc
1
c1 = 0.3 mF
2eV
=
m
1
mv 2 = eV
2
40
17.
19.
21.
23.
24.
25.
27.
29.
31.
33.
34.
36.
38.
39.
40.
41.
(a)
18. (c)
(c)
20. (d)
(a)
22. (c)
(a)
(a) The makers specify the maximum value as 100 mA. This
means that the current drawn from the cell should be
less than 100 mA and this current should flow
momentarily.
(d)
26. (a)
(a)
28. (b)
(b)
30. (c)
(a)
32. (c)
(c) Both spectrum analyzer and distortion factor meter are
signal analysers. A spectrum analyser sweeps the signal
frequency band and displays a plot of amplitude versus
frequency. Distortion factor meter tunes out the
fundamental signal and gives an indication of the
harmonics.
(c)
35. (d)
(b)
37. (b)
(d) There will be two deflecting torques, one acting on coil
A and the other on coil B. The coil windings are so
arranged that the torques due to the two coils are
opposite in direction. So, there is no controlling torque.
(c) The error caused by pressure coil inductance is VI sin
f tan b. With low power factor, the value of f is large
and therefore, the error is correspondingly large.
(d) Braking torque TD R2 where R is the radial position
of braking magnet with respect to the centre of the
disc.
(a) Bigger size mirror results in increased inertia constant J.
GIm
1 K
&A=
2
2p J
(Dw ) + (K - Jw 2 ) 2
as J increases both fn & A decrease.
42. (b) Actual loading arrangements would involve a
considerable waste of power. In order to avoid this
Phantom or Fictitious loading is done.
43. (a) Kelvin bridge overcomes the difficulties that arise in a
Wheatstone bridge on account of the resistance of the
leads and the contact resistances while measuring low
valued resistors. The Kelvin double bridge incorporates
the idea of a second set of ratio arms, hence the name
double bridge and the use of four terminal resistors for
the low resistance arms. The second set of ratio arms
eliminate the effect of connecting lead resistance.
fn =
C - 4C2
44. (d) Self-capacitance Cd = 1
3
45. (a) The expansion (deflection) is proportional to the
heating effect of the current and hence to the square of
the rms value of the current. Therefore, the meter may
be calibrated to read the rms value of the current.
46. (c)
47. (c) Simple a.c. amplifiers may be used to amplify a dc input
through use of an additional circuit component known
as chopper. The approach is used to build a dc amplifier
3
I
r1 + r2
I'
=
I r1 + r2 + r3 + r4 + r5
41
= 30, therefore, the phase difference is 30 or 30,
i.e., 30 or 330. Y1 is the deflection on the y-plates
when x-plates deflection is zero, i.e., when Vx(t) = 0 and
Vy(t) = Vmy sinf and Y2 is the deflection due to Vmy.
64. (c) The total length observed will be proportional to
57. (b)
I = 5 mA
E
1 MW
5V
1 MW
( 1 x ) R x + ( R1R m ) / ( R1 + R m )
x +Rp
R1R m
R1 + R m
60. (a) It is an elementary piece of knowledge. For low
resistance measurements, if circuit II is used, the
ammeter resistance, which may be comparable with the
low resistance being measured, is added to the
unknown and thereby causing larger error.
61. (c) The setting of the potentiometer is at 1.0138 instead of
1.0813. Therefore, the working current in the slide wise
is more than what it would have been if the setting was
at 1.0813, i.e. the correct value for applied voltage of
1.0813 V,
where, R p =
I 1.0813
=
Ic 1.0138
If the setting is at 1.0138 and the applied voltage is also
1.0138, the standardisation is then correct.
(Statement of the problem appears ambiguous)
62. (c) If D1 were not there in the negative half cycle of the
applied voltage, there would be some small reverse
current through D2 (in the reverse direction) and the
meter, thereby giving erroneous mean value and hence
of the applied voltage. With D1 as in circuit, the current
in the negative half cycle flows through Rsh and D1
and there is no voltage across D2 and hence no current
through D2.
63. (c) When major area of the Lissajous figure lies in the 1st
and 3rd quadrant, then the angle is within 0 and 90.
If the loop lies in 2nd and 4th quadrant, then the angle
is 180 q where q is within 0 and 90. In the present
case the angle is given by q = sin1 (Y1/Y2) = sin1 0.5
(ii)
Ic =
1
=
1+ R3 + RG
1
1( R 3 + R G )
2500 +
1 + ( R3 + R G )
1
450 + R G
2500 +
1 + 450 + R G
2E
950 + R G
2500 +
1 + 950 + R G
2500 (451 + RG) + 450 + RG
= 2500 (951 + RG) + 50
2501 RG = 2500 (951 902) + 50
= 2500 49 + 50 = 2501 49 + 1
Hence, RG = 49 + 1 / 2500 49 W.
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42
69. (a)
f=
1000
Hz
p
2p 10 -6
70. (d) Only 1 and 3 statements are correct. Measurement range
is not wide.
71. (a) Applying the usual balance condition relation Z1Z4 =
Z2Z3, we have
+
10 V
LX
R2
RX
S
C4
R3
R4
80. (a)
81. (d) The meter reading will either decrease or increase
depending upon the direction of flux.
Fm
1/ R 4 jC 4 w
( R1 + jL1w ) R + 1/
jC 4w
4
Or, ( R1 + jL1w)
( R 4 / jC4w )
R 4 + 1/ jC4 w
= R 2R3
R3
;
R4
L1 = R 2 R 3C4
750
= 375 ohm. And,
4000
L1 = 2000 750 0.05 106 = 75 mH.
(c) Q = Lw / R. With Q-meter resistance considered, the
measured or indicated Q is 1/1.11 times the actual Q.
Thus, statement 1 is not correct. Statements 2 and 3 are
correct.
(d)
(c) For a half radiated wave
\ R1 = 2000
72.
73.
74.
Idc =
I peak
p
and Irms =
Ipeak
2
25
= 3.18 A
p
L = L1 + L 2 2M
When ordinary, L = L1 + L2 + 2M
40 = 10 + 15 + 2M.
\ 2M = 15 mH
When opposing, L = L1 + L2 2M
= 10 + 15 15 = 10 mH
76. (d) Assuming that gate open when the ramp is 8V and
closes when the ramp reached zero, then the number of
pulses counted by counter would be :
400 103 20 103 = 8000
77. (b) f = 1 106 / 1 104 = 100
1
= 10 ms
100
(d) All the three errors may occur in bridge method of
measurement.
\ T=
78.
F
Fs
As shown in fig. let Fm is the flux due to meter coil and
Fs is due to stray magnetic field, then resultant will be
F. Similar but opposite will happen when Fs is in
opposite direction. Thus, the reading will either increase
or decrease.
82. (d) Ammeter error, DI = 4%
Voltmeter error, DV = 24%
Resistance to be measured, R = V/I
In case, error in resistance measurement is DR , then
the maximum possible error will be
R + DR = V + DV / I - DI
or RI + IDR - RDIDR = V + DV
Neglecting DR being small and substituting V = RI
we have,
V + IDR - RDI = V + DV
IDR - RDI = DV
Dividing by IR,
DR / R - DI / I = DV / IR = DV / V
D R / R = DV / V + D I / I
Therefore, maximum percentage error
= 2.4% + 1% = 3.4%
83. (c) Error in the potentiometer is due to thermo electric emfs
set up at junctions of dissimilar metals and also by the
heat from the operators hand during adjustment of
the working parts of the potentiometer. Reversing of
polarity and taking reading will give error in the negative
direction. Suppose, the reading with error due to one
direction is D + DR and in the other direction is D DR,
then the mean value is (D + DR + D DR) / 2 = D; which
is the actual value.
43
84. (c) In a dual slope integrating type digital voltmeter,
Vin = Vref ( t 2 / t1 )
Then, V = V1 V2 =
Input frequency =
-3
87. (c)
20 10
- = 3.33V
3
3
Rb
1 + j wCb R b
1.5
= 0.02
75
voltage between the limits,
Relative error, e r =
75 (1 0.02) = 75 1.5V
1.5
100 = 2%
% limiting error =
75
(b) As voltmeter has high impedance, therefore, current
through it is zero or negligible.
1
I=0
20 W
10 W
2
LOAD
= 11%
95. (d) A 1, B 3, C 2, D 4
Instruments
A.Vibration Galvanometer
B. Head phone
C. D ' Arsonval Galvanometer
D. CRO
Frequency
100 Hz
1 kHz
0 Hz
L arg e frequency range
96. (b)
C1
R1
V
L
D
Cs
Rs
In balanced condition;
wC1 ( R + jwL )
Rs
R + jwL
=
= jwCs R s
1
1
wC1R1 - j
R1 - j
wC1
jwCs
C1 ( R + jwL) = jCs R s ( wC1R1 - j)
Equating real terms
10 W
20 W
Wx = w 2x + w x2 + w 2x
1
2
3
(1 + jwCb R b ) .R a R c = R b ( R d + jwLd )
RbRd = RaRc Rd = RaRc / Rb
And, wCbRbRaRc = wRbLd Ld = RaRcCb
89. (d) As both the signals are of same frequency, same phase
and of same amplitude hence these are applied at the
X-Y input of the CRO, hence on the CROs screen,
these will produce a straight line with 45 with respect
to x-axis.
90. (a)
91. (b) Magnitude of the limiting error, A = e r .As
= 0.01 150 = 1.5 V
92.
IR
A
IV
Zd = 600 -140
88. (d) From balance condition
R a R c = ( R d + jwLd )
93. (d)
1000
= 200 Hz
50
5 10
Frequency of input signal = 314 = w,
or, 2pf = 314 or f = 314 / 2p = 50 Hz
Number of cycles of signal displayed
= 50 10 / 200 = 2.5
86. (a) The accuracy of a measuring instrument is
determined by the closeness of the value indicated by
it to the correct value of the measurement.
10
10
.20 - .10
30
30
C R
C1R = Cs R s R = s s
C1
\ L = Cs R s R1
10 V
44
97. (a)
LX
1000 W
RX
V
Cs
1000 W
Rs
In balance condition:
Rs
1000
=
R x + jwL x ( jwR s Cs + 1) 1000
106
Rx =
= 103 = 1000 W
R
1000
=
W
Rs
s
Imaginary terms;
106 jwR s Cs = jwR s L x 106 Cs = L x
20
1 = 10%
2
20
1 = 2%
C.
10
B.
20
1 = 4%
5
20
1 = 1%
D.
20
Smaller line
Larger line
106. (b) The shape of the figure seen will be a straight line as
both the voltages are equal and in phase with each
other (the shape will be a straight line even if the two
voltages are out of phase by 180).
107. (b) CRO has minimum loading effect on the quantity under
measurement.
108. (d) Owens bridge is used for measurement of inductance
in terms of capacitance.
At balance condition;
1
1
R c + jwC R a = ( R x + jwL x ) jwC
c
b
400 103
Number of pulses counted by the counter (in 20 ms);
-3
-3
20 10
20 10
101. (c)
=
= 200 400 = 8000
1
102. (c) The resolution of a wire wound potentiometer can be
T
.
improved by reducing the diameter of the resistance
400 103
wire.
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45
113. (c) In electronic voltmeter MOSFET is used at the first
stage.
114. (c) Percentage change in length = 3%;
Change in resistivity = 0.3%; hence,
Gauge factor
G f = 1 + 2v +
r / r
[where, v = poissons ratio]
l / l
= 1 + 2 0.3 +
0.3
= 1.7
3
250
10 10-3
To calculate unknown resistance (RU):
R e = R U || R v 25 =
= 25 kW
R U 200
R U + 200
117. (d)
118. (b)
119. (a) As given VO/Vin is independent of frequency then;
C = 1 10/1 = 10 mF.
120. (a)
121. (c) Total length of the slide wire = 1000 cm
Total resistance of the slide wire = 1000 ohm
\ Resistance per cm = 1 ohm
Resistance of 101.8 cm segment of the wire = 101.8 ohm
This corresponds to a voltage of 1.018 V
1.018
\ Current =
= 1 mA
101.8
122. (d) Parallel sum of 600 ohm and 1200 ohm
600 1200
=
= 400 ohm
1800
R
400
=
\
35.5
5
or R = 2400 ohms = 2.4 k ohms
123. (c)
10
3
R1 + 100 = 10
or
or
230 20 1 2
= 9. 2 kWh
1000
Revolution made = 1380
1380
= 150 rev/kWh
9.2
125. (a) Two wattmeter readings are
W1 = VLIL cos (30 f)
= VLIL cos (30 90) = VLIL cos 60
W2 = VLIL cos (30 + f)
= VLIL cos 120 = VLIL cos 60
126. (c) Energy consumed as indicate by energy meter
\ Meter constant =
90
= 0.05 k Wh
1800
Actual energy consumed
10
3
= 230 1 103 = 0.0575 kWh
2
60
\ Error = 0.0500 0.0575 = 0.0075 kWh
Hence meter is slow by
127. (d) Absolute error =
0.00075
100 = 15%
0.0500
80 - 79
100 = 1.25%
80
measured value
Relative Accuracy = exp ected value 100
1
2n - 1
= 0.01 100
n = 14
Knom =
1000
= 200
5
Re = 1.1W
46
Since there is no turn compensation, the turns ratio is
equal to nominal ratio or Kt = Knom = 200. When the
primary winding carries rated current of 1000 A, the
secondary winding carries a current of 5 A.
Rated secondary winding current, Is = 5A
Actual transformation ratio,
I0
sin ( d + a )
Kact = Kt +
Is
1
1
reactance Xc =
=
jwC 2p 100 103 10 10 -12
VP - 10
1
j
1
+ VP
+
=0
100 500 159
100
\ I0 = 1A
10 VP = VP (1.2 j 0.628)
1
= 200 + sin ( 0 + 26.74) = 200.09
5
Ratio error =
131. (d)
132. (c) The frequency is obtained by following equation
f=
=
10 = (2.2 j 0.628) VP
136. (d)
137. (a)
Q=
1
=
2p C1R1R 3C3
Lw 0
1
=
R
Cw0 R
1
104
= 200
500
1
2p 5 10
-9
= 3.283 kHz
2p 5 10-10 4.7
133. (c) Pattern observed on the screen is an ellipse. So, phase
angle
3
f = sin 1 = 36.9 or 143.1
5
We can see from the figure that ellipse is in second and
fourth quadrants so the valid value of phase angle is
143.1.
134. (b) Meter current, Im = Ifs
138. (a)
139. (d)
140. (a)
= 20000 W
31.6 = 50 1 - e t/T
400
= 200 rad/s
2
1 - et/T = 0.632
\ T = 1/2 hrs
5W
143. (b)
100 kW
XC
5 10-3
Rx
Rx + Rp
R1R m
(quite a low value)
R1 + R m
Variation in the value of Rx when Rx is in the high value
range, cause hardly any variation in Im and thus the
scale is highly cramped for high resistance values.
135. (b) In the following configuration
100 kW
100
R3 = 15000 W
and R p =
10 V rms
R1 =
where, Rx is unknown
100 kHz
10
= 4.38 V
2.28
VP
Ife
500 kW
0.55
Ife = I
0.55
1
1 = I
I = 10 mA
5 + 0.55
10
47
144. (a)
X
1 25
d x = d l . FS =
= 2.5%
IA
10
145. (a)
Rint = 1 W 10 mA
M
10 V
10
R + 1 = 1000
R +1
R = 999 ohm (in series with first resistance)
10 10 -3 =
146.
E L 49.5
=
=
E0
50
t1
0.2
= 1
= 0.1 sec
Vref
2
t2 = Vin
From figure
155. Q =
1
ZL 10 MW
100 kW
1+
ZL
147. When p.f. < 0.5 one of the wattmeter reads negative power;
which is read after reversing the connections to the current
coil or pressure coil. Also by formula:
P -P
cos f = cos tan -1 3 1 2 = 0.277
P1 + P2
Lw 0
1
=
R
Cw 0 R
1
157. (c)
V
58 10 -3 = 58 mV
P
149. v = 5 1 = 5 mV
148. g =
New resistance =
s2 +
5 111
10 mA
55
150. Voltage drop per unit length = 1.45/50 = 0.029 V/cm
Voltage drop across 70 cm. length = 0.029 70 = 2.03 V
\ Imax =
R
1
s+
=0
L
LC
s 2 + 2xwn s + wn2 = 0
2xwn =
2.03
\ Current through resistor = 1 W = 2.03A
wn =
e0
C = 10 m F
5 .55 55
=
W
5.55 111
x=
R
L
1
LC
R
LC
= 0.5
L
2
e-px
Peak overshoot =
1 - x2
100%
= 16%
158. (a)
3
100 = 3.62
83