K. B. Avisoa,b, A.S.F. Chiuc, K. D. S.

Yud, ,
M. A. B. Promentillaa,b L.F. Razona,b, A.T. Ubandob,e,
C. L. Syc and R. R. Tana,b
a Chemical

bCenter

Engineering Department
for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research
cIndustrial Engineering Department
d School of Economics
e Mechanical Engineering Department
De La Salle University Manila, Philippines

Introduction

Population growth coupled with climate

change are expected to aggravate issues on
resource scarcity
Freshwater is a key resource for human
sustainability
Industrial Ecology provides a systematic
framework to achieve sustainability

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Kuching, Malaysia
August 23 27, 2015

Industrial Ecology
Resources

Industrial
System
Component

Products
By-Products
Waste

Resources

Industrial
System
Component

Products
By-Products
Waste

Resources

Industrial
System
Component

Industrial
System
Component
Material and
Energy
Exchange

Industrial Ecology

Products
By-Products
Waste

Industrial System

Industrial
System
Component

Industrial
System
Component

Industrial Eco-system

Popularised in 1989 by Frosch and Gallopoulos

It utilizes an analogy between the industrial system and
natural ecosystems (metabolism and symbiosis) to achieve
sustainability
Waste materials from one industry become inputs of another
industry (Industrial symbiosis)
IE is a systems approach towards sustainability
Reference: Frosch and Gallopoulos, 1989, Scientific American, 261, 94 - 102

Reference: Ecodecision, Spring 1996 (20)

Industrial Symbiosis
Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park, Denmark
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Kuching, Malaysia
August 23 27, 2015

Industrial Symbiosis (IS)

The symbiotic relationships in industrial systems are
encouraged by geographical proximity as in eco-industrial
parks (EIP)
(Ehrenfeld and Chertow, 2002)

The exchange of common utilities such as energy and water

are precursors to full-blown IS (Chertow, 2007)
Optimization models prescribe designs to maximize benefits in
IS (e.g. Lovelady and El-Halwagi, Chew and Foo, 2009)

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Process Systems Engineering (PSE)

in the Design of Water Exchange
Networks

FW
530

1287

1
11

13

417

934

938

3
1817
879

4
WW

1,987.93 t/h

SR1
SK1
512.07 t/h

Plant C

Plant A
Centralized
Regeneration
Unit

FW

78.62 t/h

SK3

3,500 t/h

CR = 500 ppm

SR2
422.53 t/h

2,501.15 t/h

SK2
Plant B

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Kuching, Malaysia
August 23 27, 2015

SR3

498.85 t/h
200 t/h

12.07 t/h

SR4
78.62 t/h

SR5
1,000 t/h

SK4
1,000 t/h

Optimized Network

Plant D

1,221.38 t/h

Plant E

WW

Issues on Industrial Symbiosis

IS lends itself to uncertainties in the reliability of the
exchange networks (Liao et al., 2007)
Formerly independent units are now highly
interconnected
Variability in process streams exist due to seasonal
variations
Risk assessment and management strategies should be
developed to handle system variability and reliability
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Kuching, Malaysia
August 23 27, 2015

Input-Output Modelling

S-1

Final Outputs

Resource Inputs

Wastes and Pollutants

S-2

S-3

System Boundary
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Kuching, Malaysia
August 23 27, 2015

Input-Output Modelling

S1

Final
Outputs

Resource
Inputs

Wastes and
Pollutants

S2
S3
System Boundary

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Kuching, Malaysia
August 23 27, 2015

Interdependencies in IS
networks can be modelled using
Input-Output Analysis

10

Problem Statement

Given n resource sources, m resource sinks

What is the optimal resource exchange network to reduce
fresh resource consumption? Minimize annual costs?
Given a crisis event that results in the reduction in
capacity of one plant in the network, how should the
exchanges be modified to reduce system disruption or
failure?

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August 23 27, 2015

Optimization Model

11

min =
F P + AC




R  + F = D j



R  S i



R  C + F C D Q  j


PRES 15
Kuching, Malaysia
August 23 27, 2015

AC annual costs
Ci quality of source i
Dj resource reqt of
demand j
Fj amount of resource
delivered to sink j
PF freshwater cost
Qj required quality of
demand j
Rij flowrate or recycle
stream
Si available source

12

P-graph Model

Process graph or p-graph is a graph theoretic method

developed for process network synthesis
P-graph utilizes 3 algorithms to identify the optimal
network structure
RM1

MSG maximal structure generation

SSG solution structure generation
ABB advanced branch and bound

P-graph is a graphical representation of

matrix calculations such as MILP
PRES 15
Kuching, Malaysia
August 23 27, 2015

P1
RM2

OPERATING UNIT

13

P-graph model of the IS

network
Each plant is considered as a process unit

Material/Energy flows are modeled as raw materials,
product or by-products

Streams are pre-qualified based on process unit
requirements
Assumptions:

Complete substitutability of available resources

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August 23 27, 2015

14
11

Case Study

934

530

1287

417

13

938
1817
879

The case study is taken from Keckler and Allen (1998)

The reuse and treatment of water is considered between 3
industrial plants in an EIP considering the establishment
of a water treatment facility
A scenario on capacity reduction is investigated

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Kuching, Malaysia
August 23 27, 2015

15

Water Limiting Data

Plant

Water need
(cu m/d)

Input Quality
(ppm)

Output Quality
(ppm)

(TOC, TSS, TDS)

(TOC, TSS, TDS)

42

25, 500, 2500

1928, 2639, 7824

3,600

25, 25, 200

484, 105, 904

4,940

5, 100, 500

8, 22, 276

n/a

n/a

0,1,140

Fresh water

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Kuching, Malaysia
August 23 27, 2015

16

Water Quality of Treatment

Processes
Treatment
Step

Symbol

Output Quality
(TOC, TSS, TDS)

Primary and
Secondary

20,30, 1000

1.45

Filtration and
Precipitation

5, 10, 500

0.11

Reverse
Osmosis

5, 1, 10

1.58

Freshwater

0, 1, 140

n/a

Hub

n/a

0.53

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August 23 27, 2015

Treatment
cost ($/cu m.)

Maximal structure

17

Optimal network for baseline

operation

18

What happens if one of the plants

experiences a disruption?
19

60%
capacity

Optimal network for baseline

operation

20

Optimal adjustment if P is 40%

inoperable
21

Freshwater for all

Plants

Feasible Solutions

22

Fewer Treatment
Steps

Feasible Solutions

23

24

Conclusion

9 feasible solutions have been generated

The solution vary in degree of recycling and water
treatment
The solutions provide insight on potential risk
management strategies to deal with failures in IS
networks

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August 23 27, 2015

25

Future Work

Integration of additional criteria for evaluating suboptimal solutions

Implementation of P-graph framework in consideration of
multiple product/by-product exchanges in IS networks
Implement without pre-qualifying streams

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August 23 27, 2015

26

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank the Department of

Science Technology for funding this research

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August 23 27, 2015

THANK YOU
For comments and suggestions you may also contact me at:
Tel. No.: + 632 5244611 loc 127
Email: kathleen.aviso@dlsu.edu.ph

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August 23 27, 2015

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