IC TECHNOLOGY

Dr. R. Ramaprabha (Sec A)

What is an Integrated Circuit??

It is a miniaturized electronic circuit consisting
mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as
passive components that has been bonded to
a surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor
material.
also known as IC, microcircuit, microchip,
silicon chip, or chip
Integrated circuits are used in almost all
electronic equipment in use today and have
revolutionized the world of electronics.

Why use an IC?

There are two main advantages of ICs over
discrete circuits: cost and performance.
Cost is low because the chips, with all their
components, are printed as a unit by
photolithography and not constructed one
transistor at a time. Furthermore, much less
material is used to construct a circuit as a
packaged IC die than as a discrete circuit.
Performance is high since power consumed is
low as components are small and close
together.

Computer using discrete

components

Invention
Computers were typically built up from a
series of "modules", each module
containing the electronics needed to
perform a single function
modules were assembled and soldered
by hand or with limited automation
single bad component or solder joint
could render the entire module
inoperative

 Jack Kilby theorized germanium could be

used to make all common electronic
components - resistors, capacitors, etc.
Set about building single-slab component
that combined the functionality of an
entire module
The result was what are today referred to
as the third-generation computers

Jack Kilbys IC

Generations
Divided into generations depending
on number of transistors and
compactness
SSI
MSI
LSI
VLSI

Small Scale Integration (SSI)

The first integrated circuits contained only
a few transistors
ICs such as Plessey SL201 or the Philips
TAA320 had as few as two transistors.
Lasted from 1960 through 1963

SSI
Crucial to early aerospace projects
Minuteman missile and Apollo program

Medium Scale Integration (MSI)

The next step in the development of
integrated circuits taken in the late 1960s
contained hundreds of transistors on
each chip

Large Scale Integration (LSI)

Started in the Early 1970s
Contained tens of thousands of
transistors per chip
First microprocessors were
manufactured using LSI
1K-bit RAMs manufactured in moderate
quantities in the early 1970s, had under
4000 transistors

Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)

The development started with hundreds
of thousands of transistors in the early
1980s, and continues beyond several
billion transistors as of 2010.
Lot of factors responsible for such a
massive increase in compactness- new
materials, better fabrication, design
tools

Ultra Large Scale Integration

(ULSI)
To reflect further growth of the complexity,
the term ULSI that stands for "ultra-largescale integration" was proposed for chips
of complexity of more than 1 million
transistors.

Intel Quad Core Chip

Works in Progress
A system-on-a-chip (SoC or SOC) is an
integrated circuit in which all the
components needed for a computer or
other system are included on a single chip.
A three-dimensional integrated circuit
(3D-IC) has two or more layers of active
electronic components that are integrated
both vertically and horizontally into a
single circuit.

What are Integrated circuits?

IC is a miniature ,low cost electronic circuit
consisting of active and passive
components that are joined together on a
single crystal chip of silicon

ADVANTAGES
Miniaturization
Reduced cost due to batch processing
Increased reliability
Reduced power consumption
Increased performance & operating speeds

CLASSIFICATION
ICs can be broadly classified based on
their applications as
Digital ICs
Linear ICs
Based upon the above requirements two
different IC technologies namely
Monolithic technology and Hybrid
technology have been developed

Broad classification
Integrated Circuits

Monolithic Circuits

Hybrid Circuits

Bipolar

P-n Junction Isolation

Unipolar

Dielectric Isolation

MOSFET

JFET

Monolithic Integrated Circuits

In monolithic integrated circuits all circuit
components (both active and passive
elements and their inter connections )are
manufactured into or top of a single chip of
silicon.
The monolithic circuit is ideal for application
where identical circuits are required in very
large quantities and and hence provides
lowest price per- unit-cost and highest
order of reliability

MMICs, or Monolithic Microwave

Integrated Circuits, are a type of IC
devices that operate at microwave
frequencies (1 GHz to 300 GHz).

HYBRID INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

A Hybrid Integrated Circuit, Hybrid
Circuit, or simply Hybrid is a miniaturized
electronic circuit constructed using
individual devices, such as semiconductor
devices (e.g.transistors and diodes) and
passive components (e.g. resistors,
inductors and capacitors), bonded to a
substrate or PCB

In hybrid circuit ,separate component parts

are attached to a ceramic substrate and
interconnected by means of either
metallization pattern or wire bond
This technology is more adaptable to small
quantity custom circuits .