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A. Ferrous metals
B. Non-Ferrous metals: Wherein iron is not the main
constituent (Copper, Aluminum, Zinc and lead etc)
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A) Ferrous metals:
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Wherein iron is the main constituent (Cast iron, wrought iron and
different forms of steels)
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Pig iron is not suitable for any mechanical use unless it is converted
into cast iron, wrought iron or steel
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Weak in tension therefore cannot be used in construction
Can be used for parts of pumps, motors, engines etc
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1. Wrought iron is very malleable and ductile
2. Its tensile strength is 20-26 tons /in2
3. It is strong in compression but not so strong as steel
4. It can be easily worked, welded and is tough
5. Its melting point is 28000F
6. Wrought iron became pasty and very plastic at red heat and could be easily forged at about 16500F
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Since mild steel has replaced the wrought iron, therefore it is no longer produced in large extent. Still in use for roof sheets,
wires and metal ornaments etc
A-4) STEEL
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. Pure irons strength remarkably increases when alloyed with carbon. The tensile strength
increases with increasing carbon content but the ductility reduces. Steel having its properties because of the presence of
carbon alone is called Plain carbon steel
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4. It is tough and more elastic than cast iron and wrought iron and withstands shocks and impacts well
5. It is equally strong in tension, compression and shear
6. Its specific gravity is 7.8
7. It is not much affected by Saline water
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MANUFACTURE OF STEEL
Three basic raw materials are needed in large quantities for the production of steel
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1. Iron Ore
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3. Lime stone
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The first step in the steel manufacture begins at the blast furnace. To separate iron from iron ore coke (substance when gas
is taken out of coal), limestone and dolomite are charged into the blast furnace
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Temperature raised to 1600oF. This high temp causes the coke to burn and melt the iron. This red hot iron drained at an
opening at the base of the furnace. Natural gas is often injected to reduce the amount of coke consumed. The dolomite and
limestone combine with the non-ferrous elements of the ore to form a slag, which floats on the top of the molten iron and is
removed separately. The product of the blast furnace is known as Pig Iron the basic ingredient of steel
It takes 2 tons of iron ore, 2/3 ton of coke, ton of limestone, 4 tons of air to make 1 ton of Pig iron. Some of the pig iron goes
to the foundries to make iron castings, but the vast majority is re melted and used in the production of steel in steel furnace.
Several types of furnaces are used for the production of steel including
Open Hearth Furnace
Bessemer Furnace
Electric Furnace
New Oxygen Furnace
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