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SPE
SPE 19774
On the Determination of the Pressure-Dependent Characteristics
of a Reservoir Through Transient Pressure Testing
F. Samaniego and H, Cinco-Ley,Pemex/UNAM
SPE Members
z
Copyright lSSe, society of Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
This pefwr was prepared for presentationat the 64th Annual TechnicaiConferenceand Exhibitionof the Society of Petroleum Engineers held in San Antonio,TX, October S-1 1, 1SSS,
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as presented, have not Men reviewed by the SocleIy of Petroleum Engineers and we aubjeot 10correctionby the author(s).The material, aa presented, does not hecaeeerily retfect
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ABSTRACT
.
ON THE DETERMINATIONOF THE PRESSUREDEPENDENTCHARACTERISTICS
OF A RESERVOIRTHROUGH TRA [ENT PRESSURETESTING
SPE
1
1..
m(p)
(6)
Ihen,
Recently,methods have beep proposed for the estimation of relativepermeabilityat in-situconditions
191s. ~ssentiallythe same nl(pwf)=ml(pl
using well test analysis131
)- 1.1513U iu(pi)
proceduremay be followedto estimate the pressure
0 k(pi)h(pt)
dependentcharacteristicsofa reservoirthrough
transientpressureanalysis.
k(pi)t
)+log(~)+ 0,86859s} (7)
log(
The purpose of this paper is to presenta method to
4(Pi)
H(Pi)ct(Pi)rfi
Y
determinethe pressuredependentcharacteristicsof a
reservoirthrough transientpressureanalysis, in terr
of k(p)/(1-$(p))or if porosity is consideredconstant
in terms of permeability.Expressionsare derived for
Aerey is the exponentialof the Euler constant,
flow in stress sensitiveformationsof pressurede~qual to 1.781.
pendent liquid flow and of real gas flow, that allow
throughthe analysis of drawdownor buildup tests, or
The slope mofthe semilog straight line is defi~ed~
nultiple-ratetests for gas wells, the determination
as:
of the stress sensitivecharacteristicsof the producing formtion.
aml(pwf)
qj~(pi)
n..
slog t
BASIC METHOD
-l.1513ao
k(pi)h(pi)
(8)
PressureDependentLiwid Flow
This slope can be written as:
The basic case for drawdowntesting is that of constant sand-facemass flow rate in a radial system. It
has been demonstratedthat the transientwell behavior
am 1
wwf
qiP(Pi)
for flow in a pressuredependentsystem can be expres *
,_=
-1.1513ao~(pi)h
ed for all%practicalpurposesby5*:
.
apwf alogt
D(19tD)= *(lntD + 0.80907)
(1)
(9)
Bk(pi)t
D=
(2)
$(Pi)H(Pi)ct(Pi)r;
I
h(pi)(l+i(pi)l
D(rD?tD)=
a~qi~Pi)
.,
{m(pi)-m(p,r)}
(3)
~Pwf
;.
(pi)l~(pi), k(pwf)p(pwf)
k(pi)p(pi)
(10)
{ l-4(Pwf)}P(Pwf)
=-1.1513a
: i-4( pwf) }
qiF(Pi)
h(pi)[l-+(pi)l
Ll(Pwf)
**
P(pwf)
1
(4)
p
I
k(p)i(d
m(p)=
Jwf )
(
(11)
alOg t
dp
(5)
10
-..
,,-.
<.,
...-....--
.. . .
. .
qiL(Pi)
P(Pwf)
dpwf)
wwf
. .
-.
..-
t
I
.
ta(t)=
--,
k(t)
dp
P(t)ct(t)
to
(16)
If t (t)
k(pwf)=-lJ513mo
k(p)$
dp
ta(p) =
1p B(P)ct(P)
o
(12)
(17)
To evaluate the pseudo-timeusing Eq. 17, the procedure describedby Agarwal may be followed.A particula
case of Eq. 17 resultswhen the pressuredependencyof
permeabilitywith respect to pressure is neglected:
%&
p dt
Similarlyto Eq. 11, Eq. 12 is the expressionthat
allows an estimationof the pressuredependent
permeabilityk(pwf) at any flowing time.
For a pressurebuildup test in a pressuredependent
system, the necessaryequation for analysis is56:
t+At
qill(Pi)
ml(pws)=ml(pi)-1.1513a
log(At
0 k(pi)h(pi)
(13)
k(pws)
= -1.1513a.
: i-0(pw5)l
qidpi)
. ll(Pw5)
k(p)p
dp
m(p)=2
Ipmil(p)z(p)
dpw5)
h(pi)[l-$(pi)l
(14)
)
qidpi)
k(pws)=-1.1513a
h
IJ(PW5)
dPw*)
1
apws
(
2109(*)
(15)
An importantpoint to note is that a similarexpression to Eq. 13 maybe written if the pseudo-time
concept of Agarwa117 is used for this pressuredependent liquid flow problem.Consideringthat porosity
is not a functionof pressure,we define the pseudotime as follows:
(19)
apws
(
alog(J+&)
(18)
ta(p)= T
dp
1p ll(P)ct(P)
o
p k(p)p
m(p)=2
,Pf
i-+(p)}
I
m
dp
(20)
P~p)Z(P)
11
(21)
SPE :
.Finally,
At is the shuti~n time expressedas a
functiono~pseudo-time.
Often gas wells produceunder variablerate conditions.ConsideringDarcy flow, Eq. 24 may be wrl
for this case as:
Bk(pi)t
D=
-.
(22)
$P(Pi)ct(Pi)r~
m(Pi)-m(Pwf)
Q
: (@%))lo9(t-tJ-1
=1.1513aghTscj=l
qN
qN
Tsch {m(pi)-m(r,t)}
nD(rDStD)=
agpscTqsc
(23)
+1.1513a g :(C+S)
Sc
where
k(pi)t
p~cT qsc
{ 109(
n(Pwf)=m(Pi)-1.1513a g hT5c
k(pi)
OIJ(Pi)ct(Pi)r~
~log($)+0.86859(s+Dqsc)}
(28)
C=log
46
+ log()
4P (Pi)ct(Pi)r~
Y
(24)
~=1
apwf
()
alogt
Sc
g hTsc
(26)
apws
(
ta +Ata)
a109(-&)
where t
is the producingtime for real gas flow
(or forpressuredependent 1i uid flow as discussed in last section),expresse! in terms of pseudotime, as defined by Agarwall:
=
ap
pscT , lJ(Pwf)z(Pwf)
k(pwf)=-0.5725a
g hTsc
apwf
(~)
.-
a[~_l(qj-qj-l)lOg(
t-tj-~)l
(29)
EXAMPLEOF APPLICATION
Several simulatedcases were run to test the val
ity of the proposedmethod. The pressuredependent
data used in the model was that of Raghavanet al,
becauseof several data sets6, it shows the bigges
pressuredependencyof the formationpropertieswi
respect to pressure.Figs, 1 presents the fluid
densityand viscosityas a functionof pressure.F
2and 3 show the variationof permeabilityand por
ity with respect to pressure,respectively.
Table 2shows data of interestregardingthe fou
differentruns used to test the method, Eventough
variationof porositywith respect to pressureis
very importantit was consideredin the simulation
these cases.
(27)
Bat
..
Dc
*ci77A
ean,,
*F*A
,,
...
,,
f-n.-..
niques,242sit can be demonstratedthat the approximate start of the semilog straight line is at about
12 hours. Fig. 5 shows an enlargementof the pressure
data after 10 hours which is needed to better define
the instantaneousslope ap #alogt. Table3 shows the
calculationsthat are invo~vedin the estimationof
the pressuredependentparameterusing the data of
run 3. The continuouscurveof Fig. 6 shows the input
data to the model ofk(p)/{1-$(p)}, and individual
symbols representthe estimationof the pressure
sensitiveparameterthrough the use of Eqs. 11 and 14
for pressuredrawdownand pressurebuildup tests,
respectively(Table 2). It can be seen from results
of this figure that the maximum error in the estimation
of the pressuredependentparameteris less than 5
percent, It is expected that the accuracyof the estimates of the pressuredependentparametershown in
Table 3 will increaseas the continuityof the data
used also increases.
-.
.,--
. . ..
Aml(Pwf)
=
B(Pi)
1.1513a
q(t)
0 k(pi)h(pi)
2.246 f3k(pi)
+1Og(
$(Pi)V(Pi)ct(Pi)r~
fed(t)
)+0,86859s}
(30)
where
fcd(t)=log(t-tn-l)-J-(
l-:%)
2.3026
N-1 qi(t)
+z
i=l
t-ti ~
log (-)
q(t)
t-ti
(31)
PRACTICALASPECTS
We have seen in the previousexample of application
that problemsare present for the applicationof the
proposedmethod at short times due to influenceof
effects such as wellbore storage and wellbore damage.
in this respect it is of importanceto keep in mind,
as pointed out by Serra et al.ls, that drawdown and
buildup resultsare complementary.The drawdownanalysis yields good estimatesof the pressure dependent
parameter(k($)~ l-$(p)}or k(p)) at low values of
pressureand the buildup analysisyields good estimate
of the parameterat high values of pressure.Consequently, by combiningdrawdownand buildup test result
we can obtain a good definitionof the pressure
dependentparameter.The best way to obtain the stress
sensitivecharacteristicsof the reservoiris to carry
out a drawdown test at a high rate, that results in
an importantpressuredecrement,allowing the estimation of the pressuredependentformationparameter in
a wide range of pressure.Gi?cethis test is concluded,
it is recommendedto carry outs buildup test to
complementthe drawdownresults.
q(t)=qi-l+~ti-~)! i-l
<t<ti
(32)
i
Aqi = qi-qj-l
ti = i-ti-l
Equation30 indicatesthat a graph of A#(p f)/q(t)
versus f t) should result in a straight lin~ of slope
m givend the followingexpression:
ma
a(f@(pwf)/q(t)) = ~.1513a
afcd(t)
u(Pi)
(33)
k(pi)h(pi)
s=
t
SPE
19774
t
ap
Ata
.
~
T=
temperature
= real gas deviationfactor
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
.
P.=
viscosity
$=
porosity
0=
density
Subscripts
c.
= convolution
= drawdown
= dimensionless
= flowing
= gas
= initial
= index
= liquid (oil)
Sc
= standardconditions
= wellbore
REFERENCES
The authors thank M.J. Economies for encouragingthel
to continue their researchaimed to find a solutionto
and Elasticityof
1. Mei.nzer,O.E.:Compressibility
the estimationof the pressuredependentcharacteristic
Artesian Aquifers,Econ. Geol., 23(1928)263-271
of a reservoir.
2. Jacob, C.E.:On the Flow of Water in an Elastic
Artesian Aquifer,Trans. Amer. Geophys, Union
NOMENCLATURE
(1940)574-586.
3. Jacob, C.E.:Engineering
Hydraulics,(H. Rouse,
system total compressibility
Ed.), John Wiley and Sons Co., Inc., New York
Ct
=
(1950)321-386.
= turbulentterm coefficient
D
4. Raghavan,R., Scorer, D.T., and Miller, F,G,:An
= permeability
k
Investigationby NumericalMethods of the Effect
of
PressureDependentRock and Fluid Properties
m(p) = pseudopressurefor press~redependent liquid
on Well Flow Tests, Sot. Pet. Eng. J. (June,
flow, Eq, 5, or real gas potentialor pseudo1972)267-276.
pressure for real gas flow, Eq. 19,
5. SamaniegoV.F.: An Investigationof Transient
Flow of ReservoirFluids ConsideringPressure
~D
. dimensionlesspseudopressurefor pressure
DependentRock and Fluid Properties,PhD
dependentliquid flow, Eq. 3, or dimensionless
dissertation,StanfordUniversity,StanfordCa.
pseudopressurefor real gas flow, Eq. 23,
(1974)
6. SamaniegoV.F., Brighain,
W,E., and Miller, F.G.:
pressure
P=
An Investigationof TransientFlowof Reservoir
Fluids ConsideringPressure DependentRock and
Pwf = flowingbottom-holepressure
Fluid Properties,Sot. Pet. Eng. J.(April, 1977)
shut-inbottcm-holepressure
PWs =
140-150;Trans.,AIME,163.
flow rate
7, Garq, S.K.:OnFormationCompactionad Ener9y
q=
Bal;nce Law for Liquid SaturatedPorous Med~a
radius
r=
~s;gvoirs, Adv. Water Resources (March,1985)
-*
wellbord radius
w
=
8.
Ostensen,R.W.:The
Effect of Stress-Dependent
Permeabilityon Gas ProductIonand W!ll Testing,
SPE FormationEvaluationJ.(June, 1986)227-235.
9. Pedrosa,O.A.:Pressure
TransientResponse in
Stress-SensitiveFormations,paper SPE 15115,
presentedat the 56th CaliforniaRegionalMeeting
of SPE, Oakland,CA., April 2-4, 1986.
10. Economies, M.J., personalcommunication,DowellSchlumberger,Houston, Tex.(1985)
11. Vairogs,J. , HearnTC.L., Dareing,D.W., and
Rhoades,V.W.:Effectof Rock Stress on Gas
ProductionFrom Low-PermeabilityReservoirs,
J.Pet.Tech(Sept.1971)1161-1167.
12. Vairogs,J. and Rohades,V-W.: PressureTransient
Tests in FormationsHaving Stress-Sensitive
Permeability,J,Pet.Tech.(Aug.1973)965-970.
13. A1-Khalifah,A.A., Home, R.N., and Aziz,K.:lnPlace Determinationof ReservoirRelativePermeability Using Well Test Analysis,paper SPE 16774,
presentedat 62nd Annual TechnicalConferenceand
Exhibitionof SPE, Dallas, Tex., September27-30,
1987.
14. Serra, K.V.,Peres,
A.A.M. and Reynolds,A.C.: Well
Test Analysis for Solution-Gas-DriveReservoirs;
Part I: Determinationof Relativeand Absolute
Permeabilities,paper SPE 17020 (May, 1987)
Richardson,Texas.
15. Serra, K.V., Peres, A.A.M., and Reynolds,A.C.:
Well Test Analysis for Solution-Gas-Drive
Reservoirs:Part 11-BuildupAnalysis,paper S?E
17048, presentedat SPE Eastern RegionalMeeting
of SPE, PittsburghPennsylvania,October 21-23,
1987.
16. Marten, 8., personalcomnunication,Pemex,
ii~xico,
D.F., (19BB)
17. Agarwal, R.G.:Real Gas Pseudo-Time-ANew Function
for PressureBuildup Analysisof MiiFGas Wells,
paper SPE 8279, presentedat 54th Annual Fall
TechnicalConferenceand Exhibitionof SPE, Las
Vegas, Nevada, September23-26, 1979.
18. Thomas, R.D. and Ward, D.C.:Effect
of Overburden
Pressureand Water Saturationon Gas Permeability
of Tight SandstoneCores, J.Pet.Tech.(Feb.1972Y
120-124.
19. Jones, F.O. and Owens, W.A.:A LaboratoryStudy
of Low -PermeabilityGas Sands, J. Pet.Tech.
(Sept.1980)1631-1640.
20. A1-Hussainy,R., Ramey, H.J. Jr., and Crawford,P.
B The Flow of Real Gases Through Porous Media:
Jl;et.Tech.(May1966)624-636;Trans., AIME, 237.
21. Wattenbarger,R.A. and Ramey, H.J.,Jr.: IGasWell
Testing With Turbulence,Damage and Wellbore
Storage,J.Pet.Tech.(Aug.196B)105-118.
22. Fligelman,H,: Drawdown and InterferenceTest
Analysis for Gas Wells With Wellbore Storage,
Damage, and NonlaminarFlow Effects, PhD dissertation, StanfordUniversity,Stanford,Ca, (1980).
23. Lee, R.L., Logan, R.W., and Tek, M.R.:Effectof
Turbulenceon Transient Flow of Real Gas Through
Porous Media, SPE FormationEvaluation(March
1987)108-120.
24. Ramey, H.J,,Jr.:Short-Time
Well Test Interpretation in the Presenceof Skin Effect and Wellbore
Storage,J,Pet.Tech.(Jan.1970)97-104;Trans.,
AIME, 249.
25. Bourdet,D., Whittle, T.M., Douglas,A.A., and
Pirard, Y.M.:A New Set of Type-CurvesSimplifies
Wel1 test Analysis,World Oil (May 1983)95-106.
26. Stewart,G., Wittinann,
M.J. and Meunier, D.:Afte~
flow Measurementand Deconvolutionin Well Test
Analysis,paper SPE 12174 presentedat 58th
S1 PreferredUnits
W*
ins/D
Pas
CustomaryUnits
md
ft
STB/D orMscf/D
Cp
RB/STB
m3/m
fraction
fraction
Ct
P
t
;9
TABLE 2.
Run
Pa-l
psi-l
KPa
psi
hours
hours
4.5751X1O4
5.03332x10q
2.637x10-4
3.6x10-9
re/rw
Type of
Test
Skin
Factor,s
Uellbore
Storage,CD
Dimensionless
Rate, q.
103
Drawdown
10
0.011
~~3
Buildup
0.011
5X103
Drawdown
10
0.047
5X103
Drawdown
0.100
apwf
(ho~rs)
Pwf
(psia)
47.67
1082.92
/1.50
1058.32
119.17
1027.50
143 00
1016.52
715.02
920.01
953,36
902.22
(Pw)m
k(p)
(Pwf)m
(psia)
hJJm
(Cp)
(lb/ft3)
(psia/cycle)
m
(red)
1070.62
5.433
50.267
138.76
97,2
1022.01
5.402
50.256
138.69
97.1
911.12
5.360
50.230
142.39
93.8
16
S?E 19774
*
51.00
160
;40
50.50
120
100 L
80
500
lax)
154M
p,
2mo
60
2X
500
low
2000
pslo
P,
PWCJ
0
i=
u
is
L
0.290
.
?
-9-
o.zo~
.
p ,
psia
2ml
25
s?E S5774
200(
o
0
on
o
0
0
0e
o
0
0
1Scn
0
o
o
0
10CM
Fig,4-Semllog
18
Pwf , psia
.
Ei
0
0
Q
o
0
0
r.
x
0
c
0
4
o
0
t?
2(
DRAWDOWN
z
.
1-
p , Psio
qi.]
!
---------j;--w
=
i
q----------+
----------------qi ----;i
--. ------ ----.------+2..-%
ql
q(t)
~<
b
/
------
$/., ---/? -~
~-
--_-l
/1
----
qN -/ -----j---..
----.--;-------..-.-----...;-....--_.--~--.-.---_-.--_.>
II
qf)
o
t]
tl.1
t[
tN.]
tN