TEST 1

WATER - A LUXURY?

BENEFICIAL or UNDESIRABLE?

A glass of fresh water from the tap - a

luxury? The reality is that for some 1.1 billion
people access to safe drinking water is (1)
...... they can only dream about. Some 2.4
billion people worldwide similarly do not have
access to adequate sanitation. Yet access to
safe drinking water and sanitation is not just
a luxury. It often makes the difference (2)
...... life and death. Half of the world's
hospital beds are occupied by (3) ...... of
waterbome diseases. And an estimated 6,000
children die each day from diseases caused
by poor sanitation and hygiene. Add to this
the increasing pressure (4) ...... the world's
freshwater supply over the last 50 years, and
the continuous degradation of water quality
in many regions around the world, and there
is no doubt that the challenge before us is
(5) ...... .

In nature there is (6) ...... such thing as

either a beneficial or an undesirable wild
animal. In Georgia, (7) ......, where quail are
valued as game birds, sportsmen once shot
marsh hawks (8) ...... the hawks sometimes
killed quail. But the shooting of marsh hawks
failed to increase the numbers of quail.
Examination of stomach contents showed
that the marsh hawk feeds mainly upon the
cotton rat, which eats the eggs of quail and
other ground-nesting birds. By being a (9)
...... greater enemy of cotton rats than of
quail, the marsh hawk proves (10) ...... to
be a friend of the quail. The killing of marsh
hawks has now largely ceased in Georgia,
and marsh hawks and quail are growing more
numerous side by side.

1- A) anywhere
B) something
C) someone
D) anyone
E) everything

6- A) any
C) no

2- A) between
C) along

7- A) at once
B) for instance
C) on average
D) at the time
E) in short

B) from
D) in
E) about

B) many
D) none
E) some

3- A) victims
B) residents
C) supporters
D) mortals
E) disasters

8- A) while
B) yet
C) even though
D) because
E) before

4- A) about
C) at

9- A) much
C) too

B) in
D) on
E) for

5- A) excellent
B) bearable
C) supporting
D) weak
E) immense

B) more
D) the most
E) such

10- A) rarely
B) slightly
C) anxiously
D) barely
E) actually

RIVAL FOSSIL HUNTERS

THE ORIGIN OF THE CIRCUS

(11) ...... of our knowledge of dinosaurs

comes from North America. From 1870 into
the early 1900s, two men dominated the
search for dinosaurs in the western United
States, and their rivalry became a bitter
conflict. One was Othniel Charles Marsh, of
Yale University, and (12) ...... was Edward
Drinker Cope. (13) ...... man controlled (14)
...... scientific journal, and it is reported that
their field crews would occasionally shoot at
one another and destroy each other's fossils.
Still, (15) ...... men made lasting and
valuable contributions to our knowledge of
dinosaurs, though their conflict caused them
to work hurriedly and in many instances to
forego the customary patience and caution
required in the science of paleontology.

No one knows when or where the first circus

act (16) ...... place. It's probable that
displays of physical skill and animal training
(17) ...... people for many thousands of
years. Some circus acts are so old that even
the ancient Romans, who coined the word
circus, did not know where they originated. It
was not (18) ...... the late 1700s that the
modem circus began to take form. It is
believed that the modern circus originated in
the exhibitions of horsemanship that became
popular in England. A former cavalryman,
Philip Astley, was presenting such feats in
London in 1768. Astley put his horses
through their paces in a large circle, or ring.
(19) ...... his time, the ring has been the
central performance area of the circus. Astley
embellished his London show with music,
acrobats, tumblers, ropewalkers and a clown.
In 1783 he built the first real circus in France.
Soon circuses similar to the Astley pattern
(20) ...... across the continent of Europe and
in the United States.

11- A) A great deal

B) Just one
C) As many as
D) Everything
E) A large number

16- A) made
C) got

12- A) someone
B) another
C) the other
D) each one
E) the whole

17- A) were thrilling B) are thrilling

C) thrill
D) thrilled
E) have thrilled

13- A) Each
C) Some

B) All
D) Any
E) None

14- A) themselves
B) his own
C) itself
D) them
E) theirs

15- A) all
C) some

B) every
D) both
E) either

E) took

18- A) until
C) when

B) did
D) had

B) while
D) since
E) yet

19- A) As soon as
B) Ever since
C) Even when
D) Once
E) The moment

20- A) perform
B) have performed
C) were performing
D) have been performing
E) are performing

ALBERT NAMATJIRA

DIFFERENT FROM THE REST

Known primarily for his watercolours of

Australian landscapes, Albert Namatjira was
an aboriginal artist (21) ...... successfully
combined modern European painting
techniques (22) ...... subject matter from his
native land. A member of the Aranda tribe,
Namatjira was born at a Christian mission in
Hermannsburg in the Northern Territory (23)
...... July 28. 1902. He received his education
at the mission. He later worked at a number
of menial jobs (24) ...... he discovered
painting at a 1934 exhibition of works by Rex
Battarbee. Although unschooled in art,
Namatjira tried his hand at drawing. In 1936
he again met Battarbee, who tutored
(25) ...... in watercolours. He was soon able
to produce works of merit and sell them. In
1938 the first exhibit of his works was held in
Melbourne. It was so successful that all 41
paintings on display were sold. Later
exhibitions followed in Adelaide, Sydney,
Perth and Alice Springs.

Like the land (26) ...... the people of Ladakh

are generally quite different from those of the
rest of India. The faces and physique of the
Ladakhis, and the clothes they wear, are
more (27) ...... those of Tibet and Central
Asia (28) ...... those of India. The original
population may have been Dards, an IndoAryan race that moved down from the Indus
and Gilgit area. But immigration from Tibet,
perhaps a millennium or so (29) ...... largely
overwhelmed the culture of the Dards and
changed their racial characteristics. In
eastern and central Ladakh, today's
population seems to be mostly of Tibetan
origin. Further west, in and around Kargil, the
people's appearance suggests a mixed origin.
The exception to this generalization is the
Arghons, a community of Muslims in Leh,
who originated as a result of marriages (30)
...... local women and Kashmiri or Central
Asian merchants.

21- A) where
C) when

B) who
D) what

26- A) them
B) their
C) their own
D) itself
E) its own

E) how

22- A) about
C) for

23- A) at
C) since

24- A) until
C) while

25- A) him
C) he

E) with

E) till

B) to
D) from

27- A) the same

B) similar to
C) except for
D) so much
E) much as

B) in
D) on

28- A) as
C) like

E) how

B) than
D) that

B) during
D) just as
E) since

29- A) after
C) since

B) yet
D) though

B) his own
D) his
E) himself

30- A) between
B) for
C) along
D) with
E) among

E) ago

TEST 2
IMPOSSIBLE TO BAN
Throughout history, numerous laws have
been passed in an attempt to ban the game
of football: in England alone, over thirty
times since the 14th century. King Edward III,
(1) ...... released a statement that banned
football on 12 June, 1349. His concern was a
practical one. Over the previous two years,
England (2) ...... more than 25% of its
population to the epidemic called the Black
Plague, and King Edward, at the time of the
statement, (3) ...... France in the Hundred
Years' War; (4) ......, he needed more
archers. As the popular game of football (5)
...... people from practising archery, the only
solution was to forbid it. Needless to say,
however, this ban didn't work.
1- A) on no account
B) in advance
C) by all means
D) for example
E) at once

THE IMAGE OF POP STARS

The image of pop stars is often considered to
be as important as their actual music. (6)
......, pop stars and their managers make
elaborate efforts to project the desired image
through their clothing, music video clips,
manipulation of the popular press and similar
tactics. Indeed, many pop acts are focussed
primarily on (7) ...... the desired image, and
music is considered as of secondary
importance. Boy bands and girl bands, (8)
...... NSync and the Spice Girls, are
particularly carefully (9) ...... in this manner,
with members chosen and groomed to fill
certain stereotypes (10) ...... they will
appeal to the broadest range of fans and fan
personalities.
6- A) As long as
B) Even when
C) Whereas
D) In order to
E) As a result

2- A) has been losing B) had lost

C) was losing
D) had been losing
E) has lost

7- A) achieve
B) being achieved
C) to achieve
D) achieving
E) achieved

3- A) was fighting
B) has fought
C) has been fighting
D) fought
E) had fought

8- A) such as
B) on behalf of
C) by means of
D) as regards
E) much more

4- A) because
B) however
C) therefore
D) on account of
E) though

9- A) put on
C) set up

5- A) encouraged
B) charged
C) recovered
D) engaged
E) distracted

B) dug out
D) shown off
E) given away

10- A) so that
C) while

B) for whom
D) ever since
E) how

MINIATURIZATION CULTURE

A CITY BELOW SEA LEVEL

Because of the rapid technological advances

in Japan, an extensive miniaturization culture
has developed. For example, a foldable
umbrella (11) ......size is just a quarter of a
usual umbrella's size has been developed, not
to mention miniaturization in cellular
telephony. (12) ...... call this process,
another example of which is bonsai,
"minimization". It may also be interesting to
(13) ...... that miniaturization also occurs in
living spaces, such as hotels for business
workers which are often the size of a single
cubicle. Such phenomena occur (14) ......due
to technological advances, but are also
motivated by the strong concern for space in
(15) ...... populated areas.

A great part of the city of New Orleans is

located below sea level and lies (16) ...... the
Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain, so
the city is (17) ...... by levees, that is,
barriers constructed to stop the flow of water
into the city. Until the early 20th century,
construction was largely limited (18) ......
the slightly higher ground along old natural
river levees, since (19) ...... of the rest of
the land was swampy and subject to frequent
flooding. In the 1910s engineer and inventor
A. Baldwin Wood enacted his ambitious plan
to drain the city, including large pumps of his
own design, which are still used (20) ......
heavy rains hit the city.

11- A) which
C) how

B) that
D) whose
E) what

12- A) All
C) Both

B) One
D) Each
E) Some

16- A) between
B) at
C) within
D) through
E) across

17- A) represented
B) filled
C) surrounded
D) identified
E) exaggerated

13- A) show round

B) go down
C) make up
D) get across
E) point out

18- A) over
C) out of

14- A) neither
B) not only
C) as well as
D) both
E) either

19- A) few
C) enough

15- A) barely
B) densely
C) constantly
D) randomly
E) hardly

20- A) then
B) during
C) by the time
D) whenever
E) whereas

E) with

B) about
D) to

B) many
D) both
E) much

TV ADDICTION

EXTREME SPORTS

The term "TV addiction" is imprecise and

loaded with value judgements, but it captures
the essence of a very real phenomenon. All
people (21) ...... suffer from substance
dependence have certain symptoms (22)
...... .They spend (23) ...... of time using the
substance; they use it more often than they
intend to; they often think about reducing
their use and even make repeated (but
generally unsuccessful) efforts to do so; they
(24) ...... important social, family or
occupational activities (25) ...... using the
substance; and they report withdrawal
symptoms when they actually stop using.
Studies have shown that all of these
characteristics apply also to so-called "TV
addicts".

"Extreme sports", also known (26) ......

action sports, is a general term for a
collection of newer sports (27) ...... involve
adrenaline-inducing action. They often
feature a combination of speed, height,
danger and spectacular stunts. (28) ......
levels of danger vary greatly among the
different sports, there is always an element an "extreme" factor -that causes adrenaline
to flow. Some extreme sports, such as rockclimbing and ice-climbing, have been around
(29) ...... many decades. Another example is
surfing, which was originally invented
centuries (30) ...... by the native inhabitants
of Hawaii.

21- A) whom
C) who

26- A) by
C) with

E) what

B) which
D) whose

B) in
D) as
E) under

22- A) in common
B) at random
C) rather than
D) such as
E) similar to

27- A) where
C) how

B) what
D) who

23- A) a great deal

B) much
C) a little
D) several
E) a number

28- A) In spite of
B) However
C) Yet
D) Although
E) Since

24- A) come across

B) give up
C) put out
D) throw away
E) get down

29- A) in
C) for

25- A) in favour of
B) all at once
C) by means of
D) on the tip of
E) the same as

30- A) since
C) after

E) that

B) since
D) by
E) on

E) ago

B) while
D) before

TEST 3
THE STATE OF NATURE TODAY
TO BEAR WITNESS

THE GREENPEACE MISSION

In 1971, motivated by their vision of a green

and peaceful world, a small team of activists
set sail from Vancouver, Canada, in an old
fishing boat. These activists, the founders of
Greenpeace, believed that even (1) ......
individuals (2) ...... a difference. Their
mission was to "bear witness" to US
underground nuclear testing at Amchitka, a
tiny island (3) ...... the west coast of Alaska,
which is one of the world's most earthquakeprone regions. Amchitka was the last refuge
for 3000 endangered sea otters, and home to
bald eagles, peregrine falcons and other
wildlife. (4) ...... their old boat, the Phyllis
Cormack, was stopped before it got to
Amchitka, the journey sparked a flurry of
public interest. The US still detonated the
bomb, but the voice of reason had been
heard. Nuclear testing on Amchitka ended
that (5) ...... year, and the island was later
declared a bird sanctuary. "Source:
Greenpeace (http://www.greenpeace.org)"

Greenpeace's tradition of "bearing witness" in

a non-violent manner continues today, and
their ships are an important part of (6) ......
their campaign work. They exist to expose
crimes against the environment, and to
challenge government and corporations when
they fail to (7) ...... their duty to safeguard
our environment and our future. In
performing their mission, Greenpeace has no
permanent allies or enemies. They promote
open, informed debate about society's
environmental choices, and use research,
lobbying and quiet diplomacy to (8) ......
their goals, (9) ...... high-profile, non-violent
conflict to raise the level and quality of public
debate. Greenpeace speaks for 2.8 million
supporters worldwide, and encourages many
millions more than that to take action every
day. One of the longest banners they've
made (10) ...... sums up their viewpoint:
"When the last tree is cut, the last river
poisoned, and the last fish dead, we will
discover that we can't eat money." "Source:
Greenpeace (http://www.greenpeace.org)"

1- A) every
C) a few

B) a lot
D) a little
E) many

2- A) will make
B) would rather make
C) are making
D) must have made
E) could make
3- A) about
C) off

B) between
D) in
E) through

4- A) Accordingly
B) Although
C) Whenever
D) In spite of
E) So long as
5- A) over
C) any

B) similar
D) same
E) once

6- A) much
C) many of

B) some
D) all
E) enough of

7- A) come up with
B) try out for
C) think back on
D) go along to
E) live up to
8- A) abolish
C) pursue

B) incite
D) inspire
E) persuade

9- A) not only
B) owing to
C) no matter
D) as well as
E) in spite of
10- A) never
C) as

B) rather
D) like
E) so far

AN ENVIRONMENTAL TRAGEDY

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

For more than a century, people have relied

on fossil fuels such as oil, coal and gas for
their energy needs. Now, worldwide, both
people and the environment (11) ...... the
disastrous consequences of this. Global
warming, caused by burning fossil fuels, is
(12) ...... environmental problem we face
today. People are changing the climate that
made life on earth possible and the results
are catastrophic - extreme weather
conditions causing droughts and floods; a
disruption of water supplies; the melting
polar regions and the consequent rising sea
levels; the loss of coral reefs; and many
more. Scientists and governments worldwide
have agreed on the latest evidence of
human-induced climate change, its impacts
and predictions of (13) ...... is to come. It is
not (14) ...... to slow global warming and
(15) ...... the climatic catastrophe that
scientists predict, and in fact the solutions
already exist: renewable energy sources,
such as wind and solar power, offer abundant
clean energy that is safe for the environment
and good for the economy
"Source: Greenpeace (httpj/www,
greenpeace. org)"

(16) ...... burning fossil fuels, humans pump

billions of tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) and
other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
These gases create a "greenhouse effect",
thickening the natural canopy of gases in the
atmosphere and causing more heat to
become trapped on the Earth's surface. (17)
......, the global temperature is increasing,
throwing the world's climate out of its natural
balance into chaos. The main source of these
human-produced greenhouse gases is the
burning of large amounts of fossil fuels for
energy production and transport. Changes in
land use and deforestation also release more
CO2 into the environment. Trees, (18) ......
are natural "carbon sinks", absorbing CO2,
and when they are destroyed, CO2 is
released back into the atmosphere. Although
many greenhouse gases occur naturally, the
rate (19) ...... humans are adding them to
the atmosphere is far from natural. It is
estimated that concentrations of CO2 are 30
percent higher than before the industrial
revolution, when the large-scale burning of
fossil fuels (20) ...... .
"Source: Greenpeace (ht tp://www.
greenpeace. org)"

11- A) are experiencing

B) experience
C) have experienced
D) has been experiencing
E) experienced

16- A) Since
C) By

12- A) badly
B) the worst
C) the bad
D) bad
E) worse

17- A) As a result
B) So that
C) Despite this
D) Because
E) On the contrary

13- A) how
C) that

B) which
D) what
E) where

18- A) on average
B) at least
C) for example
D) for short
E) for once

14- A) later
C) so late

B) too late
D) as late as
E) such a late

19- A) for what

B) such as
C) when
D) in that
E) at which

15- A) avoid
C) dub

B) utilize
D) induce
E) hasten

20- A) started
B) has started
C) would be starting
D) is starting
E) will have started

E) With

B) Except
D) About

HOPE FOR THE FUTURE?

GREEN TECHNOLOGY

The latest report from the International Panel

on Climate Change (IPCC) says that
hundreds of technologies are (21) ......
available, (22) ...... very low cost, that can
reduce climate-damaging emissions, and that
government policies need to remove the
barriers to using these technologies.
Implementing these methods will not require
humans to make sacrifices or otherwise
hinder their quality of life. (23) ...... it will
enable people to usher in a new era of energy
(24) ...... will bring economic growth, new
jobs, technological innovation and, most
importantly, environmental protection.
However, for green solutions to global
warming to find a foothold in the market,
governments and corporations need to lead
the shift (25) ...... polluting technologies. At
present, fossil fuel industries are provided
with billions of dollars of government support
so that dirty energy is able to stay cheap.
This means that while polluting industries are
allowed to pollute for free, clean technologies
are left under-funded. "Source: Greenpeace
(http://www.greenpeace.org)"

Wind power is already a significant source of

energy in many parts of the world. It can
supply 10 percent of the world's electricity
(26) ...... two decades from now. Over the
past years, solar power (27) ...... globally by
33 percent annually. Greenpeace and
industrial research show that with some
government support, the solar power
industry could supply electricity to over 2
billion people globally in the next 20 years,
and by 2040, solar panels (28) ...... to a
capacity large enough to supply nearly 25
percent of the global electricity demand. A
report conducted by global financial analysts
KPMG shows that a solar power plant could
become cost-competitive with traditional
fossil fuels (29) ...... the production of solar
panels was increased to 500 megawatts a
year. (30) ...... renewable power plant could
have the same costs and provide the same
jobs as a coal-fired plant, but with significant
environmental advantages. "Source:
Greenpeace (http://www.greenpeace.org)"

21- A) rather
C) many

26- A) beyond
C) towards

B) already
D) any more
E) even

22- A) at
C) to

B) over
D) upon
E) around

B) throughout
D) within
E) between

27- A) grew
B) was growing
C) grows
D) will have been growing
E) has been growing

23- A) Despite
B) Even so
C) Accordingly
D) Instead
E) Though

28- A) has increased

B) must have increased
C) is increasing
D) increased
E) may have increased

24- A) when
C) that

29- A) until
C) if

B) when
D) ever since
E) therefore

30- A) So
C) Such a

B) Like
D) Many
E) Which

B) whose
D) what
E) who

25- A) into
B) away from
C) seeing as
D) than
E) towards

TEST 4
THE WORLD OF BIRDS
THE MOCKINGBIRD

THE SECRETARY BIRD

Of all North American birds, by far the most

famed (1) ...... its vocal imitations is the
mockingbird. (2) ...... its own cheerful song,
the common mockingbird's repertoire (3)
...... to include the songs of 39 other species
of birds, 50 different call notes, the cackling
of a hen, and the barking of a dog.The
mockingbird is the (4) ...... of a robin- about
27 centimetres long with a wingspan of about
36 centimetres. It is coloured ashen gray
above, paler below, with conspicuous white
wing patches. The long, rounded tail is edged
with white. Mockingbirds feed on insects primarily grasshoppers and beetles - as well
as on seeds and berries. They are active,
aggressive and inquisitive. In the vigorous
defense of their young, they will attack dogs,
cats or (5) ...... humans.

The only bird of prey that lives and hunts

primarily on the ground is the secretary bird.
It is best known as a killer of snakes. In its
native home in the dry uplands of Africa, it is
sometimes kept around farms to catch
snakes, rodents, reptiles and large insects.
The secretary bird hunts on foot and kills its
prey (6) ...... kicking, stamping or flailing it
against the ground. The bird is very (7) .......
moving around quickly and easily, and with
its long legs it can deliver blows from a safe
distance. If its victim does not succumb, the
bird may snatch the animal, take flight and
drop the victim from aloft. In most African
nations, the birds (8) ...... legally.
The secretary bird is (9) ...... named because
the tuft of stiff feathers that projects from the
back of its head and neck makes it look (10)
...... an old-time secretary with a bunch of
quill pens stuck behind an ear.

1- A) for
C) around

B) to
D) against
E) with

6- A) over
C) about

B) by
D) towards
E) at

2- A) Otherwise
B) As though
C) Whereas
D) Despite
E) Besides

7- A) shy
C) agile

3- A) knows
B) will be known
C) has been known D) knew
E) was being known

8- A) protect
B) had been protected
C) are protecting
D) are protected
E) have been protecting

4- A) size
C) fit

9- A) as
C) just

B) so
D) how
E) what

10- A) like
C) through

B) about
D) as
E) forward

5- A) yet
C) ever

B) arrangement
D) measure
E) enemy

E) still

B) even
D) rather

B) clumsy
D) idle
E) crude

THE FRIGATE BIRD

THE LYREBIRD

The "man-of-war bird," (11) ...... the frigate

bird is sometimes called, (12) ...... a
feathered airplane. Seemingly without effort
it floats high in the air for hours (13) .......
altering its course by movements so slight as
to be almost invisible. There are five species
in this unusual family. All are tropical. The
largest occurs in (14) ...... hemispheres,
mainly north of the equator, and has been
seen on rare occasions as far north as Nova
Scotia. Other species appear in the Central
Pacific and Indian Oceans. The frigate bird
has a long, stout, hooked bill. The tail is
extremely long and deeply forked. The birds'
bones are of a structure that makes their
bodies (15) ...... than that of any other bird
of equal wing size. When spread, the long
narrow wings measure 3 metres from tip to
tip. The bird has very small legs, however,
and so it is almost helpless on land.

A bird (16) ...... tail has brought it fame is

the lyrebird of Australia. (17) ...... the 16
strange tail feathers of the male, this bird is
not (18) ...... being similar to other birds in
most respects. Both male and female are of
ordinary form, about the size of a hen, and of
a sooty brown colour with a few red
markings. The tail feathers are about 2 feet
long. When relaxed, they droop like a
peacock's train. When they are raised,
however, they take the shape of a lyre. The
tail does not fully attain (19) ......
characteristic shape (20) ...... the bird is
about 4 years old. It is shed in the fall and
renewed in spring.

11- A) like
C) as

16- A) whose
C) what

B) so
D) such
E) when

E) that

B) which
D) how

12- A) replaces
B) reacts
C) remains
D) recites
E) resembles

17- A) In addition to B) Except for

C) By means of
D) Along with
E) In case of

13- A) by the time B) in time

C) out of time D) on time
E) at a time

18- A) common
B) gorgeous
C) evolved
D) unusual
E) native

14- A) all
C) neither

19- A) its
C) it

B) their
D) itself
E) theirs

20- A) during
C) until

B) after
D) by the time
E) since

B) both
D) many
E) either

15- A) more lightly

B) as light
C) light
D) lighter
E) lightly

THE HUMMINGBIRD

THE STORK

The Portuguese call it beija-flor, meaning

"kiss-flower". The Aztecs decorated their
emperors' ceremonial cloaks with its feathers.
The dazzling hummingbird (21) ......
captures people's fancy. A hummingbird can
hover in the air (22) ...... special flight
muscles that allow it to beat its wings 38 to
78 times per second, and it is the only bird
that can fly backward. The smallest
hummingbirds can attain wing-beat
frequencies of 200 per second (23) ......
courtship flights, when the males (24) ......
their brilliant feathers. The female builds a
cup-shaped nest from moss, seed down and
spider webs. She alone incubates the tiny
eggs, of which there are usually only two,
and raises the young (25) ...... .

In some parts of Europe the white stork (26)

...... to bring (27) ...... good luck ...... people
fix platforms and baskets to their rooftops in
order to (28) ...... the birds to nest there.
When a child is born, some people say that
the parents have had a "visit from the stork".
It is largely because of these myths that
storks (29) ...... from destruction up to now.
Storks are large, long-legged birds that (30)
...... in height from about 0.6 metres to more
than 1.5 metres. Their pointed bills are long
and heavy, and all or part of their head and
neck may be bare of feathers and brightly
coloured. They fly, alternately flapping and
soaring, with legs trailing and necks
outstretched.

21- A) since
C) as

26- A) was being believed

B) believes
C) had been believed
D) believed
E) is believed

E) still

B) so
D) such

22- A) in order that

B) with the help of
C) in spite of
D) much the same
E) as a consequence

27- A) more...than
B) so...that
C) such...that
D)as...as
E) as much... .as

23- A) during
C) when

28- A) restrict
C) suspect

B) while
D) since
E) despite

B) encourage
D) perceive
E) consult

24- A) show off

B) allow for
C) pull apart
D) act upon
E) set against

29- A) have been saved

B) are saving
C) have been saving
D) will have saved
E) are being saved

25- A) themselves
B) hers
C) its own
D) on her own
E) theirs

30- A) distinguish
B) alter
C) happen
D) derive
E) range

TEST 5
"WHOOPS! LOOK WHAT I'VE INVENTED!": CHANCE INVENTIONS
CHEWING GUM

POTATO CHIPS

People have enjoyed chewing gum-like

substances, most of (1) ...... are made from
the thickened resin and latex from certain
kinds of trees, in many times and many
lands. Since very ancient times, the peoples
of Mexico have chewed chicle, a gumlike
substance (2) ...... from tropical American
trees such as the sapodilla. In 1845, after his
defeat by the Americans in Texas, the
Mexican general Santa Anna (3) ...... to New
York, and like many of his countrymen, he
chewed chicle. One day, he introduced it to
the inventor Thomas Adams, who began
experimenting with it (4) ...... a substitute
for rubber. Adams tried to make toys, masks
and rain boots out of chicle, but every
experiment failed. Sitting frustrated in his
workshop one afternoon, he popped a piece
of the surplus chicle into his mouth. As he
chewed, the idea suddenly hit him to add
flavouring to the chicle. Shortly, he opened
the world's first chewing gum factory. By the
early 1900s, with improved methods of
manufacturing, packaging and marketing,
modern chewing gum was well on
(5) ......way to the popularity which it still
enjoys.

George Crum was a Native American man

employed as a chef at Moon Lake Lodge, an
elegant resort in Saratoga Springs, New York.
Crum prepared French fried potatoes for the
resort's guests in the thick-cut French style
popular at the time. One evening in the
summer of 1853, a dinner guest found
Crum's French fries too thick for his liking
and sent them back; (6) ......, Crum cut and
fried a thinner batch, but these, (7) .......
were met with disapproval. Angrily, Crum
decided to annoy the guest by producing fries
too thin and crisp (8) ...... with a fork.
However, the plan backfired, as the guest
loved the browned, paper-thin potatoes, and
soon other diners began requesting (9) ......
was to become - under the name of Saratoga
chips - a house specialty. They remained a
local dish until the 1920s, when travelling
salesman Herman Lay popularized them by
peddling them to grocery stores from the
trunk of his car, building a business and a
name that would become synonymous (10)
...... the thin, salty snack.

1- A) them
C) that

B) what
D) which
E) whom

6- A) accordingly
B) besides
C) still
D) on the contrary
E) however

2- A) obtained
C) pasted

B) mixed
D) transmitted
E) spread

3- A) was being exiled B) exiled

C) was exiled
D) had to exile
E) had exiled
4- A) to
C) from

B) about
D) along

7- A) either
C) too

B) so
D) neither
E) well

8- A) to have eaten
B) eating
C) to be eaten
D) eaten
E) being eaten
9- A) which
C) that

E) how

B) what
D) when

E) as
5- A) it
C) their

E) itself

B) them
D) its

10- A) around
C) at

B) with
D) through
E) alongside

THE ZIPPER
THE ICE CREAM CONE

The invention of the zipper occurred

(11) ...... a man's stiff back: Whitcomb L.
Judson, who loved machines and
experimented with many different kinds of
gadgets, had a friend who could not (12)
...... his shoes. Judson thought of helping his
friend by attaching slide fasteners that could
be opened or closed with one hand to the
man's shoes. This was a completely new
idea, and in a few weeks Judson had a
working model. On August 29, 1893, he
patented his new "hookless fastener". These
early zip fasteners (13) ...... in the apparel
industry by 1905, but they weren't
considered practical (14) ...... after an
improved version had been developed by
Gideon Sundback, a Swedish scientist
working in the United States. When the B.
Goodrich Company decided to market
galoshes with hookless fasteners, the product
became popular. These new galoshes (15)
...... with a single zip of the hand, and soon
hookless fasteners came to be called
"zippers". By the 1920s, zippers had come
into widespread use in clothing and luggage,
and had many other applications as well.

The invention of the ice cream cone (16)

....... quite by chance, in the summer of 1904
at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St.
Louis, Missouri. Charles Menches was an icecream seller working at the fair who sold his
ice cream in dishes (17) ...... every other
ice-cream man did. In August, when the fair
was at its height, the heat became
intolerable, and one day disaster struck Mr.
Menches. There were (18) ...... hot and
thirsty fairgoers wanting ice cream ...... he
ran out of dishes. And it wasn't even noon.
He had more than half a day of business
ahead of him and not a single dish to serve
his ice cream on. What did Menches do? He
looked around him and thought fast. (19)
...... was a stand where his friend, Ernest
Hamwi, who was from Syria, was selling a
Middle Eastern treat called zalabia. Zalabia
consists of a crisp, wafer-like pastry and is
sold with syrup. "Give (20) ...... Zalabia!"
cried Menches. He rolled up the zalabia,
scooped his ice cream on top, and at that
moment, ice cream cones were born.

11- A) consequently B) in order that

C) in contrast
D) instead of
E) as a result of

16- A) went under

B) came about
C) passed out
D) got on
E) took off

12- A) do up
C) take in

17- A) as
C) than

B) go with
D) put off
E) try out

E) such

B) so
D) like

13- A) would have used

B) have been used
C) were using
D) were being used
E) had used

18- A) more...than
B) so many...that
C) so much...that D) as many...as
E) such...as

14- A) until
C) while

19- A) Close
C) Above

B) Around
D) Nearby
E) Along

20- A) yourself
C) itself

B) it
D) me
E) mine

E) then

B) when
D) since

15- A) have been fastened

B) could be fastened
C) had been fastened
D) should have been fastened
E) have to be fastened

THE FRISBEE

THE YO-YO

In the 1870s, a Connecticut baker named

William Russel Frisbee (21) ...... a clever
marketing idea: he put the family name in
relief on the bottom of the light tin pans (22)
...... his company's homemade pies were
sold. Because the pans were reusable, every
time a housewife started to bake her own pie
in one, she would see the name Frisbee and,
it was hoped, would think, "How much (23)
...... it would be just to buy one!" Eventually
Mr. Frisbee's pies were sold (24) ...... most
of Connecticut. It was at Yale University in
this same state that, sometime in the 1940s,
students began throwing the pie tins through
the air and catching them. A decade later,
out in California, a UFO enthusiast named
Walter Frederick Morrison designed a saucerlike disk for playing catch. It was produced
by a company named Wham-O. On a
promotional tour of college campuses, the
president of Wham-O encountered the pieplate-tossing craze at Yale. And so the flying
saucer from California was renamed
(25) ...... the pie plate from Connecticut.

The modern story of the yo-yo starts with a

young gentleman from the Philippines named
Pedro Flores, who moved to the USA in the
1920s and began working as a bellhop at a
hotel in Santa Monica, California. Carving and
playing with wooden objects similar to the
future yo-yo was a traditional pastime in the
Philippines, but Pedro found that his lunch
break playing drew a/an (26) ...... crowd to
the hotel. While playing, he would shout out
"Yo! Yo!" - meaning "Come! Come!" in the
Pilipino language - (27) ...... attract even
more people. He eventually started a
company, the Flores Yo-Yo Company, to
make the toys. Donald F. Duncan, an
entrepreneur, first encountered the yo-yo
(28) ...... a business trip to California in
1928, and returned a year later to buy the
company from Flores, thus acquiring
(29) ...... a unique toy ....... the magic name
"yo-yo". In the 1950s, Duncan introduced the
first plastic yoyos and in 1962, (30) ...... yoyo boom in history hit the nation thanks to
the innovative use of TV advertising.

21- A) broke away from

B) fell back on
C) came up with
D) looked down on
E) gave up on

26- A) exhausted
B) indifferent
C) fascinated
D) unamused
E) battered

22- A) for what

B) by whom
C) in which
D) at what
E) with whose

27- A) in order to
B) so that
C) because of
D) while
E) due to

23- A) easier
C) easily

B) easy
D) easiest
E) too easy

28- A) when
C) since

24- A) outside
C) with

B) throughout
D) at
E) alongside

29- A) whether...or
B) either...or
C) neither...nor
D) such...that
E) not only...but also

25- A) on
C) in

E) after

B) to
D) about

B) during
D) while
E) unless

30- A) the biggest

B) as big as
C) so big
D) bigger than
E) big enough

TEST 6
THE CONTENT OF THEIR CHARACTER": LEGENDARY BLACK AMERICAN SPORTS HEROES
JACKIE ROBINSON
"A life is not important except in the impact it
has on other lives," reads the tombstone of
Jackie Robinson, the first Black athlete (1)
...... in baseball's major leagues in the 20th
century. By breaking the color barrier in
1947, Robinson made great strides (2) ......
for black athletes ...... for all concerned with
racial justice. When Jackie, who had in high
school excelled at (3) ...... sport he played,
began playing baseball professionally, he had
to play with the Negro Leagues because the
major leagues were closed to Black players
(4) ....... Branch Rickey, president of the
Brooklyn Dodgers team, thought that this
was wrong, and wanted to find someone who
could successfully integrate the sport. He met
with Jackie and, impressed by both his skill
and his courage, put him on the field with the
Dodgers in April 1947. The chief problem
Jackie had to overcome was controlling his
fiery temper in the face of continual racial
slurs from the crowds and the other
ballplayers, including some of (5) ......
teammates. Jackie never broke his promise
to Rickey to remain silent, even though
pitchers sometimes deliberately threw the
ball at him, hotels often would not
accommodate him, and he and his family
received death threats. Instead, he let his
playing speak for him, and went on to have a
fantastic first season and, in the end, a Hall
of Fame career.
1- A) playing
B) played
C) being played
D) to play
E) play
2- A) not only...but also
B) either...or
C) so much...that
D) such...that
E) neither...nor
3- A) all
C) both

B) many
D) every
E) some

4- A) in time
B) at the time
C) over time
D) at times
E) out of time
5- A) them
C) him

B) his own
D) himself

E) theirs
ARTHUR ASHE
With a win in the men's singles event at the
US Open tennis championship in 1968, Arthur
Ashe became the first Black American to win
a Grand Slam, one of the four major tennis
tournaments. Five years earlier, in 1963, he
had broken the color barrier in tennis when
he became the first Black man selected to
(6) ...... the United States as a member of
the Davis Cup team. In his career, he used
his grace and power to stun opponents, and
racked up a total of 33 professional
tournament titles before his retirement in
1980. Ashe was much more than (7) ...... a
tennis player, though: he was also an
eloquent spokesman who worked to effect
social change both on and off the tennis
court, using the wealth he amassed from
tennis to champion and support (8) ......
causes ...... the antiapartheid movement in
South Africa, the plight of inner-city children
and Haitian refugees in the United States,
and the education of people about AIDS.
Sadly, AIDS was (9) ...... claimed his life in
the end: he (10) ...... the disease during
double bypass heart surgery in 1983, and he
died on 6 February 1993, in New York City.

6- A) rejoice
B) renovate
C) represent
D) remove
E) recover
7- A) not only
C) barely

E) just

B) such
D) also

8- A) either...or
B) neither...nor
C) so...that
D) as much...as
E) such...as
9- A) that
C) why

B) what
D) how
E) when

10- A) had contracted

B) was contracted
C) was contracting

D) had been contracted

E) has contracted
MUHAMMAD ALI

TOMMIE SMITH AND JOHN CARLOS

"Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee." This

is how Muhammad Ali, one of the greatest
boxers in history, described his fighting style.
Nearly as famous (11) ...... his poetic way
with words as his spectacular abilities, Ali was
born with the name Cassius Clay in Louisville,
Kentucky. He first gained the heavyweight
championship belt in 1964 with a surprise
victory (12) ...... then-champion Sonny
Liston. Around the same time, he became
known for other reasons (13) ......: he joined
the Nation of Islam and adopted the name
(14) ...... he is now remembered, and he
also refused to serve in the American army
during the Vietnam War. For this action he
was stripped of his championship belt,
banned from boxing and sentenced to five
years in prison. When he was finally allowed
to fight again, he soon managed to regain the
championship belt, and he would go on to win
the belt twice more before finally (15) ......
in 1981. After his retirement, he continued as
a hero to millions around the world: in 1985,
he was asked to negotiate for the release of
kidnapped Americans in Lebanon, and he also
lit the Olympic flame at the 1996 Summer
Olympics in Atlanta, USA.

Few people may remember the names Tommie

Smith and John Carlos, yet (16) ...... they did
during the medal award ceremony for the 200meter race in the 1968 Summer Olympics in
Mexico City will never be forgotten. As the flag
rose up the pole and the American national anthem
began, Smith and Carlos closed their eyes, bowed
their heads and raised one black-gloved fist (17)
......- a symbol of the Black Power movement.
The two athletes were protesting the failure of
the United States government to do anything to
truly eliminate the injustices Black Americans
were facing. Smith later told the media that his
right, black-gloved fist represented Black power
in America, while Carlos' left fist represented
Black unity: together they formed an arch of
unity and power. The black scarf around Smith's
neck stood for Black pride and their black socks
(they wore (18) ...... shoes) represented Black
poverty in racist America. For their actions, the
men were rewarded by being stripped of their
medals, forced to leave Mexico and banned from
ever again participating in the Olympics. In the
end, (19) ......, the event turned out to be
(20) ...... one of the most memorable events in
Olympic history ...... a milestone in America's
civil rights movement.

11- A) for
C) with

16- A) that
C) when

B) how
D) which
E) what

17- A) each
C) some

B) all
D) none
E) either

13- A) despite
B) as well
C) therefore
D) in addition
E) although

18- A) all
C) some

B) no
D) either
E) none

14- A) to whom
B) for whose
C) about what
D) by which
E) the fact that

19- A) though
C) despite

B) hence
D) although
E) moreover

15- A) to be retired
B) to retire
C) retiring
D) retired
E) retire

20- A) so...that
B) either...or
C) such...that
D) both...and
E) neither...nor

B) in
D) about
E) to

12- A) around
C) over

B) by
D) for
E) towards

BOB BEAMON
The fact that Tommie Smith, in winning the
200-meter race in 1968, had set a world
record is now largely forgotten as a result of
the medal ceremony protest, but not (21)
...... with the record of another American
athlete -Bob Beamon; who specialized in the
long jump. Beamon had considered taking
part in Smith and Carlos's Black Power
protest, but eventually (22) ...... doing
something just (23) ...... memorable. Prior
to Beamon's long jump in Mexico City in
1968, the world record in that event (24)
...... 13 times since 1901, with an average
increase of 0.06 meters and the longest
increase being 0.15 meters. As Beamon
prepared, the world record stood at 8.35
meters - and then he jumped 8.90 meters,
shattering the record by 0.55 meters. (25)
...... the defending Olympic champion, Lynn
Davies of England, told Beamon, "You have
destroyed this event," and in track and field
jargon a new adjective - "Beamonesque" came into use to describe spectacular feats.
Beamon's record wasn't broken until 1991,
twenty-three years later, when Mike Powell
jumped 8.95 meters at the Track and Field
World Championships in Tokyo.
21- A) like
C) what

B) so
D) such
E) though

22- A) cut into

B) put off
C) broke in
D) went down
E) ended up

23- A) such
C) much

B) when
D) like
E) as

24- A) had been broken

B) broke
C) had broke
D) was being broken
E) was breaking

25- A) After

B) While

C) By the time
D) Afterwards
E) When
MICHAEL JORDAN
When we think of basketball legend Michael
Jordan, we think of a man soaring through
the air, his tongue hanging from his mouth in
concentration as he defies gravity to score
two (26) ...... points for the Chicago Bulls.
His face is known throughout the world, from
Baltimore to Bangladesh, and the image of
him leaping upwards, basketball in hand, was
long used as a symbol for the Nike company.
He played college ball at the University of
North Carolina, (27) ...... in 1982 he won the
championship game with a last-second shot.
Professionally, he played for the Bulls for
thirteen seasons and won numerous honors,
not to mention six NBA championships.
Though he was unstoppable on the court, he
was not immune to tragedy (28) ...... it: in
August 1993, his father, James Jordan, was
murdered. (29) ...... returning from the
funeral of a friend, he had decided to pull
over onto the side of the road to take a nap.
As he slept, two local criminals pulled up,
killed him, and stole his car - the car which
Michael had recently bought him as a gift.
The men were soon caught, but Michael
-understandably traumatized by the incident
- retired soon after. However, (30) ...... a
year
he was back on the court, dominating the
game as he had always done.
26- A) much
C) so

B) most
D) more
E) same

27- A) that
C) why

B) which
D) what
E) where

28- A) off
C) in

B) from
D) with
E) upon

29- A) Upon
C) So that

B) As well as
D) While
E) During

30- A) over

B) within

C) through
D) at
E) about

TEST 7
"SO, WHAT SHALL WE GO SEE TONIGHT?": FILM GENRES
"I GOT MY HONOR AND I GOT MY GUN":
THE WESTERN
The prototypical film genre, the Western is
devoted to telling romanticized tales of the
American West. The fundamental plots of
Westerns are simple. Life is reduced to its
elements: no computers, no cellphones, no
cars, no electricity; in fact, no twenty-first
century technology and (1) ...... no "modern
life." The high technology of the era - such as
the telegraph, the printing press and the
railroad - does sometimes appear, but
primarily in order to symbolize the fact that
this idealized frontier lifestyle is transitory,
soon to give way to "civilization", (2) ......
advent is generally portrayed as regrettable.
Using the simple elements (3) ...... above,
the Western tells a simple morality tale set
(4) ...... the spectacular scenery of the
American West. The Western portrays a
society in which individuals have no social
order (5) ...... the family or the town, or
sometimes just themselves, and hence - in
order to survive- they must live by a certain
self-imposed code of honor, which is
sometimes violent and sometimes generous,
but always individually chosen.
1- A) in order for
B) so that
C) therefore
D) because
E) however

2- A) that
C) who

B) where
D) whose
E) when

E) such a large
"GODFATHERS AND GOONS": CRIME AND
GANGSTER FILMS
Crime and gangster films are developed
around the actions of such people as bank
robbers, Mafia men and ruthless gangsters,
(6) ...... of them stealing and murdering
their way through life. Films in this genre
often highlight the life and career of a crime
figure, detailing his rise and fall through his
power struggles and conflicts with law-andorder figures or rival gangs. (7) ...... films
tend to be set in large, crowded cities and
provide a window onto the secret world of the
criminal. The gangsters (8) ...... are usually
materialistic, street-smart, violent and selfdestructive. They rise to power in a tough
cruel manner, showing an ambitious desire
for success and recognition, but underneath
they can also express sensitivity and
gentleness. (9) ...... Westerns, gangster
films are basically morality tales: they are
success stories turned upside-down, with the
criminals living in a dream world of their own,
destined for eventual failure and inevitable
death. (10) ...... as the stories are told from
their point of view, they usually end up being
seen as sympathetic characters.
6- A) all
C) either

B) every
D) both
E) much

7- A) Like
C) As

B) Such
D) So
E) Just

3- A) recommended
B) scheduled
C) ordered
D) proposed
E) outlined

4- A) out of
C) towards

B) amidst
D) along
E) about

8- A) them
C) theirs

B) they
D) their
E) themselves

9- A) Such
C) So

B) As
D) Such as
E) Like

5- A) so large that
C) larger than

B) the largest
D) large enough

10- A) For fear that

B) Because
C) Nonetheless
D) Despite the fact
E) As well

15- A) what else

B) for which
C) from whom
D) wherever
E) anything

"GOOD GUYS AND BAD GUYS": ACTION

FILMS

"LET'S GO SOLVE US A CRIME, PAL":

"BUDDY COP" FILMS

Action movies usually (11) ...... a fairly

straightforward story of good guys versus
bad guys in which most disputes are resolved
by using physical force. The basic plot of an
action movie is usually so simple that the
whole movie (12) ...... in a simple sentence.
(e.g., "A scientist brings dinosaurs back to
life only to find them trying to dominate the
Earth, again," for the film Jurassic Park.)
(13) ...... exactly the good guys are differs
from film to film, but in Hollywood films they
are usually patriotic and rather conservative
Americans, (14) ...... the bad guys are
usually either criminals or agents of foreign
powers. In the 1980s and before, the bad
guys were very often Communists, Since the
fall of Communism, Communists are no
longer the villains, and so the focus has
turned to America's newest scapegoats: drug
lords and Middle Eastern terrorists. Action
movies also tend to have a single heroic
protagonist and often portray institutions
such as the military or police as limited by
rules and regulations (15) ...... the
protagonist has no regard.

The so-called "Buddy Cop" genre of films are

action films (16) ...... plots involving two
men of very different and conflicting
personalities who are forced to work together
(17) ...... a crime and/or defeat criminals.
Many consider the 1982 film 48 Hours,
starring Eddie Murphy and Nick Nolte, to
have started the genre. In that film, a white
cop teams up with a black convict to try to
catch a murderer. Frequently, the two heroes
in Buddy Cop films are of different ethnicities
or cultures. (18) ...... the two men do have a
similar ethnic background, one of them is
often "yvilder" than the other: a hottempered rebel paired with a more eventempered partner. Another frequent plot
device of this genre is to have one of the men
be removed from his natural element, usually
by being forced to operate in a different
country. When this is done, the other man
acts as a guide to the unfamiliar (19) ..... .As
evidenced by 48 Hours, a Buddy Cop film
(20) ...... always involve two policemen.
Films that do not specifically involve two
cops, but otherwise have many of the
characteristics of a Buddy Cop film, are
sometimes considered to be members of an
even larger genre of "Buddy" films.

11- A) infect
C) capture

B) reduce
D) involve
E) consume

12- A) can be summarized

B) was being summarized
C) has been summarizing
D) is summarizing
E) should have summarized

13- A) When
C) Why

B) Who
D) That

16- A) for
C) into

B) from
D) with
E) among

17- A) solving
C) to solve

B) to be solved
D) solved
E) having solved

18- A) That
B) If only
C) Whether
D) Even if
E) However

E) How

14- A) yet
B) whereas
C) as though
D) despite
E) in order that

19- A) another
C) one

B) such
D) them
E) someone

20- A) needn't

B) can't

C) ought not to
D) could not
E) doesn't need
"CHICK FLICKS": ROMANTIC COMEDIES

E) either

"ZOMBIES, THE SUPERNATURAL, AND

OCEANS OF BLOOD": HORROR FILMS

The basic plot of a romantic comedy, which

can be considered as a sub-genre of comedy
films (21) ...... as of romance films, is that
two people meet each other, but do not
become romantically involved (22) ......
some internal factor (e.g., on the surface
they do not like each other) or an external
barrier (e.g., one is romantically involved
with another person). At some point, after
various comic scenes, they are parted for
some reason. One partner then realizes that
they are perfect for each other, and
eventually they meet again, often after some
spectacular effort and/or an incredible
coincidence. They then proceed to declare
undying love for each other, and finally
disappear off into the sunset together. Of
course, there are innumerable variations on
this basic plotline, and it is not (23) ......
essential for the two lead characters to end
up in (24) ...... arms. The basic format of a
romantic comedy predates the cinema by
centuries. For instance, (25) ...... of William
Shakespeare's plays, such as Much Ado
About Nothing, fall squarely within the
bounds of the romantic comedy.

In the late 1960s and 1970s, a public

fascination with the supernatural was fed by
serious, often bloody horror movies. Roman
Polanski's Rosemary's Baby (1968) was a
critical and popular success and (26) ......
the groundwork for the important horror film
The Exorcist (1973). These films had
production values equal to those of (27) ......
serious film of the time. Similar to these was
George Romero's groundbreaking 1968 film,
Night of the Living Dead, which introduced
the modern zombie drama. (28) ...... later,
in 1978, the slasher genre was created with
John Carpenter's excellent shocker film
Halloween, which introduced the teensthreatened-by-superhuman-evil theme, with
its imitators in the 1980s becoming
increasingly bloody and poorly made.
Following this, in the 1990s - with (29) ......
left to go in the realm of explicit violence
-horror films turned to self-mocking irony and
outright parody, as exemplified by Wes
Craven's Scream, (30) ...... menaced teens
often make reference to horror film history
and mix ironic humor with the shocks.

21- A) the same

C) that

26- A) lay
C) lied

B) laid
D) led
E) leaned

22- A) accordingly
B) however
C) because of
D) in spite of
E) so that

27- A) any
C) some

B) several
D) all
E) many

23- A) how
C) even

28- A) Too much

B) Whenever
C) So many
D) Somewhat
E) Quite

B) also
D) similar
E) as well

B) what
D) already
E) any

24- A) one another

B) their own
C) themselves
D) their
E) each other's

29- A) anything
B) wherever
C) nowhere
D) someone
E) whomever

25- A) one
C) much

30- A) whose
C) what

B) every
D) many

B) which
D) that

E) whom

TEST 8
PERIODS AND ATTITUDES IN LIFE AND ART
MEDIEVAL LIFE
Two main social systems seem to have
dominated Western Europe during the Middle
Ages: the Catholic Church, and the feudal
system. (1) ...... of these were structured
with an extreme hierarchy and rigidity which
eventually ended up commanding many
aspects of the lives of the individuals
associated (2) ...... them. Many historians
say that the spirit and work of the Catholic
Church were the great civilizing influences of
medieval times, and it could be said that its
promise of paradise for the faithful offered
hope to millions. Of course, as nine-tenths of
the population were serfs (3) ...... a
miserable life under the iron boot of the
feudal system, most of the population needed
such hope. The feudal system required the
serfs -who were bound to their lord's land to give about half of their labour and produce
to their lord. Luckily, there were many
holidays, or holy days, (4) ...... they at least
had a chance to enjoy themselves (5) ......
by listening to minstrels, dancing, and
participating in various games and sports.

1- A) Both
C) Some

B) Every
D) All
E) Many

2- A) between
C) with

B) to
D) along
E) from

3- A) lived
B) to live
C) to be living
D) living
E) be living

4- A) when
C) which

B) why
D) how
E) whom

5- A) rather
C) little

B) somewhat
D) quite
E) very

RENAISSANCE HUMANISM
Humanism (6) ...... the essence of the
Renaissance. The word "renaissance" is
French for "rebirth", and in a sense that is
exactly what the Renaissance was: a rebirth
of the ideas and ideals of the ancient Greeks
and Romans after the Middle Ages, (7) ......
Renaissance thinkers thought of as a time of
ignorance and mere superstition. The name
of the humanist movement derives (8) ......
the Roman statesman Cicero's use of the
word "humanity" to indicate the cultivation of
the human mind via a kind of broad
education in a variety of different subjects.
This type of education is still referred to as
"the humanities" even today. For the
Renaissance humanists, humanism meant
(9) ...... knowledge to open up new
possibilities for mankind. A major new
direction in which they explored was science,
and the investigations of (10) ...... men ......
Galileo, Copernicus and Newton paved the
way for an entirely new vision of the
universe.

6- A) focuses
C) differs

B) constitutes
D) undermines
E) convinces

7- A) what
C) when

B) whom
D) that
E) which

8- A) towards
C) from

E) for

B) about
D) over

9- A) having used
B) to be used
C) being used
D) using
E) to be using

10- A) both...and
B) so...that
C) too many...like D) any...for

E) such...as

E) so many...as

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

ROMANTICISM

Though the term "the Enlightenment" refers

specifically to an intellectual movement in
18th-century Europe, the effects of this
movement extend far (11) ...... that time
and place. (12) ...... out of Renaissance
Humanism, the Enlightenment's main goal
was to understand the natural world and
humanity's place in it solely on the basis a
reason and without turning to religious belief.
Although the movement was extremely wideranging, (13) ..... of its proponents had
several beliefs and values in common. Firstly,
they believed that religious dogma was
inferior to logic and rational philosophy, and
(14) ......, that the scientific method was the
best possible way for human beings to
understand (15) ...... the natural world ......
humanity itself. They also believed in the
dignity of the individual, and so claimed that
all individuals had certain rights.
Furthermore, they were confident that
science was necessarily a positive good for
humanity. Such ideals - which have not
always been lived up to - continue to inform
Western and Western-influenced societies
even today.

The Romantic movement was in many ways a

reaction (16) ...... the Enlightenment. There
is no universal agreement on exactly (17)
...... Romanticism was, but basic to it was
certainly a measure of distrust of the
Enlightenment's worship of reason and
science. Romanticism began during the first
stirrings of the Industrial Revolution, and
therefore, its proponents (18) ...... some of
the more harmful effects of science: the
exploitation of the individual worker and the
destruction of nature in the name of
"progress". Romantics therefore, in
opposition to this, developed a sort of cult of
nature and of the more irrational, creative
aspects of humanity. In the arts, it was
characterized by the use of more popular
aspects of culture - such as folk music and
everyday normal speech - . (19) ...... by a
stronger emphasis (20) ...... upon powerful
emotions, the imagination, and rebellions
against social conventions.

11- A) beyond
C) with

16- A) with
B) towards
C) alongside
D) through
E) against

B) among
D) about
E) between

12- A) To have developed

B) To be developing
C) Develop
D) Having developed
E) To be developed

13- A) little
C) both

B) any
D) all
E) none

17- A) where
C) why

B) when
D) which
E) what

18- A) were able to witness

B) had been witnessed
C) have witnessed
D) ought to witness
E) used to be witnessed

14- A) despite the fact B) because

C) therefore
D) however
E) on the contrary

19- A) subsequently B) as well as

C) because
D) however
E) consequently

15- A) neither...nor
B) not only...but also
C) so much...that D) either...or

20- A) having laid

B) laying
C) to be laying

D) being laid
E) to lay
REALISM AND NATURALISM

MODERNISM

Realism and its successor, naturalism, were

artistic movements that arose in late 19thcentury Europe as a reaction against
Romanticism, which in the course of (21)
...... later development had degenerated into
an obsession (22) ...... fantasy, mythology
and nationalism. Realist novels, (23) ......
tended to focus on ordinary people and
ordinary events. Some of the authors
considered to be reaiists include Balzac,
Flaubert and Tolstoy, who is perhaps (24)
...... realist novelist of them all. Naturalism
developed from realism at the very end of the
19th century, and - influenced by the theory
of evolution - claimed that the novel ought to
resemble a kind of fictional case study similar
to the nonfictional case studies of sociology.
Naturalist authors tend to depict human
beings as being at the mercy of social forces
(25) ...... their control. Zola is the most
famous naturalist author, but the movement
was widespread, and even made an
appearance in Turkey with Ahmet Mithat
Efendi's novel, Henz Onyedi Yanda.

Exactly (26) ...... the modernist period in art

and literature began is not entirely certain:
most critics claim it first emerged in the late
19th and early 20th centuries, but some have
stated that eaiiier 19th-century writers such
as French poet Charles Baudelaire and
Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoevsky are
entirely "modern". (27) ...... the
definition of the word "modern" is uncertain,
but generally speaking, any art or literature
known as "modernist" can be said (28) ......
certain elements (29) ....... First, modernist
works deal more freely with things that are
not beautiful or pleasant, such as ugliness
and violence, or previously taboo subjects,
such as sex and drugs. Also, modernist art
and literature are very technically
sophisticated as artists have discovered new
expressive techniques; such techniques,
however, often make great demands on the
audience. Hand-in-hand with this, the
meanings of modern art have also become
more complex (30) ...... be able to
appropriately express the greater
complexities of modern life.

21- A) them
C) its

B) there
D) itself
E) theirs

26- A) what
C) which

B) to
D) from
E) under

27- A) Quite
C) Even

22- A) with
C) for

B) why
D) when
E) that

B) Whereas
D) Just
E) Whether

23- A) by all means

B) in contrast
C) on no account D) over and over
E) at their leisure

28- A) to have
B) having
C) have had
D) have
E) to be having

24- A) much greater B) so great

C) as great
D) the greatest
E) too great

29- A) on average
B) at length
C) for short
D) at most
E) in common

25- A) towards
C) upon

30- A) instead of
B) in order to
C) in addition to D) nevertheless
E) owing to

B) beyond
D) along
E) between

TEST 9
SUBCULTURES
EXPATRIATES

BOHEMIANS

An expatriate - which is often (1) ...... to

"expat" - is someone who is either
temporarily or permanently residing in a
country or culture other than (2) ...... of
their upbringing and/or legal residence. The
term comes from a combination of the Latin
roots ex, (3) ...... "out of", and patria, or
"country",and is most commonly used in the
context of Westerners living in non-Western
countries. An expatriate is different from an
immigrant in that unlike immigrants, who
commit to becoming a part of their country of
residence, expatriates do no such thing, but
instead hold (4) ...... detached from the
"natives" (5) ...... they are living, choosing
instead to associate primarily or even
exclusively with fellow expatriates. Thus,
they generally remain ignorant of the local
language, and have a tendency to adopt a
rather patronizing attitude towards the local
culture.

In 19th-century France, the term "bohemian"

arose - owing to the mistaken French
perception that gypsies had originated in
Bohemia, a Czech province - (6) ......
describe a group of artists, writers, and
disenchanted people of all sorts who wished
to live a nontraditional lifestyle of the sort
that the French associated vaguely with the
gypsies. Thus, bohemians were seen as
outsiders (7) ...... apart from conventional
society and untroubled by its disapproval; as
possibly possessing very obscure knowledge;
and as being rather neglectful (8) ......
personal hygiene. With (9) ...... these
connotations, the term continues to be in use
today to define a certain variety of artistically
inclined intellectual. Bohemians have
traditionally been placed in opposition to the
bourgeois, though in fact many of the most
talented European and American artists and
writers over the last 150 years (10) ...... one
foot in "bohemia" and the other in the
bourgeois world.

1- A) justified
B) rationalized
C) abbreviated
D) extended
E) inscribed

2- A) that
C) which

B) what
D) those
E) their own

6- A) for
B) just as
C) in order to
D) in addition to
E) so that

7- A) lived
B) living
C) to be living
D) to live
E) having lived

3- A) having meant
B) to mean
C) being meant
D) meaning
E) to be meaning

8- A) at
C) under

4- A) it
C) their

9- A) all
C) most

B) themselves
D) them
E) itself

5- A) for what
C) by whom

B) to which
D) among whom
E) upon which

E) of

B) from
D) among

B) many
D) much
E) some

10- A) are having

B) have
C) have had
D) were having
E) had

HIPPIES

THE NEW AGE MOVEMENT

Hippies were members of the 1960s

counterculture movement (11) ...... adopted
a communal or nomadic lifestyle, renounced
capitalist nationalism and the Vietnam War,
embraced Eastern and Native American
religious culture, and were in general at odds
(12) ...... traditional middle-class Western
values. Although the hippie movement
exhibited a great deal of variety, most of its
adherents shared several things (13) ......:
they tended to have long and somewhat
unkempt hair; they wore brightly-coloured
clothes; they used drugs partly for recreation
and partly in the hope of spiritual
enlightenment; they listened to certain
varieties of music, especially (14) ...... which
might induce trance-like states; and they
often (15) ...... society and lived in
communes of like-minded people. The term
"hippie" was first used in 1965 to describe an
already large subculture centered in San
Francisco, but by 1970 the entire hippie
subculture had largely been swallowed up by
the mainstream.

The so-called "New Age" movement is very

difficult to define (16) ....... as it
encompasses a wide variety of different
beliefs and practices. To some extent, it can
be said (17) ...... out of one particular aspect
of the hippie subculture; namely, the hippies'
turn towards Eastern and Native American
religious culture. The movement is broadly
characterized by alternative approaches to
traditional Western culture, and is particularly
concerned (18) ...... differing varieties of
spiritual exploration, holistic medicine, and
mysticism. Some practitioners utilize a sort of
"do-it-yourself" approach, adopting from a
grab bag of sources whatever practices they
feel inclined to, whereas (19) ...... groups
have actually formulated coherent belief
systems resembling those of traditional
religion. They differ from their hippie
forebears in generally putting (20) ...... less
emphasis on drug use and in living more
often among mainstream society rather than
apart from it.

11- A) where
C) who

B) what
D) whose
E) whom

16- A) rather
B) scarcely
C) obscurely
D) precisely
E) somewhat

12- A) over
C) with

B) through
D) upon
E) against

17- A) growing
C) grown

B) having grown
D) being grown
E) to have grown

13- A) in common
B) by mistake
C) for a change
D) under the impression
E) at most

18- A) to
C) around

B) about
D) with
E) between

14- A) them
C) they

19- A) other
B) both
C) anything
D) another
E) each

E) it

B) those
D) what

15- A) dropped out of

B) came back with
C) looked forward to
D) put up with
E) measured up to

20- A) much
C) so

B) more
D) such
E) many

PUNKS

GOTHS

The punk movement, which arose (21) ......

in New York and Britain in the mid-1970s,
expressed a wholehearted and somewhat
violent rejection of both the hippie subculture
which had preceded it and the capitalist value
system which prevailed at the time. British
punk was generally (22) ...... overtly political
...... its New York counterpart, and was
responding to the terrible problem of urban
blight and rising unemployment in the UK.
Musically, punk scorned the pretension and
commercialism of contemporary rock music
(23) ...... the more concise and simple style
of early rock and roll, and often adopted a
DIY ("do-it-yourself") approach which
announced that musical ability was basically
less important than passion. The DIY
approach also dictated punk fashion, which
consisted of (24) ...... things ...... spiked and
dyed hair; deliberately cut, torn, or writtenon pants and shirts; safety pins used as facepiercing jewellery; and black garbage bags
used as clothing. True punk is still alive and
well today, despite mainstream culture's
attempts to commercialize (25) ....... .

The meaning and implications of the term

"goth" have evolved (26) ...... the years,
though it seems (27) ...... initially to
describe 1980s post-punk musical groups
which, though close to the rebellious spirit of
punk, expressed a more despairing and
introverted form of anger. One major
influence (28) ...... the goth subculture - and
the source of its name -was the gothic
literature of the 19th century, exemplified by
writers such as Edgar Allan Poe, who dealt
with horror, darkness, and the supernatural;
20th-century horror films also exerted some
influence. Goths are, according to some,
defined by black clothes and hair dye, silver
jewellery, horror, and a fascination with
death, darkness, and depression. Others,
however, claim that this list of traits is
stereotypical and patronizing to what is
actually a subculture full of a great variety
and richness of expression. For example,
television shows such as Buffy the Vampire
Slayer and Angel show that goth, (29) ......
its morbidly serious reputation, is perfectly
capable of poking fun at (30) ....... .

21- A) barely
B) exactly
C) simultaneously D) constantly
E) considerably

26- A) along
C) at

22- A) so...that
B) more...than
C) such...as
D) enough...for
E) the most...like

27- A) having been using

B) being used
C) to have been used
D) to be using
E) having been used

23- A) on the tip of

B) in store for
C) over and above
D) side by side
E) in favour of

28- A) upon
C) around

B) through
D) among
E) between

B) above
D) to
E) towards

24- A) so...that
B) both...and
C) the same...as D) such...as
E) either...or

29- A) despite
B) in order that
C) accordingly
D) for fear that
E) because of

25- A) it
C) its

30- A) their
C) itself

B) themselves-s
D) them
E) itself

B) themselves
D) its
E) it

TEST 10
CRIMINAL GENIUSES AT WORK
ALIBIS AND POSITIVE IDS

THE PRIDE OF KENTUCKY

Sometimes it seems (1) ...... criminals are

fond (2) ...... being caught. Once, a man in
Belgium was arrested because police
suspected that he had robbed a jewellery
store. The man, however, swore to them that
he did not do it. When the police asked if he
had an alibi, he helpfully explained that on
the night of the jewellery store robbery, he
had been busy breaking into a school.
Surprised yet content, the police gladly
dropped the jewellery store charges,
arresting him for breaking into the school (3)
....... Similarly, in Chicago one afternoon, a
man carrying a woman's purse was picked up
on the street by a policeman, as he matched
the description of a purse snatcher that had
been reported just a few seconds earlier. The
policeman told the thief that he (4) ...... him
to the woman for positive identification.
When they returned to the scene of the
crime, the criminal said, "Yes, officer, that is
definitely the lady (5) ...... I robbed."

From the state of Kentucky come two

examples of criminals who got a bit too
frightened for their own good. Late one night,
two men tried to pull the front off an ATM
machine (6) ...... a chain from the machine
to the bumper of their pickup truck, instead
of pulling the panel off the machine,
however, they pulled the bumper off the
truck. (7) ......, they left the scene of the
crime. Their bumper, (8) ...... their license
plate, was still attached to the ATM. It didn't
take long for the police to find them. Another
frightened Kentuckian criminal was the one
who broke into the basement of a jewellery
store (9) ...... a street-level window. In the
process, he managed to cut (10) ......
severely on the glass. Fearing that, as he was
wounded, he would neither be able to get the
money nor climb back, the robber panicked.
Realizing he was going to bleed to death if he
did not get help, he located a phone and
called 911. The rest, as they say, is history.

1- A) just as
C) like

B) as if
D) so

6- A) connected
B) to connect
C) connecting
D) about connecting
E) by connecting

B) to
D) of

7- A) To scare
B) Having scared
C) To be scared
D) Scaring
E) Scared

E) such

2- A) around
C) about
E) with

3- A) instead
B) too
C) consequently
D) rather
E) as well

8- A) as well
C) thus

B) however
D) along with
E) accordingly

4- A) would be taking B) will have taken

C) was taken
D) has taken
E) had been taking

9- A) between
C) towards

B) through
D) among
E) alongside

10- A) its
C) himself

B) another
D) it
E) his own

5- A) which
C) whom

B) what
D) whose
E) where

THE THIRSTY THIEF

WHAT HE SHOULD HAVE DONE

24-hour convenience stores seem to attract

their fair share of foolish people. An
apparently thirsty man in New York City once
walked into a 7-11 store with a shotgun late
at night and demanded all the money from
the cash register. After the cashier put the
money in the bag as (11) ......, the man
made (12) ...... demand: he also wanted the
bottle of Scotch whisky (13) ...... he saw
behind the counter. The cashier refused to
hand over the Scotch because he did not
believe the man was 21, (14) ...... is the
legal drinking age in the United States. The
robber swore that he was, but still the
cashier refused to give him the whisky.
Finally, the robber handed over his
identification card, (15) ...... that he was
indeed 21 years old. As soon as he left, the
cashier called and gave the police the name
of the man who had just robbed the store.
The suspect was arrested two hours later.

Dennis Newton of Oklahoma City was on trial

for the armed robbery of a convenience store
when he suddenly decided that his lawyer
was not doing a (16) ...... job in defending
him; (17) ......, he fired him in order to
defend himself. The Oklahoma City District
Attorney, (18) ...... was prosecuting the
case, said Newton was doing a decent job
until the store manager came onto the
witness stand and testified (19) ...... Newton
was indeed the robber. At that moment,
Newton jumped up in court, accused the
woman of lying, and shouted, "I should have
shot you when I had the chance!" The
defendant paused thoughtfully, then added,
"If I (20) ...... the one that was there." The
jury deliberated for twenty minutes before
returning a verdict of guilty, and
recommended a sentence of thirty years.

11- A) to instruct
B) being instructed
C) instructed
D) to be instructing
E) instructing

16- A) better
B) so good
C) such good
D) the best
E) good enough

12- A) any
C) another

B) what else
D) the other
E) something

17- A) in order that

B) thus
C) because
D) also
E) so that

13- A) C) what

B) where
D) whose
E) when

18- A) who
C) that

14- A) who
C) what

B) that
D) when
E) which

19- A) whom
C) that

15- A) proved
B) prove
C) to have proven D) proving
E) being proven

E) how

B) whom
D) which

B) what
D) why
E) which

20- A) would be
B) used to be
C) have been
D) had been
E) must have been

"I'D LIKE TO MAKE A WITHDRAWAL,

PLEASE"
Bank robbers, too, have been known to be
not always the most clever of people. Once
upon a time, a man from the town of Grand
Forks, North Dakota, decided to travel to the
city of Fargo (21) ...... he could rob the First
Community Bank there. Upon entering the
bank, the criminal quickly wrote a note
demanding money and gave it to the bank
teller. (22) ...... she gave the man (23) ......
he asked for and watched him run out of the
door. The police were called and searches of
the surrounding area were made, but with no
results. When they reviewed the note that
the man had handed to the teller, however,
they realized that the criminal had written his
message on his own bank deposit slip, which
contained his full name and address. The
police travelled to the man's house and found
him (24) ...... on his front porch, auite
satisfied with (25) ...... . They arrested him
on the spot.

THE GETAWAY DRIVER

In England once, a particularly idiotic gang of
thugs planned (26) ...... they thought would
be a brilliant series of daring bank robberies.
To drive their getaway car, they hired a man
(27) ...... they knew. Going into the first
bank, they managed to get the money
without any problem (28) ...... As they came
fleeing out of the bank, holding several bags
full of cash, the man waiting there in the car
panicked and caused the car to stall. He
desperately tried to get the car started again
(29) ...... his criminal genius friends waited
in the back seat. Before he could get the car
going again, however, the police arrived and
arrested the whole lot of them. During the
men's trial later on, it was revealed that the
man (30) ...... to drive the getaway car not
only didn't have a driver's license, but he had
also never operated any sort of motor vehicle
before in his life.

21- A) accordingly
B) for
C) in order that
D) so as to
E) for fear that

26- A) when
C) where

B) that
D) what
E) which

22- A) Frighten
B) Frightened
C) Being frightening
D) Having frightened
E) Frightening

27- A) whose
C) how

B) whom
D) which
E) what

23- A) why
C) when

28- A) at all
B) however
C) for once
D) somewhat
E) such

B) that
D) which
E) what

24- A) sitting
B) to sit
C) having sat
D) to be sitting
E) to have sat

29- A) as soon as
B) when
C) after
D) during
E) while

25- A) himself
C) theirs

30- A) to hire
B) hiring
C) to be hired
D) having hired
E) hired

B) there
D) him
E) those

TEST 11
"AND TOPPING THE MUSIC CHARTS THIS WEEK..."
EMINEM

EVANESCENCE

Marshall Mathers - better known as Eminem

-emerged in 1999 as one of the most
controversial (and popular) rappers ever to
grace the genre, using his biting wit and
incredible skills to rap about everything from
his troubled childhood to his contempt for the
mainstream media and to offend (1) ...... of
people along the way. He is (2) ...... an
excellent rapper ....... a gifted producer, and
sometimes the furious controversy over his
lyrics has threatened to overshadow how
talented he really is and how much his music
has changed the face of hip-hop. For one
thing, he was the first big name to bring the
world of white lower-class Americans into
rap, a fact which accounts for (3) ...... of his
popularity. Perhaps even more important,
however, he was one of the first rappers to
introduce satire and parody into hip-hop, (4)
...... demonstrated especially on his first two
albums, The Slim Shady LP and The Marshall
Mathers LP. His most recent albums

The Eminem Show and the soundtrack to 8

Mile - are somewhat less satirical as a whole
than his first two masterpieces, but his talent
is as clear on (5) ...... as it ever was. The
goth-inspired rock band Evanescence (6) ...... name means "gradual
disappearance" - easily made it to the top of
the charts in 2003 with their second fulllength album, Fallen. Singer Amy Lee and
guitarist Ben Moody formed the band after
(7) ...... at a youth camp at the end of the
1990s, when (8) ...... were in (9) ...... early
teens. A few years and one self-produced
album (10) ......, the band was discovered
by producer Pete Matthews, who helped them
get onto soundtrack of the 2003 film
Daredevil, which featured two of their songs,
"Bring Me Into Life" and "My Immortal". The
soundtrack catapulted the group to stardom,
and their album Fallen eventually went on to
sell more than two million copies.
Evanescence's signature musical style is
ballad-like piano accompanied by crunching
guitars, eery orchestral strings, and the now
20-year-old Amy Lee's soaring vocals.

1- A) some
C) lot

B) enough
D) many
E) plenty

6- A) what
C) which

B) whose
D) whom
E) that

2- A) the same...as
B) neither...nor
C) so much...as
D) either...or
E) not only...but also

3- A) much
C) lot

4- A) if
C) as

5- A) it
C) itself

E) few

E) such

7- A) being met
B) met
C) meeting
D) meet
E) to have met

B) several
D) less

8- A) both
C) each

B) so
D) like

9- A) his
C) herself

B) them
D) himself
E) theirs

10- A) then
C) too

B) all
D) either
E) neither

E) their

E) after

B) themselves
D) her

B) as well
D) later

BRITNEY SPEARS

AVRIL LAVIGNE

(11) ...... any other single artist, Britney

Spears was the driving force (12) ...... the
return of teen pop in the late 1990s. Her
1999 debut album, ...... Baby One More
Time, established her trademark image as
the teen girl who wanted to be naughtier
than she was allowed to be. She became an
international sex symbol, yet the people who
managed her - not to mention Britney herself
- claimed in interviews that she was really
just a normal, everyday girl. Her second
album continued in (13) ...... style ...... her
first, but with 2001's Britney, she began
trying to craft her image as a more mature
young adult. Not surprisingly, perhaps, the
album failed to be as successful as the first
two had been: after all, when superstars try
to change their image and style, the fans
often respond (14) ...... away. (15) .......
with her newest album, In the Zone, Spears
continues to stress the fact that she has
matured out of her teens - and even though
her idea of maturity is really rather
immature, she should at least be respected
for trying to change.

Rock-and-roll wild child Avril Lavigne hit big

in summer 2002 with her fun debut song,
"Complicated", moving pop music (16) ......
a different direction. Lavigne - only 17 years
old (17) ...... - didn't seem as concerned
with the glamour of the pop world as other
pop stars, like Britney Spears, and such
confidence allowed her star power (18) .......
A large part of Lavigne's appeal is that she's
a brat, acting even younger and more
childish than she actually is. This attitude
came through on her first album, Lef It Go,
and (19) ...... much of her success: she sang
in a flat, undistinguished voice that only drew
attention to her silly, shallow lyrics. But the
music was catchy. On her newest album, the
recently released Under My Skin, she tries to
be a bit less silly and a bit more serious, and
though the results are at times awkward and
unsure, only time will tell if (20) ...... her old
fans will desert her because of the change.

11- A) The most

B) So that
C) As if
D) Such as
E) More than

16- A) above
C) into

12- A) between
B) over
C) behind
D) onto
E) around

17- A) over time

B) by the time
C) on time
D) in time
E) at the time

13- A) much...like
B) as...if
C) the same...as D) more...than
E) different...from

18- A) soar
C) soaring

14- A) to stay
B) by staying
C) to be stayed
D) about staying
E) having stayed

19- A) cut across

B) poured out
C) accounted for
D) chanced
upon
E) brought up

15- A) Nonetheless
B) Therefore
C) Despite
D) In addition
E) Because

20- A) a number
B) any of
C) many
D) enough of
E) plenty

B) about
D) among
E) alongside

B) to have soared
D) to soar
E) being soared

BLUE

ANASTACIA

In recent years, the boy band Blue - who

originally come from London - have become
one of (21) ...... chart successes of all. Their
music combines smooth, soulish vocals with
R&B and dance music. The group formed
when singers Duncan James and Anthony
Costa teamed up with their housemates, Lee
Ryan and Simon Webbe, and a deal with the
Virgin music company's Innocent label soon
followed. (22) ...... of their songs have been
hits: in fact, the first three singles of their
career - "All Rise", "Too Close", and "If You
Come Back" - all made it onto the UK charts.
Recently, the group released their third
album, Guilty, (23) ...... some of the music
industry's biggest producers made a
contribution. Even more than that, however,
the group's cover version of Stevie Wonder's
classic song "Signed, Sealed, Delivered (I'm
Yours)" features Stevie Wonder (24) ...... as
a guest star. Of course, he performs
(25) ...... better than the four lads, but he's
been doing this for forty years.

Anastacia is a little lady with a big, big voice.

Raised in New York City, she comes from
(26) ...... entertainment-oriented family: her
father was a singer and her mother an
actress in musical theater. At the age of 13,
she was diagnosed with a chronic intestinal
illness, Crohn's disease, (27) ...... she
managed to overcome as she developed a
career as a dancer, appearing on Club MTV as
well as in several music videos. Record labels
grew interested in her after she appeared as
a 1999 finalist on the MTV talent contest The
Cut, and her debut album, Not That Kind,
was released in 2000 to massive international
success. (28) ...... this album ...... her
second - 2002's Freak of Nature -consist
primarily of soulish, danceable pop music,
with some ballads and rock influence also
seen. Her newest album, Anastacia, is (29)
...... more rock-oriented, perhaps leaving
a number of her old fans scratching their
heads in confusion, but overall, it is a solid
collection of songs, with Anastacia sounding
(30) ...... a white Tina Turner on the uptempo songs and a young Madonna on the
ballads.

21- A) so big
B) too big
C) big enough
D) such big
E) the biggest

26- A) an
C) such

B) the
D) those
E) what

22- A) A number
B) Few
C) Lot
D) Quite
E) A little

27- A) when
C) what

B) that
D) which

23- A) about whom

B) to which
C) for what
D) in that
E) by then

28- A) Neither...nor B) Either...or

C) Both...and
D) More...than
E) Such...as

24- A) him
C) they

B) their
D) his own
E) himself

29- A) as much
B) so
C) much
D) as if
E) such a

25- A) most
C) a lot

B) enough
D) more
E) the much

30- A) as if
C) such a

E) how

E) like

B) rather
D) so much

TEST 12
THE TINIEST COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD
LIECHTENSTEIN

SAN MARINO

Sandwiched (1) ...... Switzerland and

Austria, 160-square-kilometre Liechtenstein
is a country with tax rates (2) ...... low - the
maximum rate is 18 percent-...... thousands
of foreign companies have established their
headquarters there. The fees paid by these
companies to work from the country provide
30 percent of Liechtenstein's income. The
mountainous country is also a skiers'
paradise, and a large part of the rest of the
country's money comes from tourism, while
another significant percentage is derived
from the sale of postage stamps. Though
Liechtenstein (3) ...... a sovereign state (4)
...... 1719, the area has been ruled by the
Liechtenstein family since the Middle Ages.
About half of the country's land area is
devoted to crops and pasture -producing
corn, grapes, and potatoes - yet since the
end of World War II, Liechtenstein has
developed into a highly industrialized,
prosperous nation. (5) ......, its citizens have
one of the highest standards of living in the
world.

The second smallest republic in the world,

San Marino - (6) ...... wonderful official name
is The Most Serene Republic of San Marino is completely surrounded by Italy and has an
area of only 61 square kilometres and a
population of less than 30,000. It claims to
be the world's oldest republic still in
existence, as it was founded in 301 AD by a
blacksmith known as Saint Marinus. The
country is situated in the Apennine
Mountains, which run the length of the Italian
peninsula. Tourism is the major source of San
Marino's revenue, but postage stamps (7)
...... by stamp collectors also contribute
greatly to the country's wealth. (8) ...... it is
technically an independent nation, San
Marino is heavily dependent on Italy: for
instance, Italy provides the San Marinans
with most of their food. An interesting fact
about the country is that, (9) ...... 1648 al!
the way...... 1996, San Marino was at war
with Sweden. (10) ...... fighting was actually
done, though, because San Marino doesn't
have an army.

1- A) among
C) towards

6- A) that
C) where

B) through
D) between
E) about

2- A) the same...as
B) such a...that
C) so...that
D) both...and
E) barely...when

3- A) didn't become
B) hasn't become
C) wasn't becoming D) doesn't become
E) wouldn't have become

4- A) while
C) about

E) until

B) when
D) by

5- A) Even though
B) However
C) Consequently
D) Whereas
E) In addition to

B) whose
D) which
E) what

7- A) purchasing
B) purchased
C) have purchased D) to have purchased
E) to purchase
8- A) Accordingly
B) Despite
C) In order that
D) Since
E) Even though

9- A) from...until
B) since...to
C) in...at
D) around...up
E) about...towards
10- A) All
C) No

B) Any
D) Some
E) Much

TUVALU

NAURU

"Tuva-who?" you may be tempted to say.

Well, there really is a country called Tuvalu:
it is an island nation 4000 kilometres
northeast of Australia and (11) ...... of nine
small islands with a total area of only 26
square kilometres. Moreover, only about
10,000 people live in Tuvalu, (12) ...... it one
of the two independent nations with the (13)
...... inhabitants apart from Vatican City.
Tuvalu's main forms of income are technically
tourism and fishing, yet since hardly any
tourists come and most of the fish are eaten
locally, in practical terms foreign aid is
actually (14) ...... most of the money comes
from. The islands have almost no drinkable
water and no soil suitable for agriculture, so
almost all of their food - except for fish - and
water are imported. The country, which had
been a British protectorate since 1892,
became independent in 1978. In 2001,
Tuvalu's government announced that the
islands - whose highest point is 5 metres
above sea level - may need to be evacuated
(15) ...... that rising sea levels will engulf the
entire country.

Like Tuvalu, Nauru is an island nation in the

South Pacific Ocean. With only 10,000 people
and 21 square kilometres of land, it is the
world's smallest republic. The country
consists of only one island, which has vast
deposits of phosphate, a mineral used in
fertilizers, which is Nauru's only export. (16)
...... the revenue from such an export, the
inhabitants of Nauru once had one of the
highest per capita incomes on earth, although
now all that is changing: the phosphate is
(17) ....... (18) ...... phosphate mining,
(19) ...... has 90 percent of the country been
turned into a wasteland, but the country's
only real source of income has also been
nearly exhausted. (20) ....... the huge
earnings from the phosphate mining were
squandered by a corrupt government, and
the island went broke. With essentially no
money left, and no conceivable way to
acquire any more money, Nauru faces a very
uncertain future, as evidenced on 1 October
2004, when the president of the country
declared a state of emergency and dissolved
parliament.

11- A) made up
B) turned off
C) grown out
D) worn out
E) brought up

16- A) Because
B) Despite
C) Thanks to
D) Therefore
E) Besides

12- A) to have made B) makes

C) to be making D) making
E) being made

17- A) turning off

B) putting in
C) taking up
D) running out
E) breaking through

13- A) fewer
C) less

B) least
D) fewest
E) lesser

18- A) Lest
B) Instead of
C) As a result of D) Consequently
E) Inasmuch as

14- A) how
C) whom

B) which
D) that
E) where

19- A) only if
C) neither

15- A) so
B) for fear
C) as a result
D) in order
E) owing to

B) not only
D) whether
E) as though

20- A) Furthermore
B) On account of
C) As well as
D) As a consequence
E) Otherwise

MONACO

VATICAN CITY

A tax-free nation and a gamblers' paradise,

Monaco - located (21) ...... the
Mediterranean coast of France, near the
Italian border - is the world's second smallest
independent nation at only 1.9 square
kilometres and with only about 30,000
people. It is, (22) ....... very old: it was
founded in 1215 as a colony of Genoa, and
has been ruled by the royal House of Grimaldi
since 1297. The current prince is Rainier III,
(23) ...... acceded to the throne in 1949.
Monaco's population may seem small, but
(24) ...... the extremely limited area of the
country, it is also one of the most densely
populated nations in the world. Monaco is
home to the world-famous Monte Carlo
casino, and a large portion of the country's
income comes from the tourist trade. Most of
the country's residents are French or Italian,
and indeed Monaco is practically unique in
the world in that its native inhabitants called Monagesques - are actually a minority
in (25) ...... country.

The only independent nation contained

entirely (26) ...... the boundaries of a single
city Rome - Vatican City is the world's
smallest country, (27) ...... in terms of area
(44 hectares) ...... in terms of population
(only 890 people live therE). Vatican City is
home to the Pope and headquarters of the
Roman Catholic Church, and (28) ...... nearly
all of its residents are church officials: high
dignitaries, priests, and nuns, not to mention
the Pope (29) ...... .Also dwelling in Vatican
City is the famous Swiss Guard, a voluntary
military force which essentially serves as the
Pope's formal bodyguard. (30) ...... its small
size, however, Vatican City is quite rich in
artistic significance and history, with
buildings such as St. Peter's Basilica and the
Sistine Chapel housing works by such
important artists as Botticelli, Bernini, and
Michelangelo.

21- A) about
C) to

26- A) within
C) about

B) in
D) among
E) on

22- A) despite
B) therefore
C) however
D) accordingly
E) although

23- A) which
C) when

B) who
D) what
E) whom

24- A) because of
B) whereas
C) as though
D) since
E) thus

25- A) its
C) theirs

B) themselves
D) it
E) their own

B) under
D) throughout
E) towards

27- A) whether...not B) not only...but also

C) hardly...when D) neither...nor
E) the same...as

28- A) in spite of this B) because

C) while
D) accordingly
E) yet

29- A) him
C) his own

B) his
D) he
E) himself

30- A) Even so
B) Due to
C) Whereas
D) Despite
E) As a consequence

TEST 13
LEGENDARY CREATURES
DRAGONS

GRIFFINS

In European mythology, a dragon is a snakelike legendary creature which is winged but is

most often to be found deep (1) ...... of its
cave or underground lair, thus identifying it
as an ancient creature of the earth. In the
modern period, the dragon is typically
depicted as a huge, scaly, horned, dinosaurlike creature with leathery wings and the
ability to breathe fire. The lair (2) ...... he
dragon lives is most often filled with gold and
treasure that the dragon protects. Many
stories with dragons involve a great hero (3)
...... to kill the dragon, (4) ...... in
some stories the dragon is an extremely
ancient, wise, and helpful creature with
magical powers and the ability to speak, and
(5) ...... the hero can go for advice.

The griffin is a legendary creature with the

body of a lion, the head of an eagle, and the
ears of a horse or donkey. The female also
has the wings of an eagle, (6) ...... the male
- which is less frequently depicted - has
projecting spikes (7) ...... wings. Some
writers have described the griffin as having a
tail which is actually a snake. The griffin was
said to build a nest like (8) ...... of an eagle,
but rather than eggs, it laid agates, a kind of
precious stone similar to chalcedony.
Additionally, the animal was supposed to
watch (9) ...... gold mines and hidden
treasures. This aspect of the myth probably
comes from the Scythian culture: the
Scythian steppes -stretching from the
modern Ukraine to central Asia - were rich in
gold and precious stones, and it was said that
when strangers approached (10) ...... the
treasures, the guardian griffins would leap on
and tear them to pieces. The griffin was
frequently depicted on Scythian coins.

1- A) within
C) among

B) alongside
D) inside
E) under

6- A) as well as
B) in spite of
C) therefore
D) because
E) whereas

2- A) inside what
B) to which
C) in which
D) into it
E) through which

7- A) anyhow
C) due to

B) instead of
D) more than
E) rather

3- A) attempting
B) being attempted
C) having been attempted
D) to attempt
E) to have attempted

8- A) that
C) the

B) this
D) E) those

9- A) out
C) over

B) about
D) to
E) among

4- A) so
C) besides

B) moreover
D) although
E) nonetheless

5- A) between whom B) from whom

C) about what
D) at which
E) to whom

10- A) having been gathered

B) gathered
C) to gather
D) being gathered
E) to be gathered

GORGONS

LEPRECHAUNS

In Greek mythology, the Gorgons were

vicious female monsters with razor-sharp
teeth and hair (11) ...... of living, poisonous
snakes. They are also sometimes depicted
(12) ...... having wings of gold and claws of
brass. According to the myths, seeing the
face of a Gorgon turned the viewer to stone.
Moreover, blood taken from a Gorgon's right
side could bring the dead back to life, (13)
...... blood from the left side was an instantly
fatal poison. Homer, in the Iliad, mentions a
Gorgon symbol being fixed in the center of
Zeus' shield, and in fact in Greek times, a
drawing or stone carving of a Gorgon's face
was frequently placed on doors, walls,
shields, and coins in the hopes of warding off
evil. After Homer, the Greek poet Hesiod
increased the number of Gorgons to three,
(14) ...... the queen was the famous
Medusa. Medusa was also the only mortal
Gorgon, and (15) ...... the hero Perseus was
able to kill her by cutting off her head while
looking at her reflection in a mirrored shield.

In Irish mythology, a leprechaun is a type of

elf native to the island of Ireland. A few Irish
people believe in the reality of leprechauns,
but most people treat (16) ...... merely as
charming pieces of folklore. (17) ......solitary
by nature, leprechauns live in remote places
and make shoes; they can sometimes be
detected by the rhythmic tapping of the
shoemaker's hammer. In appearance, they
take the form of a quite short old man (the
word "leprechaun" is the Irish Gaelic (18)
......"small body"), usually bearded and
smoking a pipe. Leprechauns know the
location of buried treasure, often in a pot of
gold. They will reveal the location of the
treasure if (19) ...... but will not give it up
easily; hence there is a saying that a
leprechaun's treasure is "at the end of the
rainbow" (that is, unobtainablE). By nature,
leprechauns are quite mischievous, and they
like nothing (20) ...... a well-crafted, ironic
practical joke.

11- A) to be made
B) making
C) having made D) to have made
E) made

16- A) themselves
B) it
C) its
D) them
E) him

12- A) as
C) such

17- A) Being
C) To be

B) from
D) so

B) Been
D) To have been
E) Be

E) like

13- A) in order that

B) still
C) rather than
D) while
E) for fear that

18- A) with
C) from

B) about
D) to

14- A) for what

B) of which
C) among them
D) with whose
E) from that

19- A) having caught B) catching

C) caught
D) to be caught
E) have caught

15- A) nevertheless
B) thus
C) in contrast
D) however
E) because

20- A) the best

B) so good as
C) better than
D) well
E) too good

E) for

WEREWOLVES

VAMPIRES

In folklore and mythology, a werewolf is a

person who changes into a wolf, (21) ...... by
purposefully using magic ...... by being
placed under a curse. Most European
countries and cultures have stories of
werewolves in one form or (22) ....... and in
France in the 16th century, many people were
even put to death (23) ...... suspicion of
being werewolves. In fictional treatments
starting in the 19th century, (24) ...... in
popular modern superstition, the
transformation from man to wolf is said to
take place at full moon and last for a few
nights every month. It is said that a werewolf
may be killed if it is shot with a silver bullet.
The transformation (25) ...... is supposed to
be painful, and the resulting wolf is typically
cunning but merciless, and often much larger
and more powerful than an ordinary wolf.

A vampire is a mythical or folkloric creature

said to live by drinking human or animal
blood and often having magical powers and
the ability to transform itself, most often
(26) ...... a bat, a wolf, or mist. Usually the
vampire is the corpse of a dead person,
reanimated or made undead by some means.
In popular Western culture, they are believed
to have long, sharp teeth, and to cast no
reflection; this (27) ...... belief is (28) ......
the traditional belief that mirrors reflect one's
soul, and creatures of evil have no soul. It is
considered extremely difficult to kill a
vampire, and special means must be used to
do so. Some of these means include ramming
a wooden stake (29) ...... a vampire's heart,
exposing a vampire to sunlight, and removing
and burning a vampire's internal organs. In
addition, vampires can be (30) ...... by
means of a number of items, such as crosses,
bibles, holy water, and garlic, all of which
force them to draw back.

21- A) instead...of
B) nor...either
C) either.. .or
D) too much.. .for
E) so much...that

26- A) into
C) through
E) for

B) with
D) in

22- A) another's
B) other
C) others
D) another
E) the others

27- A) better
C) latter

23- A) from
C) to

28- A) instead of
B) rather than
C) other than
D) owing to
E) at once

B) under
D) about
E) among

24- A) yet
B) so that
C) furthermore
D) due to the fact that
E) as well as

25- A) theirs
C) them

B) itself
D) its
E) it

29- A) through
C) from

B) former
D) later
E) more

B) with
D) for
E) about

30- A) called upon

B) looked after
C) brought up
D) tied up
E) kept away

TEST 14
"IT MAY BE ODD, BUT SOMEONE'S GOT TO PLAY IT": BIZARRE AND OBSCURE SPORTS
COCKFIGHTING

THE MESOAMERICAN BALLGAME

A cockfight is a contest held in a pit (1) ......

two roosters ("cock" is an alternate term for
a rooster) trained to severely injure and/or
kill one another. Usually wagers are made on
the outcome of the match, with the surviving
bird being declared the winner. Roosters
intended to participate in cockfights are often
specially bred and trained for attacking and
killing. In some regional variations of
cockfighting, the birds are equipped with
artificial steel spurs known as gaffs, which
allow the birds to kill much (2) ...... .
However, in (3) ...... variations, the bird's
feet are wrapped to lengthen the bouts.
Cockfighting has a very ancient history, and
is considered to be a traditional sporting
event by some, but a barbarous case of
animal cruelty by others. In many places
around the world, cockfighting - (4) ...... any
other kind of animal fighting has been
outlawed, either on the grounds of the
gambling that usually occurs at such events,
or (5) ...... opposition ...... animal cruelty, or
both.

(6) ...... is referred (7) ...... as the

"Mesoamerican ballgame" was a sport with
ritual associations played for over 3000 years
by the peoples of Central America in PreColumbian times. As might be expected with
a game (8) ...... over such a long time-span
in several different cultures, details of the
games varied greatly over time and place, so
the Mesoamerican ballgame might be more
accurately seen as a family of related games.
Some versions were played between two
individuals, others between two teams of
players. (9) ...... the games, however,
shared the characteristics of being played
with a hard rubber ball in a sunken or walled
court. (10) ...... the game was played
casually for simple recreation, it also had
important ritual aspects, and major formal
ballgames would be considered ritual events.
In some of the ritual games, the leader of the
losing team would be decapitated as a human
sacrifice. His skull would then be used as the
core around which a new rubber ball would
be made.

1- A) about
C) towards

6- A) However
C) What

B) among
D) through
E) between

B) Which
D) That
E) Whom

2- A) very quickly
B) as quickly
C) quick enough
D) more quickly
E) so quick

7- A) about
C) to

3- A) other
C) a lot

8- A) having played
B) played
C) to be played
D) to have played
E) playing

B) the others
D) another
E) some of

4- A) owing to
B) as well as
C) furthermore
D) nevertheless
E) although

5- A) in...to
B) with...from
C) at...among
D) about...against
E) towards...of

E) from

9- A) Some
C) That

B) in
D) with

B) Much
D) Those
E) All

10- A) Still
B) Because
C) As a result
D) While
E) Despite

BUZKASHI

IAIDO

Buzkashi is a traditional Afghan sport played

on horseback. The name translates literally
as "goat-grabbing", implying that the game
developed from the ancient Mongolian
practice of stealing a goat while riding at full
gallop. The goal of a buzkashi player is
(11) ...... the dead body of a calf, and then
either (12) ...... it ....... from the other
players or pitch it across a goal line.
Competition is typically fierce, as other
players may use any force short of tripping
the horse in order to thwart scoring attempts
(the use of knives or guns, however, is not
looked (13) ...... kindly). Riders usually wear
heavy clothing and head protection to protect
themselves from players' whips and boots,
and games can last for several days. Serious
buzkashi players train intensively for years,
and many of the game's masters are over 40
years old. Playing well also requires specially
trained
horses that know to gallop forcefully (14)
...... their rider gets hold of the calf. These
horses can sell for (15) ...... $2500, which is
just under the average five-year salary of a
typical Afghan.

Iaido, also sometimes called iaijutsu, is the

art of drawing the katana - the actual word
for a "samurai sword" - cutting (16) ...... the
opponent, flipping blood from the blade, and
then putting the katana back in its case,
(17)
...... in one smooth movement. The main
emphasis is on drawing the sword and
attacking as quickly as possible. Starting
positions can be from either typical
combative postures, or from everyday sitting
or standing positions. Practitioners,
traditionally, were trained to suspect a
surprise attack (18) ......, and the ability to
react quickly from an everyday starting
position was (19) ...... considered essential.
It is this traditional, specifically combatoriented form that is known as iaijutsu, while
the term iaido is more often reserved
(20) ...... the modern self-improvementoriented form, which focusses on a
practitioner's ability to concentrate and to
integrate his or her mind, body, and soul.

11- A) to grab
B) grabbing
C) to be grabbed D) grab
E) having been grabbed

16- A) among
B) down
C) between
D) outside
E) with

12- A) take...on
B) break...in
C) get...away
D) make...out
E) put...up

17- A) some
C) most

13- A) over
B) after
C) through
D) to
E) upon

18- A) at a time
B) by the time
C) at any time
D) on time
E) for a time

14- A) whichever
B) whenever
C) whoever
D) whatever
E) whomever

19- A) thus
C) still

15- A) alike
B) the same as
C) similar to
D) as much as
E) too many

20- A) at
C) with

B) whole
D) all
E) much

B) so that
D) because of
E) despite

B) about
D) towards
E) for

OIL WRESTLING

SKATEBOARDING

Oil wrestling, sometimes known as grease

wrestling, is the Turkish national sport, and is
(21) ...... called because the wrestlers douse
themselves with olive oil. The wrestlers are
known as pehlivan and wear a type of handstitched lederhosen called kispet, which were
traditionally made of water buffalo hide, but
can now also be made of calf leather. The
sport in its modern form comes originally
from India, (22) ...... it is known as
pehalwani. From India it travelled to the
neighbouring Persians, who called it
pahlavani, and from them it (23) ......
into the Ottoman Empire. In the Ottoman
Empire, wrestlers learned the sport in special
schools called tekke, which were (24) ......
athletic centres ....... spiritual centres. In
modern times, the most important oil
wrestling tournament, the Krkpnar Games in
Edirne, is (25) ...... for three days every
summer, with around 1000 wrestlers
competing. These games have been held
there annually since 1362.

The modern sport of skateboarding has its

origins in surfing, and (26) ...... was
originally called "sidewalk surfing". Moreover,
just as surfing originally influenced
skateboarding methods, now the reverse is
also true: surfers are performing moves
created and perfected by skateboarders, and
the result has been evolution in both sports.
Skateboarding began to develop from a
playful pastime into a serious sport (27) ......
great skill in the 1970s, when eager
skateboarders began using drainage ditches
and empty swimming pools to perform tricks
in. Eventually, what is known as the halfpipe
was invented: this was basically two ramps
stuck (28) ...... at the bottom, allowing
skaters to skate continually up and down
(29) ...... sides of the halfpipe. In the
beginning, skating tricks were fairly simple,
but that all changed in 1978 with the creation
of the "ollie", which involves flying off of the
ground into the air, but without holding (30)
....... the skateboard with your hands at all.

21- A) such
C) more

B) as
D) that

26- A) on time
B) at a loss
C) on the spot
D) at once
E) in fact

B) what
D) why

27- A) demand
B) demanded
C) demanding
D) to be demanded
E) being demanded

22- A) where
C) which

E) so

E) that

23- A) has been introduced

B) introduced
C) was introducing
D) was introduced
E) had introduced

24- A) so...that
B) whether...or
C) not only...but also
D) such...that
E) too...for

25- A) held out

B) put on
C) pulled up
D) taken in
E) looked after

28- A) within
B) together
C) towards
D) alongside
E) apart

29- A) some
C) most

B) both
D) either
E) each

30- A) off
C) with

E) over

B) against
D) onto

TEST 15
THE HISTORY OF SOME EVERYDAY HOUSEHOLD ITEMS
TEA

COFFEE

It is not known whether the tea plant is

indigenous to China or India, or (1) ....... but
the use of tea as a beverage drunk for
pleasure on social occasions is certainly
Chinese in origin, dating back to the Tang
Dynasty (618-907) or earlier. The first
Europeans to encounter tea were Portuguese
explorers (2) ...... Japan in 1560. Soon,
imported tea was introduced to Europe, (3)
...... it quickly became popular among the
wealthy in France and the Netherlands.
English use of tea began a bit later, around
1650, but became so popular in (4) ......
short time that it created a huge trade deficit
with China. The British set up tea plantations
in colonial India to provide their own supply,
as well as trying to balance the trade deficit
by selling opium to the Chinese, which led to
the First Opium War of 1838-1842. In the
American colonies, just before the
Revolutionary War, the Americans stopped
drinking tea as an act of protest against high
British taxes on the product, and (5) ......
then coffee has been far more popular than
tea in the United States.

Coffee probably originated in the Ethiopian

province of Kaffa, though Yemen has also
been (6) ...... as a possible area of origin.
The substance first became popular in Arabia
around the 13th century, its popularity
probably enhanced by Islam's prohibition (7)
...... alcoholic drinks. Before 1600, coffee
production was a jealously guarded secret
and fertile beans were not found outside
Arabia, but sometime after that year, coffee
trees (8) ...... in India, possibly (9) ...... the
smuggling of fertile beans. Around 1650,
coffee importation to England began and
coffeehouses sprang up in Oxford and
London. Coffee planting began in the English
colonies, but a disease (10) ...... the
plantations, leading them to be replanted
with tea instead. By the 18th century, the
beverage had become popular throughout
Europe, and European colonists had
introduced the coffee plant to tropical
countries worldwide as a plantation crop in
order to supply domestic demand.

1- A) whether
C) never

6- A) counted out
B) put forth
C) touched up
D) gone against
E) got into

B) either
D) both
E) also

2- A) visited
C) visiting

B) to have visited
D) to visit
E) being visited

3- A) where
C) whether
E) what

4- A) many
C) such a

B) which
D) that

B) so
D) much
E) so much

5- A) for
C) while

B) since
D) during
E) after

7- A) with
C) through

B) towards
D) among
E) against

8- A) were being grown

B) have been grown
C) are growing
D) had grown
E) have been growing
9- A) accordingly
B) in spite of
C) due to
D) as a consequence
E) whereas
10- A) took over
B) played up
C) spun off
D) wiped out
E) provided for

YOGHURT

SOAP

The English word "yoghurt" comes from the

Turkish "yourt", which (11) ...... may be
derived from the verb "yogurtmak", meaning
"to blend" - a reference to how yoghurt is
made. Yoghurt-making involves the
introduction of specific kinds of bacteria into
pasteurized milk under very carefully
controlled temperature and environmental
(12) ....... Yoghurt is traditionally believed
(13) ...... by the Bulgar people of central
Asia, although there is evidence of cultured
milk products in other cultures as far back as
2000 BC. The earliest yoghurts were probably
spontaneously fermented, perhaps by wild
bacteria residing inside goatskin bags used
for transportation. In Europe, yoghurt
remained primarily a food of the central and
eastern parts of the continent until the
1900s, when a Russian biologist theorized
(14) ...... heavy yoghurt consumption was
responsible (15) ...... the unusually long
lifespans of the Bulgar people. Soon after,
yoghurt began to be promoted as a healthy
snack, and in 1919 the widespread industrial
production of yoghurt in Europe began in
Barcelona.

The ancient world was generally ignorant of

soap as we know it today; the ancient Greeks
used olive oil to clean themselves, while the
Romans, although they did make a variety of
soap from animal fat and wood ashes, used it
for medicinal (16) ...... cleaning purposes.
The ancient Gauls used soap as well - as a
pomade to keep their hair shiny. Beginning in
the Middle Ages, soap began (17) ...... in the
home by mixing animal fats with lye for use
in cleaning laundry. This was a very
dangerous procedure, (18) ...... handling lye
can result in serious chemical burns and even
blindness. Bar soap, such as that often still
used today for washing hands, was a luxury
product that didn't come into common use
(19) ...... the late 19th century. Soon after,
advertising campaigns in Europe and the
United States began to insist on the
relationship between cleanliness and health,
and by the 1950s, soap (20) ...... public
acceptance as a means of personal hygiene.

11- A) them
C) theirs

16- A) rather than

B) accordingly
C) thanks to
D) instead
E) otherwise

E) itself

B) its
D) it

12- A) situations
B) occurrences
C) results
D) conditions
E) disturbances

17- A) to make
B) to be made
C) to be making D) making
E) having been made

13- A) invented
B) to have invented
C) having been invented
D) inventing
E) to have been invented

18- A) so that
C) despite

B) though
D) as
E) while

14- A) that
C) which

B) what
D) where
E) whose

19- A) since
C) until

B) after
D) in
E) around

15- A) to
C) over

B) among
D) for
E) through

20- A) was gained

B) has gained
C) had gained
D) has been gaining
E) gained

RUBBER

PLASTICS

More than 200 different plant species produce

a milky, viscous sap called latex, (21) ...... is
the source for natural rubber. In its native
Central and South America, rubber (22) ......
for thousands of years. The ancient
Mesoamerican civilizations played (23) ......
of different ballgames using rubber balls, and
a few Pre-Columbian rubber balls have been
found, with the earliest dating to about 1600
BC. The Spanish conquistadors who invaded
modern-day Mexico in the 16th century were
so (24) ...... by the vigorous bouncing of the
Aztecs' rubber balls that they wondered if the
balls were enchanted by evil spirits. The
earlier Mayan civilization had made a sort of
temporary rubber shoe by dipping their feet
into a latex mixture, and they had a great
many other uses for the substance as well.
Soon after samples of rubber first arrived in
England in the late 18th century, the chemist
Joseph Priestley noticed that dried latex was
capable of rubbing out pencil marks - and
(25) ...... the word "rubber", and eventually
the modern rubber industry, was born.

Centuries before the first synthetic plastics

were made, several naturally occurring
substances were used as plastic material,
including shellac - a substance made from
the secretions of a tiny insect - as well as
from the horns of animals, which had to be
"plasticized", or softened, by (26) ...... in
water first. The first synthetic plastic was
made from the plant material cellulose by
John Wesley Hyatt in 1869. Hyatt found that
one form of cellulose could be used as an
inexpensive substitute (27) ...... the natural
material ivory, (28) ...... it had been
chemically plasticized. The new material,
called celluloid, came into use for eyeglass
frames, combs, buttons, dentures, and
photographic film. Later, in 1909, Leo H.
Baekeland developed the first plastic made
entirely from synthetic materials, naming it
Bakelite, (29) ...... honour ...... himself.
Bakelite and similar compounds are still used
today in wiring devices, power brakes on
automobiles, telephone relay systems, and
electrical switch gear. Since then, a great
variety of new plastics (30) ....... .

21- A) why
C) what

26- A) boiling
C) boiled

E) that

B) which
D) where

22- A) has been collected

B) would be collecting
C) used to collect
D) is being collected
E) would have collected

23- A) a number
B) variety
C) enough
D) many
E) some

27- A) through
C) for

B) being boiled
D) to be boiled
E) having boiled

E) in

B) on
D) between

28- A) once
B) suddenly
C) eventually
D) while
E) during

24- A) reacted
B) interested
C) disappointed
D) betrayed
E) astounded

29- A) through.. .on B) for.. .about

C) in...of
D) to...with
E) with...at

25- A) although
B) since
C) instead
D) thus
E) in case

30- A) are being developed

B) are developing
C) were developed
D) developed
E) have been developed

TEST 16
WEIRD AND WONDERFUL ANIMALS
THE HIPPOPOTAMUS

THE BABOON

The hippopotamus - whose name means

"river horse" in Greek - is a large, planteating African mammal. Hippos are (1) ......
creatures, living in groups of up to twenty
animals. Because they are extremely (2)
...... to sunburn, they spend most of the day
up to their nostrils in the waters of tropical
rivers, coming onto land for food only at
night, when they (3) ...... up to 50kg of
vegetation per day. Despite their size, they
are very skilled and graceful in the water.
Hippos are territorial creatures, with the male
hippo marking his land along a riverbank and
drawing in a harem of females while
defending it against other males; male hippos
challenge one another with threatening
stares. Although the hippo has an image as a
peaceful and easygoing animal, it is actually
among the most dangerous in Africa,
accounting for more human deaths than any
other animal except the lion. Its front teeth
are 50cm long, and it can use its head as a
battering ram, especially when fighting (4)
...... males attempting to (5) ...... its
territory.

The baboon is a type of ground-dwelling

primate found in savannas, open woodlands,
and hills across the continent of Africa. Unlike
most other primates, they have longish, doglike faces, as well as close-set eyes, heavy
and powerful jaws, thick fur, a short tail, and
often brightly coloured faces and behinds.
They are (6) ...... of walking on two legs,
and so get around on all fours. Their diet is
omnivorous but usually vegetarian, and they
forage for their food at (7) ...... times
throughout the day and night, rather than
(8) ...... to any set schedule. They are quite
noisy creatures, and also quite (9) ......: they
have been known on occasion to raid human
dwellings and attack people, as well as
occasionally preying on (10) ...... sheep and
goats from farms. Baboons typically live in
hierarchical troops of 5 to 250 animals, with
50 being the average, and can live for as
many as thirty years. They are highly
intelligent creatures, and early Egyptians
seem to have trained baboons to serve food
and perform other low-level tasks.

1- A) imaginative
B) crafty
C) sociable
D) cowardly
E) repellent

6- A) unforgettable
B) unimaginable
C) immeasurable
D) incapable
E) undependable

2- A) creditable
B) transferable
C) coincidental
D) treatable
E) susceptible

7- A) unworthy
C) immobile

B) irregular
D) inaccessible
E) unsatisfied

3- A) consume
B) irritate
C) evaporate
D) settle
E) preserve

8- A) adhering
C) adjoining

B) administering
D) addressing
E) admiring

4- A) tasteful
C) rival

B) assistant
D) avoidable
E) available

9- A) dependent
B) nervous
C) disqualified
D) indicative
E) ferocious

5- A) impose
C) conserve

B) elect
D) invade
E) classify

10- A) cultured
B) intended
C) recommended D) promoted
E) domesticated

THE SLOTH

THE PLATYPUS

The curious mammals called sloths (11) ......

their name from the fact that they usually
appear lazy and sluggish, though at times
they can be (12) ...... fast. The animals have
rounded heads, tiny ears, and flattened
faces. Measuring up to 70cm long, their
forelimbs are longer than their hindlimbs and
have long, curved claws. Sloths are nocturnal
and usually silent and (13) ....... spending
most of their lives alone and clinging to tree
trunks or hanging upside down from
branches, moving extremely slowly through
the trees. They have made extraordinary
(14) ...... to their browsing lifestyle. Eating
mostly leaves, which provide very little
energy, they have extremely low metabolic
rates and body temperatures, and two-thirds
of the weight of a well-fed sloth consists of
the contents of its stomach, with the
digestive (15) ...... taking a month or more
to complete. Their moist fur is host to a
variety of blue-green algae which provide
camouflage, thus protecting them from
predators.

When a platypus skin was sent back to

England from Australia in the late 1700s, the
scientists who analyzed it thought it was a/an
(16) ....... because they believed no animal
could really be so odd-looking as that. Its
body is quite flat and squat, its feet are
webbed, and for a mouth it has a bill similar
to a duck's, and yet it is a mammal and has
fur. Unlike other mammals, however, it lays
eggs. The adult male platypus produces a
kind of venom during the breeding season,
which is (17) ...... into enemies by a strike
from one of the animal's hindlegs. The
poison is not (18) ...... to humans, but
produces a torturous pain which can last for
days or even months. The platypus is
nocturnal and partially aquatic, living usually
in small streams and rivers and spending
most of its time in the water. When
swimming, it keeps its eyes closed and relies
on its other senses for (19) ......, including
its ability to (20) ...... electrical sources from
a great distance. This latter ability allows the
platypus to locate its prey - usually worms,
insect eggs, and small shrimp - by sensing
their body electricity

11- A) compel
C) hinder

B) derive
D) pertain
E) accomplish

16- A) concept
B) guide
C) garment
D) theft
E) fake

12- A) conceptually
B) considerately
C) considerably
D) consequently
E) conceitedly

17- A) indented
B) included
C) infected
D) injected
E) intended

13- A) preserved
B) gregarious
C) formal
D) solitary
E) sympathetic

18- A) lifeless
B) fatal
C) personal
D) preventive
E) compulsory

14- A) exceptions
B) mutations
C) adaptations
D) inflations
E) reservations

19- A) decision
B) shape
C) direction
D) function
E) inspiration

15- A) process
B) occasion
C) justification
D) agent
E) motive

20- A) perceive
B) nullify
C) fortify
D) react
E) victimize

THE ANGLERFISH

THE OCTOPUS

The anglerfish is a unique (21) ...... of deepsea fish named for its (22) ...... method of
catching prey: the word "angler" means
"fisherman", and indeed this is a fish which
essentially fishes for other fish. The
anglerfish has a gigantic mouth with quite
sharp teeth, and (23) ...... from its forehead
is a curious growth which is quite long and
thin. This growth can be shaken so as to
resemble prey, and is also able to light up - a
phenomenon known as bioluminescence,
which is very useful in the pitch black of the
deep sea. The anglerfish itself is either dull
gray, dark brown, or black, and so cannot be
seen when it shines its light. Other predators
are (24) ...... to the anglerfish's wiggling,
glowing growth, and (25) ...... close enough
for the anglerfish to devour them whole,
which it can do by disconnecting its jaw,
much as snakes do, and swallowing prey up
to twice as large as its entire body.

The octopus is a sea animal best (26) ......

by its eight arms - which usually have
poisonous sucker cups on them - and entirely
soft body. This latter feature enables the
animal to squeeze into the smallest, tightest
crevices between rocks when fleeing from
other predatory sea creatures. Three
defensive mechanisms are typical of
octopuses. First, they can (27) ...... a thick,
blackish ink in a large cloud out into the
water, aiding them in escaping predators.
Also, they have specialized colour-changing
skin cells which they can use to blend into
the environment or to warn off enemies.
Finally, octopuses can (28) ...... their arms,
which continue to move about though no
longer connected to the body; this can serve
as a/an (29) ...... to predators, enabling the
octopus to escape. Octopuses can regenerate
their arms, so this ability poses no real
problems for them. Octopuses are highly
intelligent creatures, and have been shown
able to easily distinguish between and
remember colours and shapes in laboratory
experiments. They can also express a great
(30) ...... of emotions, from basic fear and
joy through to embarrassment, trust, and
curiosity.

21- A) region
C) variety

B) abundance
D) amount
E) extension

26- A) glorified
B) distinguished
C) criticized
D) accorded
E) realized
22- A) accessible
B) rebellious
C) substantial
D) compassionate
E) characteristic

27- A) formalize
B) encircle
C) jeopardize
D) activate
E) eject

23- A) decorating
B) evolving
C) interrupting
D) projecting
E) rejoicing

28- A) detach
B) extend
C) abbreviate
D) require
E) broaden

24- A) abolished
B) attracted
C) occupied
D) consulted
E) divided

29- A) awareness
B) incentive
C) distraction
D) diversity
E) intention

25- A) vanish
B) approach
C) approve
D) retreat
E) embark

30- A) receipt
C) deceit

B) drought
D) range
E) content

TEST 17
A BRIEF GLANCE AT CHINESE HISTORY
PEASANT LIFE IN ANCIENT CHINA

THE INVENTIVE CHINESE

The Chinese peasantry were in a paradoxical

position, partly (1) ...... yet, at the same
time, partly respected. Though their feudal
overlords worked them mercilessly at times,
the peasants were nonetheless (2) ...... as
one of the two essential pillars of Chinese
society. The other was the ethical philosophy
of Confucius (551-479 BC). Though the
peasants received state aid, including
technical aid, to produce food, peasant
rebellions (3) ...... quite often throughout
Chinese history. Peasant life was hard and
could be gruelling. Poverty, despite state
help, was common, and it was said that a
Chinese peasant could work all year round
and still not (4) ...... enough to feed himself
and his family. Quite apart from farming, the
peasants were (5) ...... by law to work on
public building projects and do military
service as well.

The Chinese were an extremely inventive

people, displaying a greatly sophisticated (6)
...... which took little or nothing from outside
(7) ....... .One Chinese invention was the
crossbow, a deadly weapon not yet
completely out of date today. Another was
paper, an essential item for a highly literate
society which left minutely detailed records.
Printing, also a Chinese invention, was the
first mechanized industry in the world. The
Chinese learned early on how to make silk,
and had highly developed smelting and
metal-working industries as well. They used
paper money, (8) ...... a system of weights
and measures, (9) ...... a calendar and
discovered the secret of making gunpowder,
the oldest known explosive. A further
invention was a "weathercock", an early
warning system which could (10) ......
earthquakes.

1- A) consistent
B) internal
C) divided
D) exploited
E) dominant

6- A) participation
B) creativity
C) document
D) diversion
E) region

2- A) concerned
B) concentrated
C) distressed
D) noticed
E) regarded

7- A) elevations
B) exceptions
C) influences
D) implements
E) regulations

3- A) erupted
B) sustained
C) performed
D) confronted
E) extended

8- A) estimated
B) respected
C) devised
D) overturned
E) depended

4- A) win
C) found

9- A) counted
B) persisted
C) contrasted
D) characterized
E) established

B) assert
D) earn
E) attempt

5- A) designed
B) bound
C) composed
D) checked
E) reserved

10- A) augment
B) reform
C) depict
D) detect
E) esteem

ISOLATIONIST ATTITUDES

TRAVELLERS AND TRADERS IN CHINA

The Chinese did not discover that there were

other civilizations on Earth until about 126
BC; when they did so, their (11) ...... was
not one of interest, but rather of mistrust.
They soon developed a strong dislike of
foreigners or "foreign devils" - together
with a (12) ...... insistence on selfsufficiency, which even today makes the
Chinese (13) ......outside aid in times of
trouble.' Despite their many wars, the
Chinese were suspicious of regular standing
armies, and had contempt for merchants. In
fact, a young man aiming for high office in
China's highly developed civil service system
would (14) ...... avoid working in a trade in
case it ruined his (15) ....... .As Chinese
society developed in these inward-looking
ways, it became both feudal and hierarchical,
with great importance laid on the family and
on respect for age.

Uncharacteristically for Chinese rulers, the

emperors of the Tang dynasty (AD 618-907)
were very (16) ...... to foreign ideas and
imports, and so opened their doors to trade.
(17) ...... .Arabian, Persian, Korean and
Japanese merchants brought spices - which
soon found their way into Chinese food - and,
as a special delicacy, Persian cakes and
sweetmeats. Before long, tales of the gold,
jewels and other luxuries in China (18) ......
the interest of European merchants, for
whom the imported spices - (19) ...... for the
preservation of meat in the days before
refrigeration - were of as much interest as
the luxuries. This trade -carried out along the
famous Silk Road -became a rich one,
although Islamic powers blocked the route at
times. After the Europeans entered the
Indian Ocean in the sixteenth century, sea
(20) ...... from Europe to China developed.

11- A) reaction
B) approximation
C) distraction
D) promotion
E) association

16- A) uniform
B) hostile
C) receptive
D) divisive
E) structured

12- A) considerate
B) current
C) stubborn
D) neutral
E) loose

17- A) Previously
B) Currently
C) Spontaneously D) Subsequently
E) Convincingly

13- A) occupy
B) administer
C) distinguish
D) rival
E) reject

14- A) vaguely
C) lazily

B) cautiously
D) randomly
E) heedlessly

15- A) prospects
B) excuses
C) effects
D) detachments
E) hardships

18- A) defined
B) excluded
C) restricted
D) comprised
E) aroused

19- A) dependent
B) vital
C) outlined
D) extensive
E) narrow

20- A) distinctions
B) capitals
C) degrees
D) links
E) borders

THE MONGOLS

CHINA HUMBLED AND REVIVED

The nomadic Mongols first came to Chinese

(21) ...... as hit-and-run raiders swooping
down to create mayhem, then (22) ...... just
as suddenly. There was, however, a great
deal more to the Mongols, who began as
nomads wandering the grassy plains of
Mongolia with their sheep, camels, goats and
cattle. In time, the Mongols developed into
fierce and skilful warriors, fighting on
horseback with a speed and agility that
(23) ...... their enemies. The Mongols proved
so (24) ...... that they created the largest
land based empire ever known, conquering
lands that (25) ...... from eastern Europe to
the Pacific Ocean. After 1211, when the
Mongols broke through the Great Wall, China
became part of this empire and the legendary
Kublai Khan (1216-1294) became the first
Yuan emperor of China.

In 1839-42, the British went to war with

China over Chinese reluctance to open its
ports to the valuable trade in Indian opium,
which the British (26) ...... to use as
currency for imports such as Chinese
porcelain, silk and tea. China, hopelessly
outclassed by modern weapons, had to
(27) ...... .Hong Kong to the British and open
five "treaty" ports. Another Opium War, in
1860, (28) ...... even more concessions from
the Chinese emperor, who now had to allow
the British, French and other foreigners to
create their own districts on Chinese
(29)......, where they were immune from
Chinese law. Later, wiping out this
humiliation became a strong (30) ...... for
the communist Mao Zedong (1903-76), who
became ruler of China in 1949 and made it
into a world power once again.

21- A) climate
B) impact
C) attention
D) tradition
E) faith

26- A) involved
B) measured
C) sought
D) merged
E) specified

22- A) departing
B) innovating
C) providing
D) violating
E) daring

27- A) sentence
B) yield
C) refer
D) renovate
E) compare

23- A) diversified
B) promoted
C) soothed
D) startled
E) circulated

28- A) obtained
B) intended
C) exported
D) cultivated
E) repelled

24- A) frequent
B) subsequent
C) spiritual
D) oppressive
E) invincible

29- A) currency
B) territory
C) investment
D) province
E) suspension

25- A) designated
B) absorbed
C) emitted
D) witnessed
E) stretched

30- A) response
B) supremacy
C) declaration
D) motive
E) intensity

TEST 18
QUITE A QUIRKY WORLD THIS IS, EH?
THE BIRTH OF A SEAGULL

BEHOLD THE TERRIBLE TIGER

An eight-month pregnant Russian woman and

parachuting enthusiast, Marija Usova was
warned by friends not (1) ...... parachuting.
Nevertheless, she arranged to do the jump
anyway, saying that she wanted her baby to
have the wonderful feeling of falling freely
through air before it was born. While in midair, halfway through the jump, she went into
labor. As she describes the experience: "I
was in the air when I suddenly felt a massive
pain, and I realized that it (2) ....... I cried
out, 'Oh God! help me!' and kept my legs
held tightly together, but (3) ...... that there
really wasn't much more I could do. Every
second of that descent felt (4) ...... an
eternity." She also said that, as she fell, she
nearly passed out (5) ...... times from the
pain. Upon landing, she immediately began to
give birth, and doctors who were on hand
immediately arrived to help her. It was a
baby girl, and Ms. Usova has decided to
name it Larisa, because she says: "It means
'seagull' in ancient Greek."

An elderly Chinese pensioner (6) ...... a

hospital after she had (7) ...... a painting of
a tiger for the real thing. The woman, who is
in her seventies, spotted the "tiger" in a dark
alleyway while returning from a shopping trip
to a nearby supermarket. According to the
Shanghai Evening Post, the woman
screamed, turned around, and ran because
she saw the "tiger" coming towards her. But
while running, she slipped (8) ...... some ice
and fell heavily, injuring her hip. Passersby
rushed to her aid and found her nervously
stammering, "Tiger, tiger, there's a tiger" and
pointing into the alleyway. The "tiger",
though, was actually a painting (9) ...... in
the window of a calligraphy and painting
supplies shop. (10) ...... raw business to his
shop, the owner had put a light behind the
picture, so as to create a lifelike impression.
It seems that, from at least one elderly
woman's point of view, he succeeded.

1- A) going
B) being gone
C) to have gone
D) to go
E) having gone

6- A) would have taken

B) had to be taken
C) ought to be taken
D) could have taken
E) used to be taken

2- A) has started
B) will have started
C) had to start
D) is starting
E) was starting

7- A) mistaken
B) mislaid
C) misunderstood
D) mistrusted
E) mismatched

3- A) along
C) beyond

8- A) within
C) on

B) apart
D) among
E) towards

4- A) as though
B) as
C) so
D) like
E) more

5- A) plenty
B) several
C) a number
D) lots
E) much

B) about
D) for
E) alongside

9- A) hanging
B) to have been hanged
C) hang
D) having hung
E) hanged
10- A) Much as
B) So that
C) Consequently D) For fear of
E) In order to

BEHOLD THE TERRIBLE BUTTERFLY

LUCKY'S LUCK RUNS OUT

Hollywood actress Nicole Kidman, it seems, is

afraid (11) ...... butterflies. She apparently
developed the phobia when she was a child in
Australia and, despite endless attempts to
(12) ...... the problem, she still absolutely
cannot stand the insects. "Sometimes," she
says, "when I would come home from school,
the biggest butterfly or moth you could
(13) ...... see in your life would be sitting
there on our front gate. I would climb over
the fence, or maybe crawl around to the side
of the house -anything to avoid having to go
through the front gate. I've tried to get over
my fear," she continues. "For instance, I
walked into the big butterfly cage at the
American Museum of Natural History
(14) ...... the butterflies could land on my
body, but that just didn't work. It's a bit
strange: I can jump out of airplanes with no
problem; I can be covered in cockroaches
without worrying myself much; I can do (15)
...... sorts of things. However, I just cannot
deal with the feel of butterflies' bodies."

A chicken named Lucky, which helped its

owner pick (16) ...... winning lottery
numbers, has been eaten by a fox. The
owner, Billy Gibbons, originally
(17) ...... .Lucky close to death when he was
out walking through the fields in 2003. Mr.
Gibbons rescued the chicken, brought it to his
home, and nursed it back to health. While
the bird was (18) ...... it for some reason
tapped five numbers into a calculator
(19) ...... its beak. Mr. Gibbons decided to
play those numbers in the lottery, and he
won 1300 for doing (20) ......."I named him
Lucky, and he was obviously a very special
chicken," Mr. Gibbons says. "I rescued him
from certain death. I think he knew that, and
so he followed me everywhere." Lucky,
however, ended up not so lucky after all: last
week he got snatched and eaten by a fox. Mr.
Gibbons is now trying to train his remaining
hens to peck numbers out on a calculator,
but he admits that it's just not the same, and
that he dearly misses Lucky.

11- A) from
C) of

16- A) on
C) at

B) about
D) through
E) upon

B) apart
D) out
E) through

12- A) run up against B) make up with

C) pick up on
D) get rid of
E) come down with

17- A) went at
B) happened upon
C) marked up
D) passed out
E) came through

13- A) just
C) quite

18- A) refurbishing
B) reforming
C) recovering
D) resurfacing
E) restoring

E) soon

B) ever
D) rather

14- A) so that
B) because of
C) nonetheless
D) in order to
E) however

15- A) all
C) many a

B) every
D) each
E) either

19- A) from
B) on
C) through
D) with
E) towards

20- A) so much
C) same
E) so

B) so many
D) such

DON'T DO THIS AT HOME

MODERN ART? NO, IT'S RUBBISH!

A Mexican man has astounded doctors by

successfully performing surgery on
(21) ......39-year-old Pedro Lopez was
having difficulty (22) ...... and managed to
drain the fluid that was (23) ...... his lungs.
Specialists said he performed the operation
almost perfectly, and that it was an absolute
miracle. Alfonso Torres Aguilar, the director
of San Cristobal de Las Casas Hospital, said:
"We, as professionals, do this sort of surgery
by draining liquid only in small quantities. But
this man introduced a needle through his own
belly and into his lungs, and drained three
whole liters of the liquid. And without
anesthesia! It's almost (24) ...... he were a
trained surgeon." Mr. Lopez stayed in hospital
for just one day after his autosurgery, and is
already back home, doubtlessly quite
satisfied with (25) ...... he has done.

Garbagemen in Frankfurt, Germany, are

being sent back to school after accidentally
destroying an important piece of modern art.
According to the Guardian newspaper, the
men collected, crushed, and burned a stack
of plastic yellow sheets. It (26) ......
however, that the sheets were actually part
of a city-wide exhibition of modern sculpture,
and (27) ...... by Michael Beutler, a graduate
of Frankfurt's Stdel art school. Thirty of the
garbagemen are now being sent to modern
art classes to (28) ...... that the same
mistake never happens (29) ...... The head
of Frankfurt's sanitation department, Peter
Postleb, took personal responsibility for the
mistake, saying that he had seen the sheets
(30) ...... on the street, thought construction
workers had dumped them there, and so
called his employees to take them away. He
only realized his mistake a few days later,
when he read about the exhibition in a local
newspaper.

21- A) theirs
C) they

B) himself
D) him
E) his

26- A) turns out

B) opens up
C) falls through
D) gets off
E) puts in

22- A) breathing
C) breathe

B) to breathe
D) having breathed
E) being breathed

27- A) are being constructed

B) had been constructed
C) have been constructed
D) were constructing
E) had constructed

23- A) enduring
C) approving

B) persuading
D) confirming
E) obstructing

28- A) affect
C) relieve

B) ensure
D) develop
E) accomplish

24- A) like
C) such

B) so
D) as if
E) though

29- A) ever
C) again

B) just
D) so much
E) yet

25- A) this
C) what

B) that
D) which
E) why

30- A) to lie
C) lying

B) to be lying
D) lay
E) having lain

TEST 19
VARIETIES OF ENGLISH
HIBERNO-ENGLISH

SCOUSE

Hiberno-English is the form of the English

language used in Ireland; it is (1) ...... called
Anglo-Irish or Irish English.The basis for the
type of English spoken in Ireland is said to be
a mixture of the language of Shakespeare
and the Irish of the Gaelic earls, as modern
Irish-English does bear the marks of two
major historical events. First, we have the
various types of English and Scots that
(2) ...... to Ireland during the English and
Scottish colonization in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries. Secondly, there is an
early hybrid jargon (3) ...... arose as a result
of the contact between the Irish and English
languages. The linguistic interference of the
Irish language on the English spoken in
Ireland is most clearly seen in those areas
where Irish is still spoken as a mother tongue
or where it (4) ...... until recently. However,
this merging is minimal (but still absolute in
evidencE) in Dublin, where cultural influences
(news media, music, television) from the US
and the UK have been more readily
assimilated, (5) ...... exposure, in the
modern age.

Scouse is the accent or dialect of English

found in the northern English city of Liverpool
and (6) ...... urban areas of Lancashire and
the Wirral region of Cheshire. The Liverpool
accent is highly distinctive, and (7) ......
different from the accents used in
neighbouring regions of Lancashire and
Cheshire.The word Scouse was originally a
variation of "lobscouse" (probably from the
north German sailor's dish Labscaus), the
name of a traditional dish of mutton stew
mixed with hardtack and eaten by sailors.
Lancashire has one of (8) ...... diverse
selections of spoken accents of any English
county or region. This is thought (9) ......
due to the large amount of immigration into
the Liverpool area from Ireland, Wales, the
Isle of Man, Scotland, other parts of northern
England, and the Caribbean in the 18th and
19th centuries. The influence of these speech
patterns was strong in Liverpool,
distinguishing the accent of its people from
(10) ...... of surrounding Lancashire and
Cheshire.

1- A) neither
C) as

6- A) longing
C) speaking

B) adjoining
D) populating
E) binding

2- A) had brought
B) were brought
C) brought
D) have been brought
E) would have brought

7- A) solely
C) rarely

B) wholly
D) similarly
E) merely

3- A) whose
C) where

8- A) the most
C) so much

B) much more
D) a more
E) many

4- A) was surviving
B) is surviving
C) had survived
D) survives
E) survived

9- A) being
C) is

B) to be
D) was
E) been

5- A) while
C) due to

10- A) out
C) this

E) like

B) so
D) also

B) what
D) which
E) however

B) because
D) when
E) for

B) around
D) those
E) its

BRUMMIE

HIGHLAND ENGLISH

Brummie (sometimes spelt Brummy) refers to

things (11) ...... with the city of Birmingham in
England, particularly its people - known as
Brummies - and their accent and dialect of the
English language. The word is derived from
Brummagem (commonly shortened to Brum),
(12) ...... is a local name for the city. Brummie
is a prominent example of a UK regional accent.
It is perceived as a perfectly legitimate version
of the spoken English language in the Midlands.
The accent is regarded as "lifting and
melodious" by overseas visitors, though it
sometimes comes (13) ...... attack from the
British press due to many popular
misconceptions and the obvious inability of
many non-brummie actors to grasp the unusual
tones of the accent, which (14) ...... have
described as (15) ...... the Scandinavian
languages in sound. Brummie should not be
regarded as the only accent of the Midlands or
West Midlands, although the term is often used
by outsiders to refer to all accents of the
region. For example, speakers from the Black
County (the conurbation to the north-west of
Birmingham) have an accent which is very
different from Brummie in many respects.

Highland English is the variety of Gaelicinfluenced Scottish English (16) ...... in the
highlands of Scotland. Island English is the
variety spoken (17) ...... a second language
by native Gaelic speakers in the Outer
Hebrides. This variety of English shows the
influence of Gaelic most clearly in
pronunciation, but also in grammar. For
example, medial and final consonants
(18) ...... to be de-voiced (as is standard in
Gaelic), so that "whatever" becomes
pronounced as "whateffer". Similarly, the
"parasitic vowel" that is used in some
consonant combinations in Gaelic is used,
(19) ...... "film" is pronounced as "fillum".
The grammatical effect is most apparent with
verbs, as Gaelic uses the verb "to be" with
the active participle of the verb to indicate a
continuous action as in English, but also uses
this construction for iterative meanings;
therefore, "I go to Stomoway on Mondays,"
becomes "I am going to Stornoway on
Mondays." The past tense in Highland English
may use the verb "to be" (20) ...... by
"after" and the participle, as in "I am after
buying a newspaper," to mean "I have [just]
bought a newspaper."

11- A) connecting
B) to connect
C) connected
D) connect
E) having connected

16- A) speaking
B) to speak
C) spoke
D) spoken
E) speak

12- A) where
C) which

B) that
D) how
E) what

17- A) much
C) rather

B) at
D) about
E) under

18- A) somewhat
B) often
C) as a rule
D) avoid
E) tend

13- A) over
C) for

14- A) much
C) other

E) each

B) some
D) either

15- A) the same

B) many a
C) plenty of
D) similar to
E) rather than

B) as
D) such
E) alike

19- A) while
B) so that
C) however
D) whereas
E) in spite of

20- A) to be following B) followed

C) being followed D) following
E) to follow

JAMAICAN ENGLISH

SPANGLISH

Jamaican English, or Jamaican Standard

English, is a dialect of English encompassing
in a very unique way parts of (21) ......
American English and British English.
Typically it uses British English spellings, but
does not reject American English spellings,
(22)...... .It shouldn't be confused with what
is called, in English, Jamaican Creole, or what
is called in Jamaican, Patois or "dialect". It is
also noted that "Patois" is a French term
referring to broken or improper French, but in
Jamaican it refers to Jamaican Creole, which
Jamaicans have traditionally seen as "broken"
or "incorrect" English. Jamaican is generally
considered to be a Creole language. Modern
linguists (23) ...... the view that Creoles are
full languages. Jamaican Standard English is
grammatically similar to British Standard
English. Recently, however, due to Jamaica's
proximity to the United States and the
(24)...... close economic ties and high rates
of migration, as well as the influence of
American cultural entertainment products
such as movies, cable television and popular
music, the influence of American English has
been increasing steadily. Thus, structures like
"I don't have" or "you don't need" are
(25) ...... universally preferred over "I
haven't got" or "you needn't".

Spanglish is a name used to refer to a range

of language-contact phenomena, primarily in
the speech of Hispanic Americans, (26) ......
are exposed to both Spanish and English.
These phenomena are a product of close
border contacts or large bilingual
communities, (27) ...... along the United
States-Mexico border, in Florida, and in New
York City. Spanish and English have
interpenetrated in any number of ways. For
example, a bilingual fluent speaker speaking
to (28) ...... bilingual speaker may indulge
words from both languages as in, "yo me voy
a get up" (as opposed to "yo me voy a
levantar" or "I'm going to get up"). (29) ......
than that are word borrowings from English
into Spanish, using false cognates with their
English sense, or translating idiomatic English
expressions. For example, the word carpeta
exists in standard Spanish, meaning "folder",
but in the USA it is common to see it used to
mean "carpet". This is a straight borrowing of
an English word, (30) ...... is the very
common verb chequear/checar"to check", the
noun parkin "parking", and countless others.

21- A) both
C) all

B) either
D) some
E) everyone

26- A) that
C) which

22- A) nor
C) too

B) neither
D) none
E) either

27- A) whereas
B) such as
C) where
D) so
E) that

23- A) say
C) tell

B) hold
D) think
E) believe

28- A) another
C) none

B) where
D) whose
E) who

B) their
D) someone
E) them

24- A) tightening
B) ending
C) resulting
D) closing
E) reducing

29- A) Commonly
B) More common
C) In common
D) The most common
E) Uncommon

25- A) closely
C) than

30- A) thus
C) and

B) without
D) almost
E) what

E) as

B) like
D) what

TEST 20
THE DIDGERIDOO

THE THUMB PIANO

The didgeridoo is a unique wind instrument of

the Aborigines of northern Australia. There
aren't (1) ...... reliable sources stating the
didgeridoo's exact age, but it is commonly
accepted as being the world's oldest wind
instrument. The word "didgeridoo" is not an
Aboriginal one, but comes from the Irish
word dudaire, meaning "trumpeter" or
"hummer". The instrument is quite simple,
consisting (2) ...... a long (usually between
1m and 1.5m) wooden tube that comes from
the trunk of a native eucalyptus tree that has
been hollowed out by termites. The trunk is
cut to size, and often a rim made of beeswax
is applied to the mouthpiece end of the
instrument. The didgeridoo is played by
blowing into it with continuously vibrating
lips, which produces a low droning sound,
and requires a technique called circular
breathing. This (3) ...... breathing in through
the nose (4) ...... simultaneously expelling
air from the mouth, (5) ...... allowing ;
didgeridoo player to blow for up to an hour
without stopping. The didgeridoo is an
integral part of the ceremonial life of the
Aborigines of northern Australia, as it
accompanies singers and dancers in religious
rituals.

The so-called "thumb piano" is an instrument

played in East Africa, particularly (6) ......
the Shona people of Zimbabwe; in the Shona
tongue it is called mbira. It consists of a
small wooden board (usually about 8cm x
10cm) to which between 20 and 24 metal
keys (7) ......; the instrument is then placed
inside of a hollowed-out gourd, which
amplifies its sound when it is played.
(8) ......, shells or bottletops are affixed to
both the board and the gourd in order to
create a constant buzzing sound, which adds
depth and context to the clear tone; of the
mbira keys. To the Western ear, the music
produced by the mbira seems to be
extremely repetitive, and it is certainly
cyclical, but upon close listening, minute
variations (9) ...... of Western minimalist
music can be heard.It has come to be known
in the West as a "thumb piano" because the
metal keys are plucked with the thumbs, but
its full name in Shona is mbira dzavadzimu,
which means "mbira of the ancestor spirits".
This name indicates how important the
instrument is to the Shona people, (10) ......
spiritual values and aspirations the mbira
represents.

1- A) no
C) much

B) some
D) any
E) others

6- A) upon
C) between

2- A) of
C) upon

B) about
D) from
E) with

3- A) expects
C) consists

B) involves
D) resides
E) deters

4- A) however
C) since

B) as
D) no matter
E) while

5- A) because
C) whereas

B) whenever
D) thus
E) in that

B) among
D) through
E) alongside

7- A) were attached
B) attach
C) have been attached
D) would be attached
E) are attaching
8- A) Accordingly
B) As soon as
C) Therefore
D) Despite
E) Furthermore

9- A) suggestingly
B) suggested
C) suggestion
D) suggesting
E) suggestive
10- A) whose
C) that

B) where
D) who
E) whom

THE AEOLIAN HARP

THE GLASS ARMONICA

An aeolian harp is a musical instrument that

is set outside and "played" by the wind, free
of the touch of human hands. It originated in
Greece around the year 0, and is named for
Aeolus, the ancient Greek god of the wind.
The traditional aeolian harp is essentially a
wooden box with strings stretched lengthwise
from top to bottom inside the box. It is
placed either outside or in an opened window
(11) ...... the wind can blow across the
strings to produce sounds. The strings are
sometimes tuned all to the same note, and
sometimes to different notes. The sound
produced is random and dependent
(12) ...... the strength of the wind,
(13) ...... from a barely audible hum to a
loud scream. It was a very popular
instrument during the era of Romanticism,
and Romantic poets were fond of comparing
(14) ...... to aeolian harps (15) ...... they
identified with how nature was in control of
the instrument. Also, Romantic composer
Frederic Chopin's etude in A-flat minor was
nicknamed the "Aeolian Harp Etude" for its
resemblance to the sounds produced by this
lovely instrument.

Get your finger wet, then rub it (16) ...... the

rim of a wineglass: a haunting sound is
produced. Now get 50 wineglasses, all of
different sizes, and do the same thing: you
have a musical instrument. This is basically
what American jack-of-all-trades Benjamin
Franklin did in 1761 when he invented the
glass armonica, (17) ...... that he used glass
bowls (18) ...... wineglasses. He turned the
bowls on their sides and through their centers
ran a metal pole attached to a foot pedal
which would continuously spin them. The
player then wets his fingers, touches the
bowls, and voila! music results. The glass
armonica enjoyed a great vogue in America
and Europe in the late 18th and early 19th
centuries, and both Mozart and Beethoven
wrote music for (19) ...... .However,
for some reason, playing or listening to the
instrument was claimed by doctors to lead to
melancholy, depression, and (20) ......
insanity, and it was banned in some places,
resulting in its virtual disappearance from the
world. Recently, however, it has begun to
enjoy a revival (now that those doctors'
claims have been proven to be nothing but
nonsense).

11- A) whose
C) what

12- A) for
C) from

B) where
D) why
E) which

E) with

B) over
D) on

13- A) ranging
B) to range
C) to be ranging D) having ranged
E) being ranged

16- A) through
C) without

B) between
D) among
E) around

17- A) in order
B) however
C) somehow
D) except
E) instead

18- A) rather than

B) because
C) for fear that
D) instead
E) since

14- A) theirs B) it
C) themselves
D) they
E) itself

19- A) its
C) itself

15- A) so that
B) as a consequence
C) insofar as
D) in order that
E) nonetheless

20- A) together
B) just
C) even
D) still
E) already

E) they

B) it
D) them

THE THEREMIN

THE PREPARED PIANO

The theremin is one of the world's earliest

fully electronic musical instruments. Invented
in 1919 by Russian Lev Sergeivitch Termen,
the theremin was an accidental discovery
made (21) ...... Soviet governmentsponsored research. Consisting of a box with
two radio antennas, the theremin was unique
in that it required (22) ...... physical contact
to produce music. Instead, a performer could
control both the pitch and volume of the
sound simply by moving their hands in the
air. It is not, however, an easy instrument to
play, requiring the performer to remain
absolutely still (23) ...... their body
movements alter the theremin's pitch. Here's
how it works: the theremin's two radio
antennas create two different, very high
frequency radio signals, which can then be
altered by the close presence of a human
body - (24) ...... a person moving about a
room can affect television or radio reception.
One of the antennas controls pitch, (25) ......
controls volume, and the hands are moved
carefully through the air to manipulate both.
If you have ever seen any old 1950s science
fiction movies, you have probably heard the
theremin's distinct "woo-WOO-woo" sound,
also used to good effect on the Beach Boys'
1966 "pocket symphony", "Good Vibrations".

A prepared piano is a piano - usually a grand

piano - that has had its sound altered by
placing objects known as "preparations"
between or atop its strings. The first
composer to use it extensively was John
Cage, who is often credited (26) ......
inventing the instrument. Cage himself said
he was greatly inspired by the earlier
experiments of Henry Cowell, who would
pluck and scrape the strings directly rather
than pressing the keys. In Cage's use, the
preparations are typically nuts, bolts, and
pieces of rubber stuck between and entwined
around the strings. When the keys of the
piano are (27) ...... played, some will make
duller, more percussive sounds than usual,
(28) ...... others will produce sonorous belllike tones. The innovation of the prepared
piano later led to the creation of the prepared
guitar, which is a guitar with different items
wedged between the guitar's strings and its
neck. Perhaps the most well-known name to
use the prepared guitar is the avant-garde
rock group Sonic Youth, whose guitarists
delight (29) ...... preparing their instruments
with (30) ...... hings ...... sticks and
screwdrivers.

21- A) during
C) beside

B) when
D) about
E) while

26- A) to
C) around

22- A) a
C) any

B) no
D) some
E) other

27- A) apparently
B) consequently
C) accordingly
D) timely
E) subsequently

23- A) so that
C) lest

B) because of
D) whereas
E) therefore

28- A) because
C) despite

B) upon
D) with
E) among

B) nevertheless
D) while
E) however

24- A) more so
B) just so
C) much as
D) such that
E) so as

29- A) in
C) for

25- A) the other

B) some
C) any
D) others
E) other

30- A) such...that
B) such...as
C) too many.. .to D) so.. .as to
E) so many...that

E) with

B) by
D) to

TEST 21
THE BIG CATS OF THE WILD
THE TIGER

THE LION

The largest of the cats is the tiger. (1) ......

strong and fierce as it is big, the tiger is
rivalled only by the lion in strength and
ferocity. The tiger's coat is often a bright
golden colour. It has black stripes on the
head, body, limbs, and tail. Stripes like these
are sometimes found on the domestic cat (2)
...... which is a distant relative of the tiger.
The tiger is thought to have originated in
northern Eurasia and to have moved
southward; its present range extends from
the Russian Far East through parts of China,
India, and Southeast Asia. There were once
about seven or eight generally accepted races
of tiger. Of (3) ...... the Javan tiger, Bali
tiger, and Caspian tiger are now believed to
be extinct; the Chinese tiger is near
extinction; and the Sumatran, Siberian, and
Indian subspecies are listed in the Red Data
Book as definitely endangered. The tiger
hunts by night and preys on a variety of
animals. Healthy, large mammals are
generally avoided, (4) ...... there have been
recorded instances of tigers (5) ......
elephants and buffalo.

The second largest of the big cats and the

proverbial "king of beasts", the lion has been,
(6) ...... earliest times, one of (7) ......
known of wild animals. It is now found mainly
in parts of Africa south of the Sahara. A few
hundred lions, constituting an Asiatic race,
live under strict protection in the Gir Forest
National Park in Gujarat, India. The preferred
habitats of lions are grassy plains and open
savanna. Lions are unique among cats in that
they live in a group, or pride. A pride consists
of several generations of lionesses - (8) ......
are related - their cubs, and one or two adult
male lions which defend the pride's territory
and mate with the females. Lions proclaim
their territory by roaring and by scent
marking. The lion's well-known roar is
generally uttered in the evening before a
night's hunting and again before getting up at
dawn. Lions prey on a large number of
animals ranging in size from gazelles and
baboons upward to buffalo and
hippopotamuses, but they prefer to hunt
(9) ...... medium- (10) ...... large-sized
hoofed animals as wildebeest, zebra, and
impala and other antelopes.

1- A) So
C) Much

6- A) for
C) after

E) Too

B) As
D) More

E) until

B) in
D) since

2- A) too
C) neither

B) although
D) yet
E) either

7- A) so good as
B) as well
C) very good
D) better
E) the best

3- A) theirs
C) most

B) themselves
D) whole
E) these

8- A) themselves
B) all of which
C) some of that
D) for whom
E) their own

4- A) so that
C) although

B) instead of
D) since
E) as though

5- A) being attacked B) attacked

C) having attacked D) to attack
E) to be attacked

9- A) more
C) such

B) many
D) most
E) as

10- A) to
C) for

B) over
D) in
E) with

THE LEOPARD

THE JAGUAR

The name "leopard" was originally given to

the cat now called cheetah, which was once
thought (11) ...... a cross between the lion
and the pard. The term "pard" was eventually
replaced by the name leopard. The leopard is
found over nearly (12) ...... of Africa south
of the Sahara, in northeast Africa, and from
Asia Minor through Central Asia and India to
China and Manchuria. It varies greatly in size
and markings. The leopard is a solitary
animal of the bush and forest and is mainly
nocturnal in habit, although it sometimes
basks in the sun. It is an agile climber and
frequently stores the remains of its kills in
the branches of a tree. It feeds upon
(13) ...... animal it can (14) ...... , from
small rodents to waterbuck, but generally
preys on the small-and medium-sized
antelopes and deer; it appears to have a
special liking for dogs as food and, in Africa,
for baboons. It sometimes takes livestock,
and may attack human beings. A black form
of the leopard is widely known as the black
panther, which is (15) ...... in the Far East
than in other parts of the range of the
leopard.

The jaguar is grouped - (16) ...... lions and

tigers - as one of the big, or roaring, cats,
and is the only (17) ...... cat in the Western
Hemisphere. Its preferred habitats are
usually swamps and wooded regions, but
jaguars also live in scrublands and deserts.
The jaguar is virtually extinct in the northern
part of its original range and survives in
reduced numbers only in remote areas of
Central and South America; the largest
known population exists in the Amazon
rainforest. A solitary predator, the jaguar is a
stalk-and-ambush hunter; its name comes
from the Tupi-Guram word jaguara, meaning
"he who kills with one leap." Jaguars are swift
and agile and are very good climbers.
Although active during the day, jaguars hunt
mainly at night and on the ground. Capybara
and peccary are their preferred prey.
Occasionally, livestock (18) ...... in areas
(19) ...... ranches have replaced natural
habitat. The cat is a savage fighter when
(20) ...... but does not normally attack
humans.

11- A) having been

B) have been
C) being
D) to be
E) been

12- A) some
C) several

13- A) whole
C) much

B) a little
D) the whole
E) the most

E) any

B) all
D) none

14- A) fortify
B) undermine
C) overpower
D) withdraw
E) endanger

15- A) more common

B) so common
C) the most common
D) common enough
E) such common

16- A) alike
C) out of

B) along with
D) together
E) in similar

17- A) as
C) like

B) so
D) such
E) more

18- A) have attacked B) attack

C) are attacked
D) are attacking
E) were being attacked

19- A) where
C) why

B) how
D) that
E) whom

20- A) to corner
B) cornered
C) corner
D) to be cornered
E) having cornered

THE CHEETAH

THE PUMA

The cheetah lives on the open plains of

southern, central, and eastern Africa and in
the Middle East, where it is all (21) ......
extinct. The African race of the cheetah is
relatively uncommon; the Asiatic race is
listed as critically endangered in the Red Data
Book and is extinct in (22) ...... its former
range. The cheetah is (23) ...... land animal
in the world over short distances, capable of
attaining speeds (24) ...... 100 km per hour.
As its long legs and strong hindquarters
suggest, it is built for running. The cheetah
hunts alone or in small groups. It usually
hunts in the morning or late afternoon,
cautiously stalking its prey (usually a small
antelopE) and then (25) ...... it ...... in a
final rapid sprint. The cheetah has long been
trapped and tamed in Asia, where it has been
used for coursing game, but it has seldom
bred in captivity.

The puma is exceeded in size only by the

jaguar among cats of the New World. The
name (26) ...... is derived from usage by the
Inca Indians. The puma ranges widely from
British Columbia to Patagonia, in habitats
(27) ...... mountains, deserts, and jungles.
In many regions, however, local races have
been eliminated by humans, and pumas are
now generally restricted to wilderness areas.
The voice of the puma is like that of a
domestic cat but louder. Breeding occurs at
any time of year, the female usually
(28) ...... young every other year. The puma
eats a considerable range of foods; in North
America it demonstrates a preference for
deer when they are available. Occasionally it
kills livestock, but (29) ...... other predators
it is valuable in maintaining the balance of
nature by preventing overpopulation of prey
animals. Though attacks on people are still
rare, the growth of residential construction in
wilderness areas (30) ...... to an increase in
puma attacks in recent years.

21- A) still
C) just

B) but
D) though
E) yet

22- A) many of
B) several
C) a number
D) a good deal
E) much of

23- A) much faster

B) as fast
C) the fastest
D) so fast as
E) such fast

24- A) up to
C) along

B) throughout
D) across
E) out of

25- A) breaking...up
B) holding...on
C) putting...through
D) running...down
E) keeping...up

26- A) itself
C) where

B) of which
D) that of
E) its own

27- A) as varied as
B) more varied
C) so varied that D) varied enough
E) such a varied

28- A) to bear
B) born
C) being born
D) to have born
E) bearing

29- A) alike
C) rather

B) the most
D) as with
E) throughout

30- A) is leading
B) would lead
C) has led
D) will have led
E) will be leading

TEST 22
Most of the adventures recorded in this book
really occurred; one of two were experiences
of (1) ...... the rest those of boys who were
schoolmates of (2) ...... .Huck Finn is drawn
from life, and so is Tom Sawyer, but not from
an individual - he is a combination of the
characteristics of three boys whom I knew,
and therefore belongs to the composite order
of architecture. The odd superstitions touched
upon were all prevalent among children and
slaves in the West at the period of this story (3) ...... , thirty or forty years ago. Although
my book is intended mainly for the
entertainment of boys and girls, I hope it (4)
...... by men and women on that account, for
part of my plan has been to try to pleasantly
remind adults of what they once were
themselves, and of (5) ...... they felt and
thought and talked, and what queer
enterprises they sometimes engaged in.
(adapted from Mark Twain's preface to his
1876 book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer)

1- A) myself
C) them

B) me
D) themselves
E) my own

2- A) themselves
B) their
C) mine
D) myself
E) them

3- A) for the time being

B) rather than
C) that is to say
D) a number of
E) despite the fact that

4- A) won't be shunned
B) hadn't shunned
C) wasn't being shunned
D) won't have shunned
E) wouldn't be shunning

5- A) that
C) which

B) how
D) where
E) whose

Rock climbing - and developments in climbing

walls and equipment, together with changing
attitudes - have produced a new chapter in
the sport's history. Many people start
climbing at a local climbing wall, or maybe by
having a go with friends, but (6) ...... you
start, (7) ...... you've got the bug that's it there's no escape! However, climbing carries
intrinsic dangers, some obvious, others
(8) ...... so. In order to climb (9) ......
possible and to maximize your potential,
good basic techniques are essential. There
are courses (10) ...... can help you improve
your personal climbing ability, and give you
the skills which help make climbing a safer
sport.

6- A) even though
B) not only
C) whether
D) however
E) no matter

7- A) once
C) already

8- A) how
C) less

E) first

E) like

B) despite
D) still

B) few
D) none

9- A) safer than
B) as safely as
C) so safely that
D) too safely
E) safe enough

10- A) where
B) of which
C) themselves
D) those
E) that

Yoga takes you deep (11) ...... the innermost

recesses of the mind where the self or the
real person resides, camouflaged by the
forever flippant mind. Therefore, it becomes
relevant for (12) ...... us in the hectic and
stressful life expected of us in the 21st
century. Yoga literally means "union". An
ancient Indian discipline, yoga seeks to unite
the individual soul (Jivatman) with the
universal Soul or God (Paramatama) through
rigorous mental and physical efforts. Yoga,
with the rhythm of the body, the melody of
the mind and the harmony of the soul,
creates the symphony of life. (13) ......
regarded as a performing art (Kala), or a
science (Shastra), yoga provides the finest
system of education, (14) ...... it brings out
the best in a person. (15) ...... yoga does
emancipation (Moksha) seem so close.

(16) ...... climbing expedition to India whether Indian, foreign, or joint - is required
to apply to the Indian Mountaineering
Foundation (IMF) based at Delhi, at least six
months (17) ...... to departure, (18) ...... all
the formalities can be completed within the
given time frame. Leaders of returning
expeditions are required to submit reports,
and adequate proof of the climbs, to the IMF.
While Indian nationals and IMF-sponsored
joint expeditions (19) ...... peaks beyond the
"Inner Line", foreign nationals are as a rule
not permitted to do so. (20) ....... all
expeditions by foreign nationals are required
to be accompanied by an Indian liaison officer
at their own expense.

11- A) over
C) at

16- A) Most
C) All

E) into

B) about
D) upon

12- A) most
B) the number of
C) a good deal of D) all of
E) quite a few

13- A) Whether
B) Neither
C) Whereas
D) Like
E) Such as

14- A) for
C) such

B) yet
D) how
E) just

15- A) Not only

B) Only with
C) Only if
D) Even if
E) Thus

E) Both

B) Either
D) Every

17- A) once
C) prior

B) before
D) after
E) similar

18- A) in case
C) such as

B) whereas
D) so much
E) in order that

19- A) were attempting

B) can attempt
C) have been attempted
D) used to attempt
E) are being attempted
20- A) As well as
B) Rather more
C) Unlikely
D) Additionally
E) More than

Unaccompanied by an associated mountain

chain, Mt. Kilimanjaro is singularly
magnificent and hypnotic as it rises
majestically above the African plains
(21) ...... a height of almost 20,000 feet.
(22) ...... the largest freestanding mountain
in the world, and Africa's highest peak,
Kilimanjaro is a challenge for mountaineers
and trekkers worldwide. (23) ...... its
immense size, Kilimanjaro's summit is
surprisingly accessible to those who are in
good physical condition and (24) ...... to
undertake the ascent. The summit is
permanently covered with ice and is
composed of three volcanic peaks, of which
the highest, Kibo, is the most popular for
climbers. (25)
...... at the top, the panoramic view of the
Rift Valley and surrounding landscape at
sunrise is truly magnificent.

An illiterate Bangladeshi woman who started

primary school at the age of 84 has become
something of a trendsetter to four (26) ......
elderly women who have followed in her
footsteps. The five women, all grandmothers
in their seventies and eighties, now spend
their days enthusiastically (27) ...... over
their books in the small Jadabpur primary
school in southwestern Bangladesh. The
grandmothers were inspired by widow
Fatema Khatun, who (28) ...... on education
as a child after (29) ...... at the age of
seven. "I now have five elderly pupils
studying here alongside pupils aged from five
to eleven," the head teacher (30) ...... he
media.

21- A) to
C) in

B) among
D) for
E) upon

26- A) another
C) others

B) the other
D) each other
E) other

22- A) Such as
C) So

B) As
D) Such
E) More

27- A) poring
C) pored

B) to pore
D) to be poring
E) being pored

23- A) Even though

B) Despite
C) However
D) Owing to
E) While

28- A) missed out

B) got off
C) caught up
D) grew up
E) fell down

24- A) such an ambitious

B) so ambitious that
C) ambitious enough
D) more ambitious than
E) too ambitious

29- A) married
B) to marry
C) to be married D) to have married
E) being married

25- A) As
C) Where

30- A) asked
C) told

B) Whereas
D) Once
E) Besides

B) said
D) wondered
E) admitted

TEST 23
One day, a lawyer who had just bought a
new car was very eager to (1) ...... it ...... to
his colleagues, when (2) ...... a truck came
out of (3) ...... and took off the driver's side
door as he stood right there. "Nooo!" he
screamed, because he knew that (4) ......
how hard a mechanic tried to fix it, it would
never be the same. Finally, a cop came by,
and the lawyer ran up to him yelling, "My
Jaguar door was just ruined by some foolish
driver!!!" "You're a lawyer, aren't you?"
asked the policeman. "Yes, I am, but what
does this have to do with my car?!?!" the
lawyer screamed. "Ha! You lawyers are
always so materialistic. All you care about is
your possessions. I bet you haven't even
noticed that your left arm is missing,
(5) ......?" the cop said. The lawyer looked
down at his side and exclaimed, "My Rolex!"

1- A) fix...up
B) pull...away
C) show...off
D) see...off
E) break...down

2- A) at present
B) out of sight
C) in contrast
D) all of a sudden
E) for the time being

A man was chosen for jury duty who really

wanted (6) ...... from serving. He tried
(7) ...... excuse he could think of, but
(8) ...... of them worked. On the day of the
trial, he decided to give it one more shot. As
the trial
was about to begin, he asked (9) ...... he
could approach the bench. "Your Honor," he
said, "I must be excused from this trial
because I am prejudiced against the
defendant. I took one look (10) ...... the
man in the blue suit with those beady eyes
and that dishonest face and I said, 'He's a
crook! He's guilty!' So, your Honor, I cannot
possibly stay on this jury!" With a tired
annoyance the judge replied, "Get back in the
jury box, you fool. That man is the
defendant's lawyer."

6- A) being dismissed
B) to be dismissed
C) having dismissed
D) to dismiss
E) dismissing
7- A) not only
C) every

B) both
D) several
E) all

3- A) everywhere
B) elsewhere
C) someone
D) nowhere
E) whoever

8- A) nothing
C) none

B) little
D) every
E) many

4- A) no matter
B) whenever
C) whereas
D) as if
E) even though

9- A) if
C) what

B) that
D) in case
E) even if

5- A) isn't it
C) do I

B) aren't you
D) hasn't it
E) have you

10- A) with
C) in

E) to

B) at
D) through

A lawyer defending a man (11) ...... of

burglary tried this creative defense: "My
client merely inserted his arm into the
window and removed a few trifling articles.
His arm is not himself, and I fail to see
(12) ...... you can punish (13) ......
individual for an offence committed by his
limb." "Well put," the judge replied. "Using
your logic, I sentence the defendant's arm to
one year's imprisonment. He can accompany
it or not - (14) ...... he chooses." The
defendant smiled. With his lawyer's
assistance, he (15) ...... his artificial limb,
laid it on the bench, and walked out.

An elderly patient needed a heart transplant

and discussed his options with his doctor. The
doctor said, "We have three possible donors.
The first donor is a young, healthy athlete
who died in an automobile accident. The
second donor is a middle-aged businessman
who never drank or smoked and who died
(16) ...... his private jet. And the third donor
is an attorney who died after practising law
for 30 years. (17) ...... heart do you want?"
"I (18) ...... the lawyer's heart," said the
patient. After a successful transplant, the
doctor asked the patient (19) ...... he (20)
...... the lawyer's heart. "It was easy,"
explained the patient, "I wanted a heart that
hadn't been used."

11- A) offended
B) executed
C) performed
D) accused
E) sentenced

16- A) being flown

B) to be flying
C) to be flown
D) flying
E) to have flown

12- A) what
C) whom

17- A) Whose
C) Whom

B) whose
D) which
E) how

B) How
D) How much
E) How many

13- A) the whole

B) someone
C) those
D) somewhat
E) anyone

18- A) will take

B) have taken
C) will have taken D) took
E) was taking

14- A) wherever
B) whichever
C) with which
D) the one
E) that of

19- A) that
C) why

15- A) fastened
B) soothed
C) detached
D) flattened
E) relaxed

20- A) will choose

B) had chosen
C) is choosing
D) has chosen
E) chooses

B) which
D) whose
E) whom

A lawyer trying to get tickets to a Broadway

show finally settled for (21) ...... of seats a
year (22) ...... .When the exciting first night
arrived and he sat down in his seat, a woman
in front of the lawyer noticed the empty seat
next to him and asked why
(23) ...... .valuable commodity was going
unused. The lawyer replied that his wife
couldn't make it. The woman asked him if he
(24) ...... relatives or friends who (25) ......
the seat. He replied, "Oh, they're all at the
funeral of my wife."

Three men - a doctor, an accountant, and a

lawyer - are dead and they appear in front of
St. Peter at the gates of Heaven. St. Peter
tells them that they have to answer just a
single question (26) ...... get to Heaven. He
looks at the doctor and asks, "(27) ...... was
a movie that was made about a ship that
sank after hitting an iceberg; what was its
name?" The doctor answers, "Titanic," and he
is sent through. St. Peter then looks at the
accountant and says, "(28) ...... people died
in that ship?" (29) ...... the accountant had
just watched the movie, and he answers,
"1,500!". St. Peter sends him through and
then finally turns to the lawyer and
commands, in a very heavy voice, "Name
(30) ......!"

21- A) all
C) much

26- A) in addition to B) as opposed to

C) so as to
D) with the aim of
E) in light of

B) a few
D) several
E) a couple

22- A) in progress
B) for short
C) under control D) up to now
E) in advance

27- A) How
C) Where

23- A) too few

C) so little

28- A) What else

B) How many
C) How long
D) What time
E) Whenever

B) enough
D) such a
E) just as

24- A) didn't have

B) wasn't having
C) won't have
D) hadn't had
E) isn't having

25- A) had used

B) could have used
C) will have used D) will be using
E) must have used

B) The one
D) How far
E) There

29- A) Eventually
B) Frequently
C) Shamefully
D) Fortunately
E) Accurately

30- A) them
C) theirs

B) him
D) himself
E) itself

TEST 24
"BELIEVE IT OR NOT"
"THE EARTH IS (NOT) OUR MOTHER":
CHIEF SEATTLE'S NON-SPEECH
One of the most famous and moving
speeches in American history was not
actually spoken as thought. Chief Seattle (1) ...... the West Coast city is named - was
a leader of the Suquamish and Duwamish
tribes and a warrior with a great reputation
(2) ...... his people. In the mid-19th century,
an epidemic of smallpox wiped out (3) ......
the people, and Seattle began to recognize
the inevitability of the white man's advance.
In 1854, he concluded a land deal in which
he sold the land to the US government, and
announced the sale to a mixed group of
whites and Indians. The text of this speech as
most people know it expresses the
connection Seattle's people felt with nature,
(4) ...... contrast ...... the whites' disregard
for it; many environmentalists have since
used the speech to express their own views.
However, in fact he said nothing like this, but
simply praised the US President for his
generosity in buying the land. The speech
that people are familiar with was written by
Ted Perry, a screenwriter, for a 1972 film
about ecology. (5) ...... this text came to be
wrongly associated with Chief Seattle is
anyone's guess.

1- A) with which
B) for whom
C) as that
D) to what
E) upon whose
2- A) along
C) as

B) at
D) on
E) among

3- A) many of
C) most

B) all
D) the whole
E) entire

4- A) for...upon
B) as...about
C) at...among
D) in...to
E) from...with
5- A) What
C) Whose

NO, NO, CHARLIE, THAT'S NOT HOW

CHAPLIN WALKS
Around 1915, the great popularity of Charlie
Chaplin's tramp character in the US led to a
rash of Chaplin look-alike contests (6) ......
across the nation. Contestants would dress
up with the familiar bowler hat, shabby suit,
and tiny moustache of the Tramp and
compete (7) ...... his unique way of walking
and moving about. According to legend,
Chaplin himself once entered one of these
competitions - and promptly lost. The legend
usually goes that this particular contest was
held (8) ...... in Monte Carlo ...... in
Switzerland, and that Chaplin took second or
third place. The truth about the affair,
however, makes Chaplin look (9) ...... worse
than the legend. The actual contest happened
in a San Francisco theater, and - although
Chaplin's final standing is not recorded - it is
noted down in the contest's register that
Chaplin (who was competing under an
assumed namE) failed to make the finals.
After the contest, Chaplin - not (10) ......
with the quality of the contestants - told
reporters that he would like to take some
time off to teach all his imitators, as well as
the contest's judges, how the Chaplin walk
was really done.

6- A) holding
B) to hold
C) being held
D) having held
E) to be holding
7- A) imitatively
B) for imitation
C) imitator
D) to imitate
E) as imitating
8- A) hardly...when
B) neither...nor
C) so much...that D) either...or
E) whether...or
9- A) also
C) even

B) such
D) very
E) more

B) Which
D) That
E) How

10- A) to be pleasing

B) pleased

C) pleasing
D) to have pleased
E) having pleased
THE RED BEETLES
The next time you're browsing through the
supermarket, pause a moment to read the
ingredients labels of your favourite redcoloured prepared foods or cosmetics. More
likely than not, you'll notice that cochineal
and/or carmine (or carminic aciD) are listed.
However, the origin of these pigments might
surprise and possibly disgust you: (11) ......
cochineal ...... carmine - used to give deep
red colour to fruit juices, gelatins, candies,
shampoos, and so on - are derived from the
crushed bodies of a particular South and
Central American beetle. The secret of using
this beetle - (12) ...... Dactylopius coccus as a dye was first discovered by Mexican
Indians: they (13) ...... the insects, briefly
immerse them in hot water to kill them and
dissolve the females' waxy coating, and then
dry them in the sun. The dried insects would
then be ground to a fine red powder.
(14) ...... the same process is (15) ...... used
today.

11- A) both...and
B) either...or
C) so many...that D) scarcely...than
E) neither...nor

12- A) calling
B) to call
C) to be calling
D) having called
E) called

13- A) have collected B) ought to collect

C) may collect
D) would collect
E) will have collected

14- A) Much
C) So

B) Most
D) More
E) Many

15- A) however
B) just
C) still
D) already
E) yet

THE MESSY WHALE

In 1970, an 8-ton, 13.7-meter-long sperm
whale - (16) ...... dead in the water for some
time - washed up on a Pacific Ocean beach
south of Florence, Oregon. At first, it was a
curiosity for local residents. But then the
beached giant became a stinking mess as the
foul smell of rotting whale began drifting
around the area. Because the beach was
public land, the Oregon State Highway
Division was given the unwelcome task of
cleaning up the mess. After consulting
officials at the Department of the Navy, they
decided to blow the whale to pieces using a
half-ton of dynamite; any pieces remaining
(17) ...... by seagulls. But the explosion
didn't work out too well. A crowd of people
came to watch the event, but the dynamite
only destroyed a small part of the whale,
sending thousands of tiny chunks of whale
blubber flying out to cover the crowd. Luckily,
no one was hurt, although one man's car
(18) ...... to pieces by an especially large
portion of the flying whale fat. (19) ...... was
even worse, the man's auto insurance
refused to cover such damage. (20) ...... the
remains of the whale, it was slowly chopped
up and buried bit by bit by embarrassed
employees of the Highway Division.
16- A) yet
C) after

B) already
D) such
E) whatever

17- A) will eat

B) have been eaten
C) would be eaten D) are eating
E) had been eaten

18- A) was smashing

B) had been smashing
C) has been smashed
D) was smashed
E) is being smashed
19- A) How
C) That

B) What
D) Who
E) Which

20- A) As a consequence
B) By all means
C) In view of
D) Over and over
E) As for

25- A) his
C) he
BE CAREFUL ABOUT WHERE YOU SLEEP
On the night of 9-10 June 1999, a German
tourist couple spent the night in Room 112 of
the Burgundy Motor Inn in Atlantic City, New
Jersey. During the night, they noticed a very
strange and strong smell, which made them
quite uncomfortable. But they were not
(21) ...... terribly uncomfortable......they
were unable to sleep, and so they (22) ......
their complaint to the manager (23) ...... the
next morning. A similar thing happened at
the Capri Motel, just east of downtown
Kansas City, in July 2003: a man who had
checked in found a foul odor in his room, but
this man immediately complained to the
manager. Unfortunately, he was told that
(24) ...... could be done about the problem,
and he spent three nights in the room before
checking out because he could no longer
stand the smell. Well, when the Capri Motel's
cleaning staff came to make up the room
once he had gone, they lifted the mattress
and underneath found a man's body in an
advanced stage of decomposition. And what
about the Burgundy Motor Inn incident? Well,
that was 64-year-old Saul Hernandez, also
dead under the bed and quite rotted
(25) ...... .

21- A) such a...that

B) too...for
C) barely...when D) so much...as
E) so...that

22- A) came through B) took upon

C) got on
D) put off
E) went about

B) himself
D) him
E) his own
"WE AINT GOT NO USE FOR NO
NUMBERS WHAT AINT REAL"

On 12 August 1999, the legislature of the

state of Mississippi passed a bill legally
(26) ...... fractions and decimal points from
the mathematics curriculum of (27) ......
public secondary schools in the state. The bill
directs public secondary schools in Mississippi
to emphasize whole number arithmetic in
mathematics courses, and orders the removal
(28) ...... standardized state math tests of
questions involving non-whole numbers.
(29) ...... from the outcry at the continued
dumbing- down of American education, it was
claimed by many that this removal was
motivated by religious belief, a claim denied
by Judith Sutpen, chairperson of the
Mississippi Senate Education Committee.
"This has nothing to do with religion," she
said, claiming instead that the bill was passed
to de-emphasize elements that schoolchildren
find confusing and adding, "It makes no
sense to train our students how to think
logically, and then present them with
nonsensical concepts like irrational and
imaginary numbers." One member of the
Senate, though, seems to confirm the role of
religion in the bill: "(30) ...... whole numbers
are good enough for the Catholic Church,
then they ought to be good enough for the
children of the great state of Mississippi."
26- A) eliminating
B) having eliminated
C) being eliminated
D) to be eliminated
E) to have been eliminated

27- A) the most

B) some of
C) whole
D) all
E) much

23- A) around
C) until

B) during
D) since
E) when

28- A) between
B) on
C) from
D) at
E) among

24- A) nothing
C) anyone

B) someone
D) everything
E) somehow

29- A) Besides
C) Apart

B) Whatever
D) Instead
E) So as

30- A) Which
C) How

B) Thus
D) That

E) If

TEST 25

Critic Theophile Gautier once announced that (1) ...... could create (2) ...... "all the monsters of
fantasy" than the French artist Gustave Dore, known especially for his highly imaginative book
illustrations. Paul-Gustave Dore was born on 6 January 1832, in Strasbourg, France. (3) ...... his
early teens, he had (4) ...... had some of his artwork (5) ...... .In 1847, he went to Paris, and
from 1848 to 1851 drew cartoons for the weekly magazine Journal pour Rire. He also published
books of his ink drawings. Although a good painter and sculptor as well, Dore's main success came
from his illustrations in famous books, (6) ....... he used a wood-engraving process. He produced
over 90 illustrated books. Some of the best of (7) ...... were Works of Rabe/a/s(1854), the Droll
Stories of Balzac (1855), Dante's Inferno (1861), Cervantes' Don Quixote (1863), and a Bible
(1865). His 1862 drawings (8) ...... the fairy tales of Charles Perrault were in publication for many
decades. Many of Dore's drawings were of fascinating imaginary scenes from myth and legend. He
often used religious or historical themes for his paintings, but he did not seem to bring these
subjects (9) ...... life (10) ...... he did the creatures of imagination.
1- A) whatever
C) nobody

E) who

B) whomever
D) anything

2- A) better
C) too good

B) so good
D) so well that
E) well enough

3- A) When
C) As

B) At
D) By
E) While

4- A) thus
C) but

E) than

B) since
D) already

5- A) publishing
B) published
C) to publish
D) being published
E) publish

6- A) with that
C) which

7- A) these
C) what

B) of whom
D) what
E) for which

E) that

B) which
D) themselves

8- A) to be accompanied
B) accompanying
C) accompanied
D) being accompanied
E) accompany
9- A) for
C) to

B) in
D) with
E) during

10- A) so many as
B) the best
C) quite well
D) rather than
E) as well as

The story of the Hittites, nearly (11) ...... that is known of it, was recovered (12) ...... a single
lifetime. (13) ...... of it (14) ...... together between the two World Wars. The chief source of
information is the royal library of 10,000 clay tablets discovered in 1906 and, later, in the ruins of
The ancient Hittite capital Khattushash, near Boazky, about 145 kilometres east (15) ......
Ankara. These tablets are in cuneiform writing, and most of (16) ...... though in Babylonian
spelling, are in the Hittire language. For years, Hugo Winckler, the German archaeologist who
made the find, and other scholars laboured vainly lo get a clue to this unknown tongue. One day a
Czech archaeologist, Bedrich Hrozny, found in the same sentence with the Babylonian word-sign
for bread, the Hittite word wadar (17) ...... out. He thought this (18) ...... he same as the English
word "water". Other words seemed to have the same roots as the Latin aqua ("water") and the
English "eat". Working from these slight clues, in 1915, he announced that he (19) ...... the riddle,
and that Hittite was an Indo-European language, but a full translation of the tablets took (20) ......
ten years.
11- A) something
C) whatever
E) all

B) a whole
D) any

16- A) which
C) that

B) them
D) what
E) it

12- A) between
B) along
C) from
D) within
E) among

17- A) spelling
B) to spell
C) having spelled D) spell
E) spelled

13- A) Most
C) A few

18- A) might be
B) has been
C) may be
D) can be
E) will have been

B) Many
D) Only a few
E) A number

14- A) was pieced

B) is being pieced
C) had pieced
D) has been pieced
E) would have pieced
15- A) with
C) of

B) into
D) upon
E) about

19- A) has solved

B) had solved
C) was being solved
D) would be solved
E) is solving
20- A) itself
C) anyone

B) the other
D) another
E) themselves

In some literatures - (21) ...... classical Chinese, Old Norse, and Old Irish - the language
(22) ...... is quite different from that spoken or used in ordinary writing. This marks off the reading
of literature as a special experience. In the Western tradition, it is only in comparatively modern
times (23) ...... literature has been written in the common speech of "cultivated men". The
Elizabethans did not talk (24) ...... much of Shakespeare, (25) ...... did 18th-century people speak
in the stately prose of Samuel Johnson or Edward Gibbon. The so-called Augustan plain style in
literature became popular in the late 17th century and flourished throughout the 18th, but it was
really a special form of rhetoric with antecedent models in Greek and Latin. The first modern
person (26) ........major works of literature in the ordinary English language of the educated man
was Daniel Defoe (1607 1731), and it is somewhat remarkable (27) ...... the language (28) ......
since his time, relatively speaking. Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719) is much more contemporary in
tone than the elaborate prose of 19th-century writers like Thomas De Quincey or Walter Pater.
However, Defoe's language is not, (29) ...... so simple: simplicity is (30) ...... only one of his
forms of artistic expression.
21- A) skilfully
C) notably

B) ably
D) gradually
E) worthily

26- A) to write
B) written
C) being written D) wrote
E) to be written

22- A) renovated
B) adorned
C) operated
D) spread
E) employed

27- A) much more

B) very little
C) how little
D) so much
E) such a lot of

23- A) which
C) where

28- A) was changing B) was changed

C) has changed
D) will have changed
E) could be changed

B) that
D) how
E) whom

24- A) as
C) such

B) like
D) such as

29- A) at least
B) so far
C) for short
D) in fact
E) at once

B) like
D) nor

30- A) them
B) itself
C) anything
D) whichever
E) what

E) alike
25- A) so
C) such
E) or

TEST 26
ALTERNATIVE CELEBRATIONS
Celebrate Something Bizarre
Holidays these days seem to fall into two
basic categories. There are those that are
over-commercialized; and there are those
that are basically ignored, Christmas is an
example of the former, (1) ...... Groundhog
Day is an example of the (2) ...... Many of
these "special days" have (3) ...... lost their
meaning, or had it overshadowed by
commercial promotion. But holidays are
supposed to be festive, enjoyable times, so it
seems (4) ...... a shame to just abandon the
idea. In the hopes of carrying on the spirit of
celebration, I observe a wide range of bizarre
little days. Some have their own odd little
origins, but most are derived from an old
Mature Company calendar. It features a plant
or animal on (5) ...... page, and some of
them are certainly interesting enough to
deserve a special day of celebration.
1- A) so
C) while

2- A) some
C) many

3- A) both
C) neither

4- A) too
C) as

5- A) all
C) each

B) because
D) despite
E) accordingly

B) another
D) latter
E) other's

E) or

E) for

B) either
D) not only

B) like
D) with

B) many
D) much
E) some

14 February: Horned Lizard Day

For anyone (6) ...... finds Valentine's Day a
sickeningly pointless holiday based entirely
(7) ...... superficial expressions of fraudulent
love, I lurned Lizard Day provides an
opportunity to disorient our friends and loved
ones with cheerful comments about
interesting reptiles. Are you tired of
Valentine's Day's hopelessly tooth-rotting
sentimentality? Are you sick of supporting the
flower and candy industries with hollow
gestures of false affection? Does the colour
pink send you into fits of psychotic rage?
Then celebrate (8) ...... worth celebrating celebrate Horned Lizard Day! I send Horned
Lizard Day cards to my friends on this
important occasion, both to spread happiness
and to let them know (9) ...... interesting
animals horned lizards are. I feel that there's
no better way to celebrate 14 February than
with an animal that squirts blood from a sinus
behind its eyes (10) ...... threatened.
6- A) who
C) what
7- A) at
C) of

B) which
D) how
E) when

E)on

B) to
D) up

8- A) no one
B) someone
C) everything
D) anytime
E) something

9- A) that
C) where

10- A) like
C) how

E) why

B) how
D) what

B) when
D) as
E) which

Other February Holidays

Not only do duck-billed platypuses (11) ...... day is February 2 - look incredibly
odd, they're also the world's only venomous
mammal. What could be better? So, stick a
duck-bill on your face, attach some poisonous
spines to your ankles, and go crazy. (Of
course, if you did the first two, number three
is probably already covered.) About three
weeks later, on 22 February, celebrate
Parsley Day. Acknowledge the world's
greatest garnish by (12) ...... it ...... to total
strangers in the street! Wander into fast food
restaurants, walk up to the patrons, and offer
to spice up the appearance of their boring
meals with a sprig of festive green. Visit your
friends and bestow upon them the gift of
garnish. (13) ...... no one accepts your
offerings, you can always just (14) ...... a
table of (15) ...... with an elegant vase of
nice fresh parsley, brightening the room and
letting everyone know what a good
understanding of culinary decor you have.

11- A) what
C) whose

B) that
D) when
E) which

12- A) doing...away
B) going...along
C) getting.. .by
D) handing.. .out
E) standing...in

13- A) If
C) So

15- A) its
C) itself

(16) ...... 19 November is the official day for

sloth (that is, "laziness") according to a
calendar of (17) ...... I've been told by a
friend that 9 May has also been established
as International Sloth Day. I've got nothing
against celebrating sloth twice a year, or you
can choose (18) ...... date you desire. Just
don't celebrate too actively, or you'll defeat
the whole purpose of Sloth Day in the first
place. Later in the month of May comes an
actual date in history, which warrants note
(19) ...... you care about the actual event or
not. On 23 May 1618, in Prague, a few royal
officials were thrown out of a window of
Hradcany Castle by some noblemen, but
survived the fall by landing in a cart full of
manure: this was the Defenestration of
Prague. More importantly, "defenestration" is
easily one of the most totally underused
words in the English language. For (20) ......
who are unaware, it means "the act of
throwing something or someone out of a
window".
16- A) Since
C) Though

B) Also
D) That

B) inflate
D) outline
E) affect

B) you
D) yourself
E) your own

B) Nonetheless
D) Consequently
E) But

17- A) mine
C) me

E) For

14- A) adorn
C) intend

May Holidays

B) their
D) its
E) its own

18- A) however
B) whenever
C) wherever
D) whichever
E) whomever

19- A) when
C) as

20- A) them
C) that

E) how

B) accordingly
D) whether

B) those
D) this
E) these

C) having eaten D) being eaten

E) to eat
December Holidays
25 June: Zoog Day
Many years ago, it was determined that there
were several holidays distributed (21) ......
the year that revolved around candy and
greetings cards, but that all of the popular
gift-giving holidays (22) ...... in winter. To
create a balance, Zoog Day was established
on 25 June, six months away from the
popular Christmas holiday. On this day,
decorations tend to be in purple and orange,
and celebrants are encouraged to obtain and
decorate a Zoog tree. Zoog trees are spiny,
purple, and perfectly cylindrical. Zoog the AllNifty (23) ...... to fly around that night on
the back of his magical griffin, teleporting
presents into people's kitchens. It is only a
coincidence that Zoog's name is shared by a
race of beings from the works of horror writer
HP. Lovecraft, but (24) ....... fans of the
author are encouraged to celebrate this day
by releasing swarms of zoogs into the waking
world, and watching with delight as people
discover that these cute, fuzzy creatures are
carnivorous, and perfectly willing (25) ......
people.

21- A) throughout
B) alongside
C) between
D) beneath
E) without

22- A) may concentrate

B) are concentrating
C) have been concentrating
D) were concentrated
E) will have concentrated

23- A) will have been said

B) would say
C) is said
D) has said
E) is saying

24- A) whereas
B) despite
C) nevertheless
D) therefore
E) consequently

25- A) to be eaten

B) eating

Certainly one of the most important days of

the year, Pangolin Day (8 December)
celebrates everyone's favourite walking
pinecone. For those of you unfamiliar with
pangolins, they are ant-eating mammals
(26) ......with overlapping armour scales.
They have long prehensile tails, and they curl
into an armoured ball if threatened by
predators. There are a lot of really fascinating
animals out there, (27) ...... pangolins are
probably my own personal favourite.
(28) ...... fascinating creature is celebrated
on 23 December; that is, Loggerhead Shrike
Day. Displaying some of the most bizarre
animal behaviour I've ever heard of, this bird
apparently impales uneaten prey on either
thorns or barbed wire. To celebrate this, I
recommend sticking any leftovers from your
meals onto (29) ...... sharp objects. Pens,
pencils, coat racks, and other (30) ......
items should be ideally suited for this
purpose.

26- A) covering
B) to cover
C) being covered D) covered
E) to have been covered

27- A) yet
C) because
E) so

B) instead
D) accordingly

28- A) Others
B) Another
C) The other
D) Other
E) Some other

29- A) beside
C) nearby

30- A) such
C) so

E) less

B) none
D) tight

B) lots of
D) much
E) many

TEST 27
THE MAORI OF NEW ZEALAND
New Zealand was first settled by the Maori, a
brown-skinned Polynesian people. Their
ancestors migrated from "Hawaiiki", (1) ......
among the tropical islands some 2,000 miles
or more to the northeast - but not from
Hawaii, (2) ...... the similarity in names.
They traditionally trace their tribal origins to
migrants in canoes once thought (3) ......
about AD 1350. Archaeological evidence,
however, indicates that the ancestors of the
Maori were settled in New Zealand perhaps
as early as AD 600, and certainly by AD
1000. These early Polynesians are now
(4) ...... to as the Moahunters because they
used the now-extinct moas - flightless birds
ranging (5) ...... size from turkeys to huge
ostriches - for food, and they fashioned
implements and ornaments from their bones.

1- A) where else
B) however
C) somewhere
D) wherever
E) whomever

2- A) despite
C) such as

B) like
D) owing to
E) much

3- A) to have arrived B) arriving

C) having arrived D) to be arriving
E) arrived

The islands remained unknown to the

Western world (6) ........ the Dutch sea
captain Abel Tasman sailed (7) ...... the
western shoreline in 1642. An attempt at
landing (8) ....... by the violent reception
given to his men by the Maori. (9) ...... a
century passed before the voyages of the
English explorer Capt. James Cook, who
disproved theories that New Zealand was a
great southern continent by circumnavigating
the islands in 1769-70. He made contact with
the Maori people at numerous places around
the coast and was impressed by their social
organization and their warlike qualities, as
well as by their arts and crafts. The
establishment of
the close links with Great Britain (10) ........
have shaped much modern-day New Zealand
life and culture dates from Captain Cook's
day.

6- A) while
B) during
C) as though
D) wherever
E) until

7- A) between
C) along

B) among
D) upon
E) through

4- A) researched
B) referred
C) counted
D) addressed
E) limited

8- A) has been discouraged

B) was discouraging
C) was discouraged
D) had discouraged
E) would have discouraged

5- A) to
C) with

9- A) Much more
B) Such as
C) Moreover
D) More than
E) Rather than

E) on

B) for
D) in

10- A) where
C) how

B) that
D) why
E) when

In the early years of European contact, the

Maori population declined, principally through
diseases brought by the while immigrants.
The native population was also affected by
the import of firearms. (11) ...... some Maori
used in tribal warfare. Since the late 19th
century, however, Maori numbers (12) ......,
along with intermarriage. From fewer than
43,000 in 1892, the Maori population
increased to 321,000 in 1991 9.5 percent of
all New Zealanders or 512.000 (13) ......
all persons with some Maori ancestry are
included, which constitutes 14.9 percent of all
New Zealanders. Today the Maori people
have four representatives in the New Zealand
Parliament and have legal equality with
people of European origin. There is (14) ......
of the racial tension found in many other
lands. Maori identity is strong, but Maori and
Europeans freely intermarry and they have
similar ways of life; some aspects of social
and cultural life tend to remain distinctly
Maori or distinctly European (15) ...... .

Over the years, the Maori language

(16)........a very troubled history, going from
the position of the predominant language of
New Zealand to becoming, around 1860s, a
minority language in the shadow of the
English brought by white settlers. In the late
19th century, the English school system was
introduced for all New Zealanders, and from
the 1880s the use of Maori in school was
forbidden. (17).......numbers of Maori people
learned English because it was required at
school. Until World War II, however, most
Maori still spoke Maori as a native
language, (18)........the 1930s, some Maori
parliamentarians were disadvantaged
because the Parliament's proceedings were at
that time carried on in English. In this period,
the number of speakers of Maori began to
decline rapidly, until the 1980s, when less
than 20 percent of the Maori spoke the
language (19)........to be considered native
speakers. Around this time, Maori leaders
began to recognize the dangers of the loss of
their language and began to initiate Maorilanguage (20)........programs.

11- A) who
C) that

16- A) was having

B) had been having
C) will be having D) will have
E) has had

B) whose
D) where
E) which

12- A) are increasing

B) were increasing
C) will have increased
D) will be increasing
E) have increased

13- A) if
C) whom

B) which
D) whether
E) either

14- A) just a few

B) little
C) much
D) no
E) most

15- A) either
C) thus

E) so

B) neither
D) though

17- A) Appreciative
B) Average
C) Increasing
D) Declining
E) Enthusiastic

18- A) As late as
B) So late that
C) Such a lale
D) Much later
E) The latest

19- A) so good
B) well enough
C) so well that
D) better than
E) the best

20- A) posture
B) recovery
C) encounter
D) jeopardy
E) mending

The traditional Maori world is an oral

culture.Other cultures, (21) ...... the fact
that they place emphasis on the written
word, often dismiss Maori oral tradition as it
was not written down. One of the main
arguments against the reliability of these oral
tradition is the "Chinese Whisper" theory,
which works (22) ...... follows: A group of
people sit in a circle; the first person
whispers a phrase to the person on his or her
side, who (23) ...... whispers to the next
person, and so forth around the whole circle,
(24) ...... it gets back to the original person.
There is a very high possibility that the
phrase has changed. Those who argue
against the accuracy of oral traditions say
this proves that stories undergo changes as
they are passed from person to person.
However, (25) ...... these people fail to
acknowledge is that oral traditions are not
whispered once to a person. It takes years of
training and recitation to gain the position of
historian. The memory is trained to be able to
recall accurately the histories, traditions and
genealogies word by word.

Kapa haka is the term used for the

Traditional Maori Performing Arts. (26) ......
other indigenous dance forms, kapa haka is
unique in (27) ...... the performers must
sing, dance, and have expression as well as
movement - all combined into each item.
Kapa haka (28) ...... as a sign language, as
(29) ...... action has a meaning, which ties in
with the words. For example, if the hand is
by the ear, this will probably tie in with the
word whakarongo, which means "to listen".
(30) ...... the earliest times, the haka has
inspired and energized generations of Maori
in both peace and war. The haka was part
of the Maori warrior's conditioning for war
and battle. Today the haka is an aspect of the
Maori culture of New Zealand that has
become very much a national expression of
New Zealand identity.

21- A) despite
C) since

26- A) As
C) Unlike

22- A) if
C) as

B) instead of
D) because
E) due to

E) just

B) in case
D) like

B) Where
D) Whichever
E) While

27- A) whenever
B) as long as
C) so that
D) much as
E) the fact that

23- A) in short
B) in advance
C) in common
D) in turn
E) in progress

28- A) must have seen

B) could be seen
C) will have been seen
D) is supposed to see
E) may have seen

24- A) by the time

B) while
C) after
D) until
E) as soon as

29- A) all of
C) whole

B) each
D) none
E) several

25- A) what
C) when

30- A) Since
C) While

B) For
D) During
E) When

E) that

B) how
D) whom

TEST 28
PIONEERS IN EDUCATION
JOHANN HEINRICH PESTALOZZI
Education (1) ...... nature was the theme
around which Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
(1746-1827) constructed his program to
reform the schooling of very young children.
He believed that clear thinking comes from
accurate observation of the world. His
proposals (2) ....... the development of the
mind (3) ...... physical exercise, moral
education, and vocational training. Thus, his
learn-by-doing (4) ...... emphasized writing,
drawing, singing, exercise, model making,
mapmaking, group recitations, and field trips.
He was influential in ridding schools of the
oppressive discipline and cruel punishments
that were commonly inflicted upon children.
His principles were put to work in Prussia and
in some English and American schools.
Pestalozzi's ideas were (5) ...... those
later developed by Friedrich Froebel, Maria
Montessori, John Dewey, and Jean Piaget.

1- A) by no means
B) at random
C) in return for
D) for instance
E) according to

2- A) broke into
B) dropped off
C) took after
D) gave back
E) called for

3- A) along with
B) so as to
C) as for
D) up until
E) far from

4- A) distance
C) closure

B) approach
D) proximity
E) amount

5- A) as much as
B) rather than
C) similar to
D) instead of
E) no more

FRIEDRICH WILHELM AUGUST FROEBEL

(6) ...... the great German educator Froebel
(1782-1852) was 50 years old did he find his
real lifework, the kindergarten. In his early
twenties, Froebel began to teach in Anton
Gainer's school at Frankfurt. He realized
immediately that he loved the work. (7) ......
great success, Froebel felt there was (8) ......
for him to learn. He spent several more years
studying, with the Swiss educator J.H.
Pestalozzi and at several German
universities. In 1816, Froebel established his
first school, but it was not before 1837 that
he founded the sort of school that (9) ...... so
wide an influence on education all over the
world (10) ...... today. That was the
kindergarten - meaning "children's garden" in
German - a school for children between the
ages of 4 and 6. The great idea that he
developed in his books and in his schools was
that children must not be taught by rule but
according to their natural instincts and
activities. Froebel did not live to see his idea
fully accepted, though. The Prussian
government abolished kindergartens in 1851
because it considered them socialistic.
6- A) If only
C) Not only

B) Neither
D) Not until
E) As though

7- A) Despite
C) Whereas

B) Accordingly
D) The moment
E) Likewise

8- A) too many
C) so much

B) more than
D) just a few
E) as little as

9- A) is having
C) has had

B) has
D) will be having
E) will have had

10- A) towards
B) throughout
C) ever since
D) even if
E) up until

HORACE MANN

JOHN DEWEY

The "father of the American public school",

Horace Mann (1796-1859) worked to win
reforms and public support for schools in the
United States. It was his opinion that, in days
to come, (11) ...... universal, nonsectarian,
and free. Through his influence, the first
teacher-training school in the United States
was established in 1839. In 1843, Mann
spent five months in Europe (12) ...... its
schools. (13) ...... his return, his report to
the board antagonized the Boston
schoolmasters, who considered his praise of
Prussian teaching methods as criticism of
(14) ...... . The report, however, made him a
national figure. Declaring his enthusiasm for
education as the basis of democracy, Mann
said, "The common school is (15) ......
discovery ever made by man". Antioch
College in Yellow Springs, Ohio, made Mann
its president in 1853. There he sought to
make higher education available to all on a
coeducational and nonsectarian basis.

One of the most notable American

philosophers of the 20th century, John Dewey
(1859-1952) was also a pioneer in
educational theory and method. (16) ......
his ideas developed the progressive
education movement that was very influential
in schools until about 1950. Learning by
doing was the heart of his method. The
children were given freedom to learn
(17) ...... their needs and experiences.
Dewey regarded the school as a community a part of society. He looked upon education
as a process of living, not as preparation
(18) ...... later living. In philosophy, Dewey's
pragmatic theories insisted that the way to
test ideas was to check them against their
consequences (19)........to claim their
agreement with supposedly self-evident
truth. (20)........faced with a problem, said
Dewey, a person must logically examine the
options open to him or her to find the best
solution supported by the facts.

11- A) had been

B) should be
C) must have been D) has been
E) used to be

16- A) Into
C) Since

12- A) to have studied B) being studied

C) studied
D) studying
E) to be studied

E) At

B) Near
D) Out of

17- A) in return for

B) in accordance with
C) on the point of D) in the age of
E) on the brink of

13- A) Upon
C) While

B) When
D) By the time
E) Moreover

18- A) in
C) at

14- A) their
C) its own

B) him
D) its
E) themselves

19- A) rather than

B) so that
C) moreover
D) in case of
E) in addition

15- A) so great
B) greater than
C) the greatest
D) as great as
E) much greater

20- A) That
C) Who

E) with

E) Why

B) for
D) on

B) How
D) When

JEAN PIAGET
MARIA MONTESSORI
A pioneer in modern education, Maria
Montessori (1870-1952) devised the
progressive method that (21) ...... her
name. An Italian psychiatrist, she introduced
the Montessori Method in the early 1900s. In
1894, Maria Montessori became the first
woman (22) ...... a medical degree by the
University of Rome. After graduation, she
worked with supposedly ineducable children.
Her progressive method developed from this
work and from her experiences as director of
Casa dei Bambini, or Children's House, a
school for children. The method is based on a
child's natural development and growing
awareness of the world (23) ...... perceived
through the senses. A variety of learning
tools are provided, and the children
themselves choose (24) ...... they wish to
use. The interest of the students is sustained
by their feeling of accomplishment and by the
pleasure derived from doing things (25) ......
they have chosen themselves.

21-A) gives
C) bears

B) adapts
D) supposes
E) conducts

22- A) having awarded

B) to be awarded
C) having been awarded
D) award
E) to have awarded

23- A) as
C) such

24- A) what
C) when

25- A) whose
C) -

E) but

E) why

The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (18961980) was the first scientist to make
systematic studies of (26) ...... children
learn. His concept of the stages of learning
made it necessary for scholars to reevaluate
previous information about children and the
learning process. (27) ...... his work,
teachers came to be viewed as
guides to children's discovery of (28) ......
and the world - not just as transmitters of
learning. Piaget viewed children as people
who continually make and remake their own
reality. They grow mentally by taking the
simple concepts they learn early on and
integrating them into more advanced ones.
Piaget described four stages of development
(29) ...... all individuals pass. In the
sensorimotor stage, children become aware
of themselves as separate beings in the
world; they try to master their reflexes, and
they constantly experiment. The
preoperational stage, from about 2 to 7
years, is marked by learning language;
children are able to handle words mentally
just as they handled objects in the previous
stage. In the concrete operational stage,
from 7 until 12, children begin to classify
objects (30) ...... their similarity or
difference. This is the beginning of logic. The
last stage is the period of formal operations,
which lasts into adulthood. It becomes
possible to make hypotheses and to master
abstract ideas.
26- A) that
C) whom
E) how

B) during
D) those

B) from
D) like

27- A) On the brink of B) In light of

C) On no account D) At any rate
E) Instead of

B) that
D) who

28- A) their
C) thereafter
E) its

B) where
D) how
E) whom

B) wherever
D) themselves

29- A) through which B) about whose

C) to that
D) with whom
E) from what
30- A) inside
C) at

B) to
D) between
E) by

TEST 29
"WHAT A WONDERFUL WORLD": TIDBITS OF INTEREST FROM ACROSS THE GLOBE
ORLANDO'S ULCER REMEDY
Apparently, it's not (1) ...... humans who can
develop drug problems. Orlando, (2) ...... by
Ms. Angelica Fuentes of Santiago, Chile, is an
albino boxer dog with chronic stomach pains.
One afternoon a while back, a friend of Ms.
Fuentes who was moving away asked her to
keep a plant for her. Ms. Fuentes
wholeheartedly agreed to do so, and took the
plant into her home. (3) ...... then, her dog
has been methodically eating leaves from the
plant every day. (4) ...... first noticing this
behaviour, Ms. Fuentes thought it rather odd,
as Orlando had never been so naughty before
- but then she noticed that the plant in
question was a marijuana plant. Ms. Fuentes
believes that Orlando has been medicating
himself for those chronic stomach pains of
his. Orlando seems to be quite an intelligent
dog as well: "I now leave the pot plant out
with other herbs," Ms. Fuentes says, "and he
is capable of choosing (5) ...... is the
particular herb that he requires."
1- A) already
C) so

B) such
D) just
E) yet

2- A) to own
C) owned

B) owning
D) having owned
E) to be owned

3- A) For
B) After
C) By the time
D) Ever since
E) When

4- A) Along
C) Within

B) Upon
D) Of
E) To

5- A) which
C) where

B) whose
D) how
E) whom

THE BALLAD OF MILO AND HIS

MAGNANIMOUS TONGUE
Mitch Bonham's leg began to turn black
following an accident he had while in the
British Royal Navy, and he (6) ...... that he
would lose the leg by his doctor. But then, his
dog Milo began to lick Mr. Bonham's leg for
up to four hours every day. Mr. Bonham
explains what happened next: "One day I felt
my toe move. It was (7) ...... the muscles in
my leg were being reactivated. I had been
told that this could happen if my leg was
getting better, but that I shouldn't allow
myself to hope that I could ever actually
recover (8) ...... my problem. When the
doctor saw my leg again, he said, 'My God
-what have you been doing?!?' He said it was
incredible: the dog had saved my leg.
Apparently, by licking my leg for such long
periods, Milo had stimulated the nerves and
helped the oxygen get into my leg. Then the
doctor told me that I didn't need to come
back, and that I should just let Milo (9) ......
doing what he did best. Me and my friends
had a celebration that night, and Milo had a
big juicy bone as a thank-you for (10) ......
that he had done to help me."
6- A) is told
B) was told
C) would be told
D) has been told
E) will have been told
7- A) such
B) like
C) even though
D) more than
E) as if
8- A) towards
C) to

9- A) lay off
C) carry on

E) from

B) at
D) among

B) work for
D) set down
E) put up

10- A) most
B) some
C) however
D) all
E) what

STOP WHEN YOU SEE RED

The Manchester United and Arsenal football
squads have ruled over the English
Premiership for the last decade - but this
(11) ...... may have a scientific explanation.
A report in the journal Nature by Durham
University academics suggests that
competitors who wear red - (12) ......
Manchester United and Arsenal - have an
advantage. The researchers claim that this
advantage may be a result of a deep-seated
evolutionary response. Dr. Robert Barton
says, "Whether red suppresses the
testosterone of the opponent or boosts the
testosterone of the individual wearing red, we
don't know at the moment. We're going to
look into that. My sense is that there is a bit
of both going on." The researchers studied
four sports (13) ...... the 2004 Olympics boxing, tae kwon do, Greco-Roman wrestling,
and freestyle wrestling -where contestants
were randomly assigned either red or blue
colours. They found that, in all the events
studied, the contestants (14) ...... red won
significantly (15) ...... contests. Looking at
results from the Euro 2004 football
tournament also showed that five squads had
better results when playing in red.

"HERE'S YOUR PETROL, SIR." - "THANK

YOU, OFFICER."
In Russia, official statistics show that of the
24,000 traffic accidents that occurred over
the past year, 38% involved drivers hitting
pedestrians. That figure rose to 54% for the
3,700 road accidents recorded in the first
four months of this year. In an effort to
encourage people to stop driving aggressively
and to have more (16) ...... for pedestrians,
Moscow traffic police have launched a new
road and safety awareness campaign called
Safe Crossing. One part of this program is
quite revolutionary, and -who knows? - could
very well end up being a very strong
encouragement for safer driving. (17) ......
giving fines to bad drivers, the police
are instead handing out free petrol vouchers
to good (18) ...... which enables those good
drivers to get petrol (19) ...... having to pay
for it. According to representatives of the
Safe Crossing campaign, (20) ...... careful
drivers can be given vouchers that are worth
up to 1,500 of petrol. Perhaps now the
pedestrians of Russia will be able to sleep
sounder at night.

11- A) dominance
B) reflection
C) struggle
D) emergency
E) innovation

16- A) proof
C) regard

12- A) such as
B) even so
C) as though
D) much more
E) only if

17- A) Because
B) Rather than
C) Although
D) According to
E) Instead

13- A) while
C) as

18- A) their own

B) those
C) ones
D) another
E) one another

B) since
D) during
E) when

14- A) to have worn B) worn

C) wearing
D) wear
E) to be worn

15- A) much
C) such a

B) a lot
D) so many
E) more

19- A) along
C) within

B) intention
D) expense
E) circumstance

B) throughout
D) without
E) among

20- A) scarcely
B) rarely
C) negligently
D) gradually
E) particularly

NOBODY LIKES INSECTS, BUT COME ON

HEN-BOY SAVES THE DAY

It seems that Walter Mueller, of SchleswigHolstein in Germany, is not too fond

(21) ...... insects. One evening, Mr. Mueller who was having a problem with mosquitoes closed all of the windows in his apartment
and emptied several cans of extra strength
insect spray into the air before sitting down
at his computer to surf the Internet. Poor Mr.
Mueller- he couldn't have chosen a (22) ......
time to take advantage of the wonders of
modern technology. (23) ...... he turned on
his computer, a spark of electricity ignited
the powerful fumes of the insect spray that
were hanging in the air, causing an explosion
that demolished his apartment and blew out
all the windows. Amazingly, Mr. Mueller
(24) ...... was not badly hurt, and was
released from hospital after treatment for
minor injuries. None of the other residents in
the building were injured, (25) ...... but
several apartments were damaged - to the
tune of 100,000 - and debris flew up to 100
metres away. The street outside the building
had to be closed for several hours as a result.

9-year-old Wang Peng, from Wuhan city in

central China, was a very (26) ...... boy,
saving his money and using it to buy 20
eggs. He was planning to use his family's hen
to hatch the eggs - and then disaster struck:
the hen was attacked by a neighbour's dog
and died. What could be done now? Well,
Wang was also a very clever and resourceful
boy, it seems: he put the eggs in a box and
put the box between his legs for warmth
(27) ...... day, lying under a pile of quilts as
well. " (28) ...... time was when I was
asleep," Wang said. "I had to sleep under
really thick quilts, and dared not turn over
(29) ...... crushing the eggs." (30) ...... he
had to leave the house to go to school, he
wrapped the box of eggs in the quilts to try
and keep them warm during his absence.
After 20 days, one night Wang was awakened
by some faint sounds - one of the chicks had
hatched! Over the next few days, another 12
of the little creatures came out of their shells
to greet the world. "I am very happy," says
Wang, "since I finished the job for the hen."

21- A) in
C) at

B) upon
D) of

26- A) economics
B) economical
C) economy
D) economist
E) economic

B) many
D) worst

27- A) some
C) a

22- A) worse
C) much

E) from

E) bad

23- A) Despite
B) The moment
C) In order that
D) Even though
E) During

24- A) his own

C) he

25- A) nor
C) either

B) him
D) his
E) himself

E) any

B) neither
D) such

E) the

B) each
D) many

28- A) So difficult
B) Difficult
C) The most difficult
D) More difficult
E) As difficult as

29- A) for fear of

C) because
E) so that

B) accordingly
D) instead of

30- A) Whichever
B) Wherever
C) Whatever
D) Whenever
E) Whomever

TEST 1

TEST 2

TEST 3

TEST 4

TEST 5

TEST 6

TEST 7

TEST 8

1.B
2.A
3.A
4.D
5.E
6.C
7.B
8.D
9.A
10.E
11.A
12.C
13.A
14.B
15.D
16.E
17.E
18.A
19.B
20.C
21.B
22.E
23.D
24.A
25.A
26.D
27.B
28.B
29.E
30.A

1.D
2.B
3.A
4.C
5.E
6.E
7.D
8.A
9.C
10.A
11.D
12.E
13.E
14.B
15.B
16.A
17.C
18.D
19.E
20.D
21.C
22.A
23.A
24.B
25.A
26.D
27.E
28.D
29.C
30.E

1.C
2.E
3.C
4.B
5.D
6.D
7.E
8.C
9.D
10.E
11.A
12.B
13.D
14.B
15.A
16.C
17.A
18.C
19.E
20.A
21.B
22.A
23.D
24.C
25.B
26.D
27.E
28.E
29.C
30.C

1.A
2.E
3.C
4.A
5.B
6.B
7.C
8.D
9.B
10.A
11.C
12.E
13.E
14.B
15.D
16.A
17.B
18.D
19.A
20.C
21.E
22.B
23.A
24.A
25.D
26.E
27.C
28.B
29.A
30.E

1.D
2.A
3.C
4.E
5.D
6.A
7.C
8.C
9.B
10.B
11.E
12.A
13.D
14.A
15.B
16.B
17.A
18.B
19.D
20.D
21.C
22.C
23.A
24.B
25.E
26.C
27.A
28.B
29.E
30.A

1.D
2.A
3.D
4.B
5.B
6.C
7.E
8.E
9.B
10.A
11.A
12.C
13.B
14.D
15.C
16.E
17.A
18.B
19.A
20.D
21.B
22.E
23.E
24.A
25.D
26.D
27.E
28.A
29.D
30.B

1.C
2.D
3.E
4.B
5.C
6.A
7.B
8.E
9.E
10.C
11.D
12.A
13.B
14.B
15.B
16.D
17.C
18.D
19.C
20.A
21.E
22.C
23.C
24.E
25.D
26.B
27.A
28.D
29.C
30.A

1.A
2.C
3.D
4.A
5.B
6.B
7.E
8.C
9.D
10.E
11.A
12.D
13.D
14.C
15.B
16.E
17.E
18.A
19.B
20.D
21.C
22.A
23.B
24.D
25.B
26.D
27.C
28.A
29.E
30.B

TEST 9

TEST 10

TEST 11

TEST 12

TEST 13

TEST 14

TEST 15

TEST 16

1.C
2.A
3.D
4.B
5.D
6.C
7.B
8.E
9.A
10.C
11.C
12.C
13.A
14.B
15.A
16.D
17.E
18.D
19.A
20.A
21.C
22.B
23.E
24.D
25.A
26.B
27.C
28.A
29.A
30.C

1.B
2.D
3.A
4.A
5.C
6.E
7.E
8.D
9.B
10.C
11.C
12.C
13.A
14.E
15.D
16.E
17.B
18.A
19.C
20.D
21.C
22.B
23.E
24.A
25.A
26.D
27.B
28.A
29.E
30.E

1.E
2.E
3.A
4.C
5.B
6.B
7.C
8.A
9.E
10.D
11.E
12.C
13.C
14.B
15.A
16.C
17.E
18.D
19.C
20.B
21.E
22.A
23.B
24.E
25.C
26.A
27.D
28.C
29.C
30.E

1.D
2.C
3.A
4.E
5.C
6.B
7.B
8.E
9.A
10.C
11.A
12.D
13.D
14.E
15.B
16.C
17.D
18.C
19.B
20.A
21.E
22.C
23.B
24.A
25.E
26.A
27.B
28.D
29.E
30.D

1.D
2.C
3.A
4.D
5.E
6.E
7.B
8.A
9.C
10.C
11.E
12.A
13.D
14.B
15.B
16.D
17.A
18.E
19.C
20.C
21.C
22.D
23.B
24.E
25.B
26.A
27.C
28.D
29.A
30.E

1.E
2.D
3.A
4.B
5.A
6.C
7.C
8.B
9.E
10.D
11.A
12.C
13.E
14.B
15.D
16.B
17.D
18.C
19.A
20.E
21.E
22.A
23.D
24.C
25.B
26.E
27.C
28.B
29.B
30.D

1.D
2.C
3.A
4.C
5.B
6.B
7.E
8.A
9.C
10.D
11.E
12.D
13.E
14.A
15.D
16.A
17.B
18.D
19.C
20.C
21.B
22.A
23.A
24.E
25.D
26.B
27.C
28.A
29.C
30.E

1.C
2.E
3.A
4.C
5.D
6.D
7.B
8.A
9.E
10.E
11.B
12.C
13.D
14.C
15.A
16.E
17.D
18.B
19.C
20.A
21.C
22.E
23.D
24.B
25.B
26.B
27.E
28.A
29.C
30.D

TEST 17

TEST 18

TEST 19

TEST 20

TEST 21

TEST 22

TEST 23

TEST 24

1.D
2.E
3.A
4.D
5.B
6.B
7.C
8.C
9.E
10.D
11.A
12.C
13.E
14.B
15.A
16.C
17.D
18.E
19.B
20.D
21.C
22.A
23.D
24.E
25.E
26.C
27.B
28.A
29.B
30.D

1.D
2.E
3.C
4.D
5.B
6.B
7.A
8.C
9.A
10.E
11.C
12.D
13.B
14.A
15.A
16.D
17.B
18.C
19.D
20.E
21.B
22.A
23.E
24.D
25.C
26.A
27.B
28.B
29.C
30.C

1.D
2.B
3.D
4.E
5.C
6.B
7.B
8.A
9.B
10.D
11.C
12.C
13.E
14.B
15.D
16.D
17.B
18.E
19.B
20.B
21.A
22.E
23.B
24.C
25.D
26.E
27.B
28.A
29.B
30.E

1.D
2.A
3.B
4.E
5.D
6.B
7.C
8.E
9.E
10.A
11.B
12.D
13.A
14.C
15.C
16.E
17.D
18.A
19.B
20.C
21.A
22.B
23.C
24.C
25.A
26.D
27.E
28.D
29.A
30.B

1.B
2.A
3.E
4.C
5.C
6.D
7.E
8.B
9.C
10.A
11.D
12.D
13.E
14.C
15.A
16.B
17.D
18.C
19.A
20.B
21.B
22.E
23.C
24.A
25.D
26.A
27.A
28.E
29.D
30.C

1.E
2.C
3.C
4.A
5.B
6.D
7.A
8.C
9.B
10.E
11.E
12.D
13.A
14.A
15.B
16.D
17.C
18.E
19.B
20.D
21.A
22.B
23.B
24.C
25.D
26.E
27.A
28.A
29.E
30.C

1.C
2.D
3.D
4.A
5.E
6.B
7.C
8.C
9.A
10.B
11.D
12.E
13.A
14.B
15.C
16.D
17.A
18.A
19.C
20.B
21.E
22.E
23.D
24.A
25.B
26.C
27.E
28.B
29.D
30.A

1.B
2.E
3.A
4.D
5.E
6.C
7.D
8.D
9.C
10.B
11.A
12.E
13.D
14.A
15.C
16.B
17.C
18.D
19.B
20.E
21.E
22.D
23.C
24.A
25.B
26.A
27.D
28.C
29.C
30.E

TEST 25

TEST 26

TEST 27

TEST 28

TEST 29

1.C
2.A
3.D
4.D
5.B
6.E
7.A
8.B
9.C
10.E
11.E
12.D
13.A
14.A
15.C
16.B
17.E
18.A
19.B
20.D
21.C
22.E
23.B
24.B
25.D
26.A
27.C
28.C
29.D
30.B

1.C
2.D
3.B
4.B
5.C
6.A
7.E
8.E
9.D
10.B
11.C
12.D
13.A
14.A
15.E
16.C
17.A
18.D
19.D
20.B
21.A
22.D
23.C
24.C
25.E
26.D
27.A
28.B
29.C
30.A

1.C
2.A
3.A
4.B
5.D
6.E
7.C
8.C
9.D
10.B
11.E
12.E
13.A
14.B
15.D
16.E
17.C
18.A
19.B
20.B
21.E
22.C
23.D
24.D
25.A
26.C
27.E
28.B
29.B
30.A

1.E
2.E
3.A
4.B
5.C
6.D
7.A
8.C
9.C
10.E
11.B
12.D
13.A
14.E
15.C
16.D
17.B
18.B
19.A
20.D
21.C
22.B
23.A
24.A
25.C
26.E
27.B
28.D
29.A
30.E

1.D
2.C
3.D
4.B
5.A
6.B
7.E
8.E
9.C
10.D
11.A
12.A
13.D
14.C
15.E
16.C
17.B
18.C
19.D
20.E
21.D
22.A
23.B
24.E
25.C
26.B
27.B
28.C
29.A
30.D