Lecture-3

EE 407
Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

Chapter-2
Power System Basics Power Factor Correction
Jameel Ahmad
Department of Electrical Engineering
School of Engineering
University of Management and Technology Lahore
1

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

The smaller the p f , the worse the utilization of
power is; the ideal is to get as near as possible
to the perfect p f of 1.0

Sometimes, it is desirable or necessary to use

capacitors to correct the p f to offset the VArs

of the inductive elements

A p f corrective action can lead to the increased

real power delivery to the loads

50

EXAMPLE: POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

i ( pf < 1 )

i ( pf = 1 )

transformer
with extra
capacity

fully loaded
transformer
load: lagging
pf

load: lagging
pf

pf correction
capacitor
51

EXAMPLE: POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

A transformer is operating close to its kVA
rating and is used to deliver 600 kVA at a 0.75 p f
There is a 20 % forecasted growth in the real

power demand
This growth needs to be accommodated without
investing in a new transformer by installing

capacitors for p f correction

52

EXAMPLE: POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

The existing situation is characterized by
p f 0.75

cos

cos 1 0.75 0.72 radians

P 600 0.75

450 kW

Q 600 0.66

397 kVAr

The forecasted situation

Pnew 450 1.2
p f new

540

600

540 kW
0.9
53

EXAMPLE: POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

cos 1 0.9

0.45 radians

Qnew 600 0.435 261 kVAr

The difference between Q = 476 kVAr and

Qnew = 261 kVAr can be compensated by
capacitors
Qc 476 261 215 kVAr
54

P = 450 kW

90 kW

before correction

= 0.45
Pnew = 540 kW

Q = 476 kVAr

215 kVAr
capacitor
reactive power

without pf
correction

Q new 261 kVAr

= 0.72

Q = 397 kVAr

anticipated
growth to
720kVA

Q = 476 kVAr

EXAMPLE: POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

with 215-kVAr correction

55

EXAMPLE: POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

We can determine the capacitance of the p f

correcting capacitors
Q c V c I c V c C Vc
Qc
C
V c2

If we assume that the input voltage to the

capacitors is at 12 kV, then
C

215 kVAr

377 12 kV
2

3.96 10 3 F
56

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CAPACITORS

FOR p f CORRECTION

57

THE RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

In the US, residential service is typically

provided from a 4.16 kV feeder line through a

step-down transformer to the 120/240 V
household voltage

all outlets provide 120 V

some outlets provide 240 V electricity (air
conditioning, heavier duty appliances)
58

THE RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

The provision of 240 V service is done by
grounding the center tap of the secondary

side of the transformer

using the other two ends of the windings at
the

120 V supply to obtain the 240 V

potential
59

THE RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

60

THE RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

v1 120 2 cos 377 t
v2 120 2 cos 377t

v1 v2 240 2 cos 377t

61

THE RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

Analytically
v1 t

120 2 cos 377 t

v2 t

120 2 cos 377 t

120 2 cos 377 t

and therefore
v1 t v2 t

240 2 cos 377t

62

RESIDENTIAL LOAD EXAMPLE

63

RESIDENTIAL LOAD EXAMPLE

We consider the three loads served by a threewire 120 / 240 V system with
1, 200 W at 120 V on phase A , p f 1.0
2, 400 W at 120 V on phase B , p f 1.0
4, 800 W at 240 V , p f 1.0

We wish to compute the currents in the wires

We start with the relationship
P V I cos V I
64

RESIDENTIAL LOAD EXAMPLE

For the 4,800 W load

For the 2,400 W load

For the 1,200 W load

65

RESIDENTIAL LOAD EXAMPLE

Note that KCL induces a current of 10 A in the
neutral leg and therefore the unbalanced load
creates a nonzero current in the neutral

This case differs from the typical balanced

conditions we encounter in which each hot leg
has current of the same magnitude and the

neutral current vanishes

66

THREE PHASE AC NETWORKS

Todays systems use the three phase

generators to produce electricity and

transmission lines to transport it to various

parts of the network

The interconnection of network elements into a

network is done typically using either the

delta or wye Y configuration

We examine a Yconnected

generator to a

load
67

THREE PHASE AC NETWORKS

68

THREE PHASE AC NETWORKS

The phase voltages are measured with respect

to the neutral

where the entities on the right represent the

phasor notation for the voltages
69

THREE PHASE AC NETWORKS

Note that the voltages are equal in magnitude
and exactly

radians from another (balanced

voltages)

70

THREE PHASE AC NETWORKS

Consequently,
The voltage between two-phases are typically
called line voltages; for example the line a to the
line b voltage is

and so

71

THREE PHASE AC NETWORKS

Now, for a balanced network, the phase voltage
r.m.s. values are equal

r.m.s. phase voltage

Therefore

We make use of the identity

72

THREE PHASE AC NETWORKS

So we obtain

73

THREE PHASE AC NETWORKS

The relationship of importance for the r.m.s. value
of line-to-line voltage

relative to that of the

phase voltage V p is
Examples of typical values

Vp

service type
buildings

202 V

120 V

commercial

480 V

277 V

residential

416 V

240 V .
74

THREE PHASE AC NETWORKS

Each phase has apparent power

and so the

system has apparent power

Therefore,

75

THREE PHASE AC NETWORKS

where

is the phase angle between the phase

current and the voltage and is identical for each

phase under balanced conditions

In fact, we can show that

and is constant and such a smooth constant level

of power constitutes a key advantage of

tems in contrast to

where

sys-

is sinusoidal
76

THREE PHASE AC NETWORKS

power

total power pa pb pc is constant

average power in pa , pb or pc
pa

pb

pc

77

EXAMPLE:
The
using a

NETWORK p f CORRECTION

motors in a small enterprise are supplied

208 V transformer

The real power demand is 80 kW with a p f = 0.5

and incurs losses of 4 kW
We compute

using

so that
78

EXAMPLE:

NETWORK p f CORRECTION

We also evaluate

Next consider a p f correction to 0.9 and so

79

EXAMPLE:

NETWORK p f CORRECTION

Also

We also evaluate the losses under corrected pf

80

THE

DELTA CONNECTION

The other way to connect

elements in the

connection which has no neutral line

81

THE

DELTA CONNECTION

The comparison of the key characteristics of the

two connection schemes is summarized by the
table
variable
r.m.s. current

r.m.s. voltage
power

P3 3 V p I p cos
82