BUS 309 Week 7 Quiz Strayer

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Quiz 6 Chapter 7
Chapter 7The Environment
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following is true concerning our environment today?
a.

the Clean Air Act of 1970 has had no

beneficial effects

b.

animal waste from factory farms is good

for the environment

c.

the "greenhouse effect" is basically media

hype

d.

polluted air is a health risk

2. An ecosystem
a.

should never be
tampered with.

c.

b.

can survive any

d.
human intervention.

can be upset by
human behavior.
is independent of all
other ecosystems.

3. The "tragedy of the commons" is

a.

the lack of a commonsa common place

where people can come together.

b.

the failure to appreciate what we have in

common with other species.

c.

that cost-benefit analysis involves value

judgments that we do not share in
common.

d.

that individual pursuit of self-interest can

sometimes make everyone worse off.

4. Some environmental regulations (like forbidding the burning of coal in cities) benefit

each and every one of us because the air we all breather is cleaner. If an individual
ignores the regulation and burns coal, while others obey the regulation, then he or she
a.

violates our right to

a livable
environment.

c.

displays an
ignorance of
ecology.

b.

is being a free rider.

d.

creates an
externality.

5. The moral theorist William T. Blackstone claims that the right to a livable
environment
a.

would solve the problem of how to

conserve resources.

b.

prevents the use of government regulation

to control the actions of business.

c.

is a fundamental human right.

d.

implies that non-human animals have no

genuine moral rights.

6. Cost-benefit analysis
a.

is influenced by
value judgments.

c.

values costs over

benefits.

b.

considers only
short-term effects.

d.

is a value-free
social-scientific
approach.

7. Which environmental statement is true?

a.

Tropical forests are the earths richest,

oldest, and most complex ecosystems.

b.

Because of technological breakthroughs,

people living in developed countries put
less strain on the environment than do
people in poorer countries.

c.

There are only about 1000 species of

animals left in the world.

d.

The United States consumes only its

proportional share of the world's
irreplaceable natural resources.

8. Concerning future generations,

a.

all philosophers today reject the idea that

future people have rights

b.

utilitarianism dictates a radical reduction

in population growth

c.

future people have a right to be born

d.

the social and environmental policies we

adopt can affect who is born in the future

9. According to the anthropocentric (or human-oriented) ethic of Baxter and others,

a.

environmental preservation is inherently

valuable.

b.

the Grand Canyon is valuable only

because people care about it.

c.

we have a strong, almost absolute

obligation to preserve species from
extinction.

d.

future people have no interests that we

need to respect now.

e.

nature has value in and of itself, apart

from human beings.

10. Which of the following is true of factory farms?

a.

They are smaller these days than they used

to be.

b.

The people who run them are brutal.

c.

Contrary to the critics, the animals in them

rarely suffer.

d.

They permit the mass production of meat

at low prices.

11. According to Shaw and Barry, utilitarians

a.

focus on human well-being and ignore

animal welfare.

b.

oppose animal experimentation in

principle.

c.

should include nonhuman animal

pleasures and pains in the overall
utilitarian calculus.

d.

are likely to favor factory farming.

12. Which of the following is true of a regulatory approach to environmental problems?

a.

It proceeds on a case-by-case basis,

dealing with each company's specific
circumstances.

b.

It gives companies an incentive to do

more than the minimum required by law.

c.

It requires the EPA or other body to

determine the most effective, feasible
pollution-control technology for each
different industry.

d.

It involves the use of pricing mechanisms.

13. Animal manure

a.

is not available in sufficient quantities to

replenish agricultural land.

b.

is a large source of pollution.

c.

helps counteract the "greenhouse effect".

d.

is potentially more dangerous than nuclear

power.

14. "Pollution permits" are an example of which of the following methods of achieving
our environmental goals?
a.

pricing mechanisms c.

a laissez-faire
approach

b.

government
subsidies

regulations

d.

15. In consideration for the obligation to others,

a.

we have no genuine moral obligations to

future generations.

b.

future people have a right to be born.

c.

the U.S. uses more than its proportional

share of the world's resources.

d.

environmental protection is always a static

trade-off, with a fixed economic price to
be paid for the gains we want.

16. One truth about factory farms is

a.

they rarely inflict any genuine suffering

on animals.

b.

most animals we eat are from them.

c.

they are necessary to feed the world.

d.

they are run by brutal people.

17. According to the philosopher Joel Feinberg,

a.

future generations of people have a right

to be born.

b.

future generations have no moral rights.

c.

we have no duties to future generations.

d.

the rights of future generations are

contingent upon those people coming into
existence.

18. William F. Baxter addresses environmental ethics by noting

a.

the best ethical position to adopt on

environmental issues is a naturalistic
position.

b.

non-human animals have intrinsic value.

c.

judgments about environmental problems

ought to be people-oriented.

d.

damage to geological "marvels" is

inherently wrong and should be prevented.

19. The philosopher Tom Regan

a.

claims that no impartial morally sensitive

person could approve of the treatment of

animals in factory farms if he or she knew

what was going on.
b.

argues against the use of governmental

regulations to control the actions of
businesses.

c.

believes that the FTC should be abolished.

d.

denies that non-human animals have any

moral rights.

20. According to Holmes Rolston III,

a.

naturalistic ethics ought to be abandoned.

b.

some natural objects are morally

considerable in their own right, apart from
human interests.

c.

all moral rights are derived from the

interests of human beings.

d.

nature has no value apart from human

beings.

21. A decade after wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone Park, their presence was
discovered to
a.

not change
anything.

c.

b.

have stabilized their d.

own population.

have changed the

behavior of elk.
be disruptive.

22. Business has considered the environment to be

a.

a scarce
commodity.

c.

a limited supply.

b.

free and nearly

limitless.

d.

costly.

23. An assessment of costs and benefits inevitably involves

a.

facts.

c.

false opinions.

b.

monetary costs
only.

d.

value judgments
and factual

uncertainties

24. Which of the following is a drawback to the regulatory approach?

a.

regulation can take away an industrys

incentive to do more than the minimum

b.

regulation is an incentive to an industry to

do more than the minimum

c.

regulation does not apply to all equally

d.

does not require polluters to use the

strongest most feasible means of pollution
control.

25. A moral vegetarian

a.

rejects eating meat based on moral

grounds.

b.

only eats animal that were raised

humanely.

c.

does not believe animals suffer.

d.

the pleasure we get from eating a

hamburger justifies the price the animals
pay.

TRUE/FALSE
1. The new discipline of ecological economics calculates the value of an ecosystem,
not in terms of what people are willing to pay for it, but in terms of what it would cost
to provide the benefits and services that the ecosystem now furnishes us.
2. Regulation is always the most effective way to allocate the costs of environmental
protection.
3. Advocates of a "naturalistic ethic" believe that penguins are important only because
people like them.
4. Cost-benefit analyses of rival environmental policies inevitably involve making value
judgments about nonmonetary costs and benefits.

5. The word "ecology" refers to the science of the interrelationships among organisms
and their environment.
6. The word "ecosystem" refers to a total ecological community, both living and nonliving.
7. The disparity between private industrial costs and public social costs is what
economists call an "internality."
8. Cost-benefit analysis is a device used to determine whether it's worthwhile to incur a
particular cost.
9. Tampering with the ecosystem always has injurious effects.
10. When it comes to the protecting animal interests, the United States is far ahead of
Europe.
11. According to Jeremy Bentham, the question is not whether animals can feel pain, but
whether they can talk and reason.
12. Advocates of a naturalistic ethic contend that some natural objects are morally
considerable in their own right, apart from human interests.
13. Moral vegetarians are people who reject the eating of meat on moral grounds.
14. According to William F. Baxter, we ought to respect the "balance of nature" and
"preserve the environment" even if doing so brings no benefit to human beings.
15. A moral of Garrett Hardin's parable "The Tragedy of the Commons" is that there can
be a difference between the private costs and the social costs of a business activity.
16. William T. Blackstone rejects the idea that each person has a human right to a livable
environment on the grounds that it is technically infeasible.
17. Three approaches have gained the most attention when it comes to achieving our
environmental goals: the use of regulations, incentives, and pricing mechanisms.

18. According to Joel Feinberg, we can predict various interests of future generations.
19. Thanks to the EPA, the federal government long ago eliminated the problem of
potentially harmful pesticides and other chemical residues in food.
20. According to Cambridge University biologist Andrew Balmford, the loss of nature's
services is usually outweighed by the benefits of development.
21. An ordinary example of an ecosystem is a pond.
22. One of the attitudes prevalent in business that has led to increased environmental
problems is the tendency to view the natural world as a free and unlimited good.
23. The international fishing industry as it exists today gives us good reason to reject the
moral of Garrett Hardin's "Parable of the Commons."
24. The rising affluence of people in the United States has meant a corresponding
decrease in pollution and its attendant environmental problems in the United States.
25. Any equitable solution to the problem of who should pay the bill for environmental
cleanup should take into account responsibility as well as benefit.
SHORT ANSWER
1. What is the meaning of "ecology"?

2. What's an "externality"? Give an environmental example of an externality.

3. Explain a cost-benefit analysis, and how is it relevant to environmental issues?

4. What's a "free rider"?

5. Briefly describe the two popular answers to the question of who should pay the costs

of environmental protections and restorations.

ESSAY
1. Is it appropriate to have a valley of death as described in Case 7.2? If you worked
for one of the factories how would you justify the fumes? If you take an
environmental view, how would confront the problem?

2. Is it a moral right or privilege for human beings to live in a clean environment?

Defend your answer.

3. Does that fact that McDonalds gave in to public opinion mean that all businesses
should do the same? Is there ever a time that a business can tell environmentalists
that they will not abide by the regulations or requests? Defend your answers.

4. Are there any differences between environment ethics for humans and animals?
Defend your answers.

5. Would you propose an incentive based program to challenge companies to reduce

their environmental liability? Give an example of how this can be done and whether
it could ever be effective. Defend your answer.