Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Harvard Referencing:
Reference with Confidence!
What is referencing?
Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging the sources of
information and ideas that you have used in your assignment, in a way that
uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as
ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be
referenced.
How do I reference?
In-text citations
Reference list
Bibliography
In various publications and in different fields, you may find different methods of
referencing. At York the Harvard Reference System is the preferred method.
Dr Jenna Ward
Direct Quotes:
When directly quoting, meaning you are copying word for word from another
source, ensure that quotation marks are used and the relevant page number(s) are
given along with the author(s) surname and the date of publication:
Examples of direct quotes:
Larsen (1971: 245) noted that many of the facts in
this case are incorrect.
OR :
Many of the facts in this case are incorrect (Larsen,
1971: 245).
To understand this new dimension of the labour
process, it is necessary to return to the original
framework about the nature of work relationships
inside a capitalist mode of production (Thompson,
1990:38).
Points to remember:
2
Dr Jenna Ward
1. Two authors
When a work by two authors is cited in brackets either as an indirect or a direct
quote, the textual reference should be as follows:
(Larsen & Green, 1987)
When the authors names are incorporated in the text, the ampersand (&) is
replaced by and:
Larsen and Green (1987) were unable....
2. Multiple authors
For a work that has more than two authors, only the surname of the first listed
author is used, followed by the expression et al..
For example, a work by Larsen, Green, Withers and Gonzales becomes (Larsen et
al., 1987).
3. Missing words in direct quotes
Where you do not need to directly quote a complete sentence you can use in
place of the words you remove.
Dr Jenna Ward
Reference List
6 Golden Rules:
1. Order reference list alphabetically by author surname
2. All names must be written out in full (i.e. the use of et al. is not permitted in
reference lists or bibliographies).
3. The order of the information, use of punctuation and use of italics is very important
4. The reference list should only include the sources you have cited in the main
document. Anything you have read but not cited should not appear in the reference
list.
5. Second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented to highlight the
alphabetical order of the list.
6. Full references should appear at the end of the essay not in footnotes.
Here is an example:
References
Alvesson, M. and Thompson, P. (2004) Post-Bureaucracy?, in S. Ackroyd, P.
Thompson, R. Batt and P.S. Tolbert (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Work and
Organization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bramel, D. and Friend, R. (1981) Hawthorne, The Myth of the Docile Worker, and
Class Bias in Psychology, American Psychologist: 867-878.
Grey, C. (2005) A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book About
Studying Organizations London: Sage.
A book by a single author:
Grey, C. (2005) A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book About
Studying Organizations. London: Sage.
A book by two authors:
Burrell, G. and Morgan, G. (1979) Sociological Paradigms and Organisational
Analysis. Aldershot: Ashgate.
An edited book with three editors:
Grant, D., Keenoy, T. and Oswick, C. (eds) (1998) Discourse and Organizations.
London: Sage.
A chapter by two authors in a book edited by four editors:
Alvesson, M. and Thompson, P. (2004) Post-Bureaucracy?, in S. Ackroyd, P.
Thompson, R. Batt and P.S. Tolbert (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Work and
Organization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
NB: Singling out a chapter is something you should only do with edited books. It is
unusual to single out a chapter in a book single-authored.
Dr Jenna Ward
The Australian Concise Oxford Dictionary (1992), 2nd ed., Melbourne: Oxford
University Press.
An article:
Smircich, L. (1983) Concepts of Culture and Organizational Analysis,
Administrative Science Quarterly, 28: 339-358.
NB: Your in-text citation contains the page you have taken the direct quote from while
the reference list contains the page range on which the article is printed.
A newspaper article
Legge, K. (1987) Labor to cost the Keating Factor, Times on Sunday, 1 Feb.:
21.
More than one item by the same author published in the same year
Whitley, R. (1984a) The Fragmented State of Management Studies: Reasons and
Consequences, Journal of Management Studies, 21: 331-348.
Whitley, R. (1984b) The Scientific Status of Management Research as a PracticallyOriented Science, Journal of Management Studies, 21: 369-390.
Whitley, R. (1984c) The Development of Management Studies as a Fragmented
Adhocracy, Social Science Information, 23: 775-818.
A video/DVD recording
Apartheid Did Not Die (1998) [video recording]. London, Carlton International,
Written and produced by John Pilger.
A web page
Beckleheimer, J. (1994) How do you cite URLs in a bibliography? [Online],
Available: http://www.nrlssc.navy.mil/meta/ bibliography.html [Accessed 13 Dec.
2008].
A web page with no author
Rules of the University Appendix A: Malpractice in Undergraduate and
Postgraduate Examinations and Coursework (2005) [Online], Available:
http://www.lancs.ac.uk/users/acadreg/rules/rules2005.htm [Accessed 30 Nov.
2005].
A web page with no publication date
Prizker, T.J. n.d., An early fragment from central Nepal, [Online], Available:
http://www.ingress.com/~astanart/pritker/ pritzker.html [Accessed 12 Dec. 2008].