Intro

BJT (Arrow is Emitter)

(1)
(2)
(3)
BJT Small Signal

| |

(4)

MOSFET I-V (Arrow is Source)

Triode Region

(5)
Saturation Region

(6)
Miscellaneous

(7)

(8)
(9)

(10)

MOSFET Small Signal

Transconductance

(11)

Substrate transconductance

(12)

Output Resistance

(13)

Current Mirrors
BJT

(14)
(15)

BJT Current Source Load

(1)

MOS

(16)
MOS-Current Source Load
(17)
BJT and MOS Gain for Current Source Load

(18)

Basic Cascode (transconductance+current buffer)

BJT (CE-CB)

(19)
(20)
MOS(CS- CG)

(21)

Transistor Pairs

Voltage Gain is only

slightly lower than CE
stage
Better Bandwidth
Applies to MOS CDCS amplifier as well
(CC-CC) Multiplies the
Can add a current sink to Q1 to keep IC1 high
Composite of pnp-npn can boost pnps low (CE(pnp)CC(npn))

Similar to all npn CC-CB but has

DC voltage level shifting stage
Needs extra VBIAS

Voltage Gain is comparable to CB stage

Better high frequency performance (no Miller Effect)
MOS (CD-CG)

Improved Current Mirrors

BJT
Base Current Compensation reduces error on finite to

ROUT is same as (15)

Shunt Resistor helps to modulate the

current through the compensating
capacitor

(22)

Resistor ratios in Emitter can be used to ratio current. It is more flexible than dealing with emitter areas.

(23)

Differential Amplifiers
BJT

- Large Signal

(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)

MOS (resistive load only theoretical)

(30)
(31)

BJT (active load)

(
|

)
(32)

MOS( active load)

(33)

BJT frequency response (resistive load)

(34)

To find dominate pole for Cascode (resistive load), set individual capacitors to zero and then analysis
the cut off frequency

(35)

(36)
MOS (Active load)

(37)

(39)

(38)

Multi-Stage Amplifiers
Gain of multistage amplifiers is the gain of each stage multiplied by the interstage and output stage
loading factors.

Multi-stage amplifiers need to be biased correctly, and diodes and Zener diodes can help to do this.
Cascaded NPN-PNP differential amplifier

(40)
(41)
(42)
(40) and (41) are just two gain terms times by a interstage loading term
Same principles applies to CMOS.

Power Devices

(43)

Power Amplifiers
Cascade with high gain op amp to supply large currents

Feedback Amps
(44)
In negative feedback, we trade off gain for
- Bandwidth:
- SNR: If we use a clean input stage with gain A2 then
-

Reduction of nonlinear distortion: From (41),

Adjusting input and output impedances Sampling OUTPUT; Mixing INPUT (see notes)

Stability
For stability, the gain at Magnitude

must be unity or less.


(
(

)(
)(

(45)

(46)
Gain Margin = 1-

Phase Margin =

+
Two Pole Amplifiers are unconditionally STABLE for any since

is at infinity

Frequency Compensation
Frequency at a poles are corresponds to a -45o phase shift (is additive)
Two methods: Adding new Dominant pole or Shifting the lowest pole
The new pole must sit at a low frequency and will add -90o phase shift, try to get unity at -180o
- Draw 1/ line then extrapolate backwards at -20dB/decade to find new pole
Pole Splitting (shifts lower pole left and the second pole right -> the new second pole could be the
original third pole)
Takes advantage of Miller Effect to multiply Cf

(47)