Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Name or ID number:
Lab Section #:
Date:
(1)
Where,
E = modulus of elasticity, MPa
= stress, MPa
= strain
Stress is a defined concept, and is not directly measurable. Consequently,
experimental determination of the stresses in a complex structural member ordinarily
requires measurement of the strain and subsequent calculation of the stress from
Hooke's Law. For uniaxial stress, Hooke's Law is simply a revised form of equation (1):
=E
(2)
3
From the form of this equation it is obvious that the percentage error in s will be
the same as the error in E. Therefore, accurate values of the elastic modulus for
structural materials are of considerable importance to engineers.
Apparatus
Tinius Olsen testing machine consisting of
(a)
Loading Unit
The loading unit is a universal hydraulic testing machine with a load capacity
of 600kN, capable of performing static tension, compression and transverse
tests on prepared test specimens.
A built-in servo control provides
continuous feedback signals for precision control testing.
(b)
Data System
The data system is on personal computer with related components that can
be programmed to control tests and record data. Load-deformation or stressstrain curves can be generated on the display screen.
Load-deformation information is obtained with the aid of an extensometer,
which consists of a main frame complete with knife-edge measuring points, a
linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), and a spring clamping device
for attaching the extensometer to round or rectangular specimens.
Procedure
During the laboratory period, two materials will be tested with a Tinius-Olson
Tension Test Apparatus. One material will be cast iron and the other mild steel. The
amount of elongation will be measured by the extensometer. Observe the generation of
a continuous load-deformation relationship as each specimen is loaded, and note
differences in the failure of the two materials. You will be provided with a graph for each
type of material where the y-axis is Load (kN) and the x-axis is elongation (mm).
The results recorded refer only to these particular specimens and, in the absence
of reliable data from other sources, it would be necessary to test additional specimens
before one could safely conclude that the results were an accurate measure of the
performance of the material.
The particular aspects of interest are those which tell us how close the material
comes to some idealization of its properties which may be used in design calculations of
strength or deformation.
Discussion
1) From the plots obtained for mild steel and cast iron specimens, re-label and
renumber the y and x axes to read stress and strain on the handout.
Mild Steel:
I.
II.
Cast Iron:
I.
II.
2) Does each material obey Hooke's Law? If so, what is the value of E?
3) For each material, at what stage of loading does it cease to obey Hooke's
Law?
Objective
To demonstrate the behaviour of mild steel in elastic bending.
Apparatus
A mild steel cantilever type beam, five 5 N laboratory weights for loading the
beam, an electrical resistance strain gauge attached to the beam, and a strain indicator
(blue box).
Procedure
1.
2.
Turn the strain indicator on (blue box) with button on bottom left-hand corner.
.
With the beam unloaded (except by its own weight and the weight of the
loading hook), balance the strain gauge to set the initial value to zero. Press
the BAL button twice (second bank of buttons and second from the top).
Press the REC button (above the BAL button).
3.
4.
Record the total load and the strain reading after each 5 N increment is
added.
5.
Unload the beam in 5 N increments, again recording the load and strain at
each stage.
6.
Repeat this procedure until at least two sets of consistent measurements are
obtained.
x =
My
is the general formula for elastic bending
I
m =
Mymax Mt 6 PL
=
= 2
I
2I
bt
is the maximum flexural stress occurring at the top and bottom faces of the specimen
(tension at the top and compression at the bottom)
where:
(I =
bt
for a rectangula r section)
12
P = load, N
L = beam length, mm
b = beam width , mm
t = beam thickness, mm
x = flexural stress, MPa
For each load increment, and decrement, calculate the maximum flexural stress
from the above equation. Record the load, stress and strain at each load level.
Load (N)
Strain () Set 1
Strain () Set 2
Stress
0
5
10
15
20
25
20
15
10
5
0
Discussion
1. Plot a stress versus strain on a sheet of graph paper. Only use one set of data
and only values associated with 0-25N loads. Calculate the value of E from the
slope of the graph.
2. Compare the value of E for mild steel from Part B with the value obtained in
Part A.
3. Discuss the probable sources of error for both Parts A and B and their relative
effects on the accuracy of the modulus of elasticity determined.
10