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Abstract
The objective of this lab was to calculate minor friction losses in pipe fittings. Globe
valve, gate valve, miter, constriction, expansion and bend were used for minor losses. The
head loss calculation was done for may pipe fitting, it can be seen that nature of flow in
all fitting is turbulent as Reynolds numbers were higher than 2000. The head loss
calculations were done and it was noted that values of measured head loss are comparable
with calculated values of head loss.
time
55.3
55.24
54.64
T avg=55.06
57.14
56.69
55.71
T avg=56.52
58.76
61.75
60.26
T avg=60.25
66.16
64.51
67.07
Tavg=65.92
74.93
73.55
75.33
T avg=74.60
Mass Flow
rate (kg/s)
U Tube mm Hg
Gate Valve
Globe Valve
0.327
0.318
0.299
0.273
Piezom.
Readings
10
370
815
10
340
750
10
305
670
10
265
565
210
450
10
0.241
Trial
time
Mass
Flow rate
(kg/s)
Light Blue
U Tube mm Hg
Gate Valve
Globe Valve
Piezom. Readings
7-9--10 11--12
8
2 | Page
71.57
73.32
74.02
T avg=72.97
70.38
68.51
68.05
T avg=68.98
62.96
62.83
61.76
T avg=62.52
57.41
57.54
55.69
T avg=56.88
53.42
53.22
52.14
T avg=52.93
0.247
220
50
165
215
0.261
250
50
185
240
0.288
275
50
215
275
0.316
355
50
265
330
0.340
405
50
310
380
Type
5-6
8-9
11-12
Length (mm)
870
914.4
850
Piezom. Readings
Gate Valve
Globe Valve
5--6
1334.16
49363.92
108734.04
1334.16
45361.44
100062
1334.16
40691.88
89388.72
3 | Page
1334.16
35355.24
75380.04
1334.16
28017.36
60037.2
Light Blue
Gate Valve
Globe Valve
7--8
9--10
11--12
29351.52
6670.80
0.00
22013.64
28684.44
33354.00
6670.80
0.00
24681.96
32019.84
36689.40
6670.80
0.00
28684.44
36689.40
47362.68
6670.80
0.00
35355.24
44027.28
54033.48
6670.80
0.00
41358.96
50698.08
Results:
With D = 17 mm and m1 = 0.327 kg/s,
V1 =
m1
A
m1
V1 =
D
)
4
4 | Page
V1 =
0.327
( 0.017 )2
1000 (
)
4
V1 = 1.44 m/s
Reynolds Number
VD
Re =
Re=
10001.440.017
1 x 103
Re = 24480
m2
A
m2
2
V2 =
D
(
)
4
V2 =
0.318
( 0.017 )2
1000 (
)
4
V2 = 1.4 m/s
Reynolds Number
Re =
VD
Re=
10001.40.017
3
1 x 10
Re = 23800
5 | Page
KLV2
2
0.2V 21000
2
V = 0.73m/s
Reynolds Number
Re =
Re =
VD
10000.730.00919
3
1 x 10
Re = 6714
Head Loss
HL =
K LV 2
2g
2
HL =
0.2(0.73)
(29.81)
1000 mm
1m
HL = 54.4 mm
At Miter Bend with KL = 1.1
Pressure Drop @ Gate Valve
PD =
49363.92=
KLV2
2
1.1 V 21000
2
V = 9.48 m/s
Reynolds Number
Re =
Re =
VD
100014.26950.00445
1 x 103
6 | Page
Re = 42159
Head Loss
K LV 2
2g
HL =
HL =
1.1(9.48)
(29.81)
1000 mm
1m
= 5032 mm
KLV2
2
10 V 21000
2
29351.52 =
V = 2.43 m/s
Reynolds Number
VD
Re =
=
10002.430.01836
1 x 103
Re = 44484
Head Loss
K LV
2g
HL =
2
HL =
10 (2.43)
(29.81)
1000 mm
1m
HL = 2992 mm
At Expansion with m = 0.327 kg/s and 13.7 mm radius to 26.4 mm radius
7 | Page
V1 =
m
A
V2 =
m
A
m
D2
(
)
4
m
D2
(
)
4
0.327
(0.0137)2 , V1 = 2.25 m/s
1000 (
)
4
0.327
(0.0264)2 , V2 = 0.6 m/s
1000 (
)
4
Reynolds Number
V 2 D2
Re =
Re =
10000.600.0264
, Re = 15970
1 x 103
V 1V 2
He =
2
2.250.60
He =
x
2
1000 mm
1m
He = 170.6 mm
At Contraction with m = 0.327kg/s and 26. 4 mm radius to 13.7 mm radius
0.327
m
m
2
2
V1 = A = ( D ) = 1000 ( (0.0264) ) , V2 = 0.6 m/s
4
4
V2 =
m
A
m
D2
(
)
4
0.327
(0.0137)2 , V1 = 2.25 m/s
1000 (
)
4
HL =
V2
2
KL
8 | Page
2.25
HL =
x
2
0.23
1000 mm
1m
HL = 59.34 mm
o
51995.74 =
V = 11.78 m/s
Reynolds Number
Re =
=
VD
100011.780.017
1 x 103
Re = 200,181
Head Loss
HL =
K LV
2g
0.75(11.782)
(29.81)
HL =
1000 mm
1m
HL = 5321 mm
Calculated( Theoretical)
Head Rise or Loss (mm)
53.28
2968
5031.6
173.2
60.28
5321
5358.6
9 | Page
Table 5: Error
Fitting
Error
Gate Valve
.048%
Globe Valve
.028%
Miter Bend
0.052%
Sudden Expansion
0.01%
90 smooth
0.083%
calculations were done and it was noted that values of measured head loss are comparable
with calculated values of head loss. The objective of lab was met successfully
Practical Application
Most of practical application of minor loss in fitting comes into civil engineering
and mechanical engineering. As an engineer, we must account of these losses while
designing any system where flow of fluid takes place. The miner loss calculation helps in
deciding flow capacity and pressure rating of pump used in fluid system
References
1 - lab manual
Appendix
Equations
h L=
K LV2
2g
(1)
Where, KL is the loss coefficient and is dimensionless.
K L=
(V 1 V 2)2
2g
(2)
11 | P a g e
Reynolds Number
Re =
VD
(3)
V1 =
m1
A
(4)
12 | P a g e