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Link Budget Analysis: Digital Modulation, Part 2
1. FSK: Frequency Shift Keying.
A. Basis of Operation.
2. Binary FSK:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Basis of Operation.
Typical BFSK Modulated Signal.
Implementation of BFSK.
Power Spectral Density of BFSK.
Basis of Operation.
Block Diagram for GMSK.
BER for GMSK.
GMSK Power Spectral Density.
Applications for GMSK modulation.
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2-FSK
signal
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June 2013
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2 Es
2 Es
i
cos (nc i)t
cos 2( fc
)t , 0 t Ts for i 1,2,3...M
Ts
Ts
2Ts
Ts
sMFSK (t )
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2 Eb
cos 2fc 2f t , 0 t Tb for binary 1
sH (t ) Ac cos2f1t
T
b
sBFSK t
sL(t ) Ac cos(2f t ) 2 Eb cos2f 2f t , 0 t T for binary 0
2
c
b
T
b
Frequency domain
for Binary FSK
2. Map bits into carriers signal frequency: When binary 1, send carrier signal
frequency: fc + f ; when binary 0, send carrier signal frequency: fc - f. The
demodulator looks for signal power around frequency: fc + f or fc - f .
3. Each frequency state lasts for a single bit period: Tb , and then may be replaced
by either frequency state: fmark or fspace , Hertz.
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Time
Q1 (t )
Carrier signal 2
for binary 0
Time
Eb
s 21
Baseband
Message
Signal: m(t)
Time
BFSK modulated
signal: SBFSK(t)
Eb
fs
Tb
fm
2Tb
fm
3Tb
fs
4Tb
fm
5Tb
I
2 (t )
Time
fm
June 2013
0s
Decision
Boundary
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Digital signal
m(t)
Time
Carrier signal
C(t)
Time
Modulated signal
FSK
signal
SFSK(t)
Time
Tb
2Tb
3Tb
4Tb
5Tb
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fb
fc
fH fL
2
fb
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Rs
Rs
fM
Frequency
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Pse,MFSK M 1Q
M 1erfc
M 1erfc
2
N o
No 2
2 No 2
Pbe,MFSK
M/2
Pse, MFSK
M 1
4. Probability of bit error for coherently detected orthogonal Binary FSK (M= 2):
Eb 1
erfc Eb
Pbe,BFSK Q
2N
o
No 2
June 2013
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Pbe,MFSK Q
erfc
erfc
2 No 4
2
N o
2 No 4
16
64
Pbe,64FSK
256
Pbe,256FSK
Eb
No
2 Eb
No
3 Eb
16 erfc
No
4 Eb
64erfc
No
32
128
512
Pbe,32FSK 8erfc
3 Eb
2 N o
5 Eb
2 N o
Pbe,128FSK 32erfc
Pbe,512FSK 128erfc
9 Eb
2 N o
7 Eb
2 No
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11
Es
1
M 1erfc
2
2 No
M 1erfc (log 2 M ) Eb
2
2
N o
June 2013
symbol =
1
2
levels =
2
4
Eb/No Probability of Bit
1.000
0.1587
0.1573
1.259
0.1309
0.1126
1.585
0.1040
0.0750
1.995
0.0789
0.0458
2.512
0.0565
0.0250
3.162
0.0377
0.0119
3.981
0.0230
0.0048
5.012
0.0126
0.0015
6.310
0.0060
3.82E-04
7.943
0.0024
6.73E-05
10.000
7.83E-04 7.74E-06
12.589
1.94E-04 5.23E-07
15.849
3.43E-05 1.80E-08
19.953
3.97E-06 2.67E-10
25.119
2.70E-07 1.36E-12
31.623
9.36E-09 1.78E-15
39.811
1.40E-10 0.0E+00
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3
4
8
16
Error:
Pbe,MFSK
0.1665
0.1820
0.1039
0.0993
0.0584
0.0472
0.0288
0.0189
0.0121
0.0061
0.0041
0.0015
0.0011
2.64E-04
2.11E-04 3.02E-05
2.71E-05 2.03E-06
2.10E-06 6.93E-08
8.64E-08 1.02E-09
1.59E-09 5.13E-12
1.07E-11 6.66E-15
2.04E-14 0.0E+00
0.0E+00 0.0E+00
0.0E+00 0.0E+00
0.0E+00 0.0E+00
5
32
0.2028
0.0969
0.0390
0.0127
0.0032
5.60E-04
6.51E-05
4.45E-06
1.56E-07
2.35E-09
1.23E-11
1.69E-14
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
12
M /2
Pse, MFSK
M 1
Eb
1
erfc
2
2 No
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1.E+00
1.E-01
1
M 1erfc Es
2
2 No
M 1erfc (log 2 M ) Eb
2
2
N o
1.E-02
Pbe,MFSK
M/2
Pse, MFSK
M 1
1.E-03
1.E-04
k = 1 bit/symbol
Binary FSK: M = 2; k = 1
k = 2 bits/symbol
1.E-05
k = 3 bits/symbol
k = 4 bits/symbol
Eb 1
erfc Eb
Pbe,BFSK Q
2N
o
No 2
k = 5 bits/symbol
1.E-06
M = 32
16
1.E-07
10
12
14
Eb/No, dB
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18
20
22
24
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Eb/No = Signal energy per bit over Noise density per bit.
June 2013
16
13
2. Disadvantages of FSK:
A. The difference between coherent FSK detection and non-coherent FSK detection
is not significant for higher FSK levels.
B. The extra hardware required for coherent FSK detection is hence hard to justify.
C. Coherent FSK is not often used in practice due to the difficulty (and cost) in
generating two reference frequencies close together at the receiver.
BPF at
(f1 fLO)
cos (2fLOt)
BPF at
(f2 fLO)
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Noncoherent FSK
Overview
1. The noncoherent FSK requires, at most, only 1 dB more Eb/N0 than that for
coherent FSK for probability of bit error: Pb < 10-4 (See next slide for BER).
2. The noncoherent FSK demodulator is considerably easier to build since
coherent reference signals need not be generated.
3. Coherent FSK signals can be noncoherently demodulated to avoid the
carrier recovery.
4. Noncoherently generated FSK can only be noncoherently demodulated.
5. Both cases are referred to noncoherent FSK.
6. In both cases, the demodulation problem becomes a problem of detecting
signals with unknown phases.
7. For coherent FSK signals to be orthogonal, the FSK frequencies must be
integer multiple of 1/(2Ts) and their separation must be a multiple of 1/(2Ts).
The null-to-null bandwidth for coherent FSK is: Bnull = (M + 3)Rs/2, Hertz.
8. For noncoherent FSK signals to be orthogonal, the FSK frequencies must be
integer multiple of 1/(2Ts) and their separation must be a multiple of 1/Ts .
The null-to-null bandwidth for noncoherent FSK is: Bnull = (M + 1) Rs , Hertz.
9. Thus, for the same symbol rate: Rs, more system bandwidth is required for
noncoherently detected FSK then for coherently detected FSK.
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Pbe,NC BFSK
1.E-01
NC-BFSK
E
1
exp b
2
2 No
C-BFSK/BASK
C-BPSK/QPSK
1.E-02
Pbe,C BFSK
1.E-03
Eb
1
erfc
2
2 No
1.E-04
1.E-05
Pbe,C BPSK
1.E-06
Eb
1
erfc
2
No
1.E-07
10
12
14
Eb/No, dB
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18
20
22
24
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Eb/No = Signal energy per bit over Noise density per bit
June 2013
16
16
n+1
( 1 ) M 1 n( log 2 M)Eb
M/ 2
Pbe,NC MFSK
exp
n=1
M
1
n
1
n
(n
1
)N
o
k,bits/ symbol =
M signal
Eb/No, dB
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
June 2013
levels =
Eb/No
1.000
1.259
1.585
1.995
2.512
3.162
3.981
5.012
6.310
7.943
10.000
12.589
15.849
19.953
25.119
31.623
39.811
50.119
16
Probability
0.30327
0.26644
0.22637
0.18438
0.14240
0.10287
0.06831
0.04080
0.02132
0.00942
0.00337
9.23E-04
1.81E-04
2.32E-05
1.76E-06
6.79E-08
1.13E-09
6.54E-12
of Bit
Error:
0.22934
0.19472
0.18475
0.14559
0.13987
0.09919
0.09772
0.05981
0.06156
0.03076
0.03395
0.01288
0.01579
0.00414
0.00591
9.55E-04
0.00168
1.44E-04
3.39E-04
1.29E-05
4.44E-05
6.04E-07
3.38E-06
1.25E-08
1.30E-07
9.46E-11
2.16E-09
2.01E-13
1.23E-11
8.66E-17
1.85E-14
5.02E-21
5.13E-18
2.33E-26
1.71E-22
4.48E-33
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Pbe,NC-MFSK
0.17469
0.12169
0.07474
0.03886
0.01625
0.00513
0.00113
1.58E-04
1.25E-05
4.94E-07
8.20E-09
4.64E-11
6.85E-14
1.87E-17
6.08E-22
1.36E-27
1.05E-34
1.17E-43
n ( M 1 n )! n!
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17
1.E+00
M/ 2
Pbe,NC MFSK
1.E-01
1.E-02
1.E-03
k = 1 bit/symbol
k = 2 bits/symbol
1.E-04
k = 3 bits/symbol
k = 4 bits/symbol
1.E-05
1.E-06
M = 16
1.E-07
10
12
14
Eb/No, dB
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18
20
22
24
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Eb/No = Signal energy per bit over Noise density per bit
June 2013
16
18
Binary 0
or
Binary 1
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19
Modulation
M
k, bits per
Format
Levels symbol
Rb
, bits/second/Hz
BT
Non-coherent FSK
Null-to-Null
Bandwidth
Spectral
Efficiency
Null-to-Null
Bandwidth
Spectral
Efficiency
BFSK
(5/2) Rb = 2.5Rb
2/5 = 0.4
3 Rb
1/3 = 0.33
QFSK
(7/4) Rb = 1.75 Rb
4/7 = 0.57
(5/2) Rb = 2.5 Rb
2/5 = 0.40
8-FSK
3 Rb
1/3 = 0.33
16-FSK
16
32-FSK
32
64-FSK
64
5/33 = 0.15
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BER
10-4
BER
10-6
BER
10-8
BER
10-10
15dB
16dB
Non-Coherent FSK
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio:
Eb/No
BER
10-12
BER
10-4
BER
10-6
BER
10-8
BFSK
11.4dB 13.5dB
QFSK
8.7dB
10.7dB
12.1dB
13.2dB
8-FSK
7.3dB
9.2dB
10.5dB
11.5dB 12.3dB
8.1dB
9.8dB
11dB
16-FSK
16
6.5dB
8.2dB
9.4dB
10.4dB 11.2dB
7.2dB
8.8dB
9.9dB
32-FSK
32
5.8dB
7.5dB
8.6dB
9.6dB
10.4dB
64-FSK
64
5.3dB
6.8dB
8dB
8.9dB
9.7dB
Eb/No
BER
10-10
BER
10-12
12.7dB
10.8dB 11.6dB
BPF at
(f1 fLO)
cos (2fLOt)
BPF at
(f2 fLO)
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22
T
2 Eb
b
st MSK
cos2f ct t
Tb
2 Eb cos2f t 0 for binary "0"
2
T
b
h
where: t 0 t , and h = Tb(f1 - f2) = 2f Tb is the modulation index.
Tb
2. MSK uses changes in phase to represent 0's and 1's, but unlike most other
keying, the pulse sent to represent a 0 or a 1, not only depends on what
information is being sent, but what was previously sent. From the above
equation, (t) depends not only on the symbol being sent (from the change
in the sign), but also depends on (0), which means that the pulse also
depends on what was previously sent (= embedded memory).
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23
MSK
modulated
Signal: S(t)
In-phase
Component
Quadrature-phase
Component
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Bnull = 1.5fb
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25
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26
MSK
Sidelobes
QPSK &
OQPSK
MSK
BPSK
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27
Pbe, BPSK Q
Q
erfc
No
No 2
No
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28
erfc Eb
Pbe,MSK Q
N
o
No 2
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29
cos(t/2T)
June 2013
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BPF
f c 1/ 4Tb
+
+
+ y(t)
+
mQ(t)
30
SMSK(t)
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2. However, the digital message data stream: m(t) is first shaped with (passed thru) a
pre-modulation linear Gaussian lowpass filter, which smoothes the phase trajectory of
the MSK signal, before being applied to a frequency modulator. This has the
advantage of reducing side-band
power, which reduces out-of-band
interference between signal carriers
in adjacent frequency channels (i.e.:
lower side-lobe RF power levels).
3. As the bandwidth of the Gaussian lowpass filter is lowered, the amount of InterSymbol Interference (ISI) increases.
4. The degree of filtering is expressed by multiplying the filters baseband 3dB
bandwidth (B3dB) by the bit period of the transmission (Tb), i.e. by B3dBTb .
5. With GMSK modulation, power-efficient (~90%) class-C non-linear amplifiers can be
used; however, even with a low B3dBTb value, its bandwidth efficiency is less than
filtered QPSK.
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31
MSK waveform
GMSK waveform
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32
Gaussian
Gaussian
LPF
LPF
GMSK
Signal Output
VCO
VCO
(FM modulation
)
(FM modulation )
used for GMSK
NRZ
in put
m(t)
Gaussian
LPF
GMSK-modulated
LO
(t )
b(t)
x(t)
RF signal output
90 0
BTb is variable
In tegrator
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sin (t )
June 2013
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33
Pe , GMSK Q
erfc
N0 2
N0
where: is a constant related to B3dBTb :
For B3dBTb = 0.25 , then = 0.68
For B3dBTb = , then = 0.85
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QPSK
MSK
Power (dB)
-20
-30
-40
GMSK BT=0.3
-50
-60
GMSK BT=0.5
-70
0
16384
49152
32768
Frequency (Hz)
June 2013
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35
65536
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B3dBTb
0.2 GMSK
0.25 GMSK
0.5 GMSK
MSK
90%
0.52Rb
0.57Rb
0.69Rb
0.78Rb
99%
0.79Rb
0.86Rb
1.04Rb
1.20Rb
99.9%
0.99Rb
1.09Rb
1.33Rb
2.76Rb
99.99%
1.22Rb
1.37Rb
2.08Rb
6.00Rb
Percent RF power
Bandwidth
containing
RF power
For example:
For B3dBTb = 0.2 99.99% of the power is contained in the bandwidth of 1.22Rb
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Atlanta RF
Thank You!
Contact Atlanta RF by e-mail at:
Atlanta RF Services : Services@AtlantaRF.com
Atlanta RF Software : Sales@AtlantaRF.com
Atlanta RF Designs : Designs@AtlantaRF.com
Bob Garvey
Chief Engineer
Atlanta RF, LLC
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