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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 2, APRIL 2005

PSCAD/EMTDC Simulation of Unified Series-Shunt

Compensator for Power Quality Improvement
M. A. Hannan and Azah Mohamed, Member, IEEE

AbstractThis paper deals with the simulation of a unified series-shunt compensator (USSC) aimed at examining its capability
in improving power quality in a power distribution systems. The
USSC simulation model comprises of two 12-pulse inverters which
are connected in series and in shunt to the system. A generalized
sinusoidal pulse width modulation switching technique is developed in the proposed controller design for fast control action of the
USSC. Simulations were carried out using the PSCAD/EMTDC
electromagnetic transient program to validate the performance of
the USSC model. Simulation results verify the capabilities of the
USSC in performing voltage sag compensation, flicker reduction,
voltage unbalance mitigation, UPS mode, power-flow control
and harmonics elimination. A comparison of the USSC with
other custom power devices shows that the USSC gives a better
performance in power-quality mitigation.
Index TermsPower-quality mitigation, unified series-shunt
compensator.

I. INTRODUCTION

N increasing demand for high quality, reliable electrical

power, and an increasing number of distorting loads
have led an increased awareness of power quality both by
customers and utilities. For power-quality improvement, the
development of power electronic devices such as flexible ac
transmission system (FACTS) and custom power devices have
introduced an emerging branch of technology providing the
power system with versatile new control capabilities [1], [2].
In general, FACTS devices are used in transmission control
whereas custom power devices are used for distribution control.
Since the introduction of FACTS and custom power concept
[3], devices such as unified power-flow controller (UPFC),
synchronous static compensator (STATCOM), dynamic voltage
restorer (DVR), solid-state transfer switch, and solid-state fault
current limiter are developed for improving power quality and
reliability of a system [4], [5]. Advanced control and improved
semiconductor switching of these devices have achieved a new
era for power-quality mitigation.
Investigations have been carried out to study the effectiveness
of these devices in power-quality mitigation such as sag compensation, harmonics elimination, unbalance compensation, reactive power compensation, power-flow control, power factor
correction and flicker reduction [6]. These devices have been
developed for mitigating specific power-quality problems. For

Manuscript received September 9, 2003; revised February 19, 2004. This

work was supported by IRPA: 02-02-02-0019. Paper no. TPWRD-00462-2003.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical, Electronics, and System
Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia (e-mail: rawhan99@vlsi.eng.ukm.my; azah@vlsi.eng.ukm.my).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2004.833875

Fig. 1. Basic configuration of USSC.

example, UPFC works well for power-flow control [7]. DVR,

which acts as a series compensator, is used for voltage sag compensation. STATCOM, which is a shunt compensator, is used for
reactive power and voltage sag compensation. The STATCOM
and DVR are only useful for compensating a particular type
of power-quality problem and therefore, it is necessary to develop a new kind of unified series-shunt compensator (USSC)
which can mitigate a wider range of power-quality problems.
By using a unified approach of series-shunt compensators it is
possible to compensate for a variety of power-quality problems
in a distribution system including sag compensation, flicker reduction, unbalance voltage mitigation, and power-flow control.
However, not much work has been carried out in the development of a USSC.
The objective of this paper is to explore the capabilities of
a USSC in mitigating power-quality problems. The proposed
model of the USSC considers the use of two 12-pulse inverters.
The modeling and simulation of the USSC has been carried
out using the well-known electromagnetic transient simulation
program PSCAD/EMTDC. Analyzes have been made by comparing the performance of the USSC to that of the STATCOM
and the DVR.
II. PRINCIPLE OPERATION OF USSC
The USSC is a combination of series and shunt voltage
source inverters and its basic configuration is shown in Fig. 1.
The basic components of the USSC are two 12-pulse voltage
source inverters composed of forced commutated power semiconductor switches, typically gate turn off (GTO) thyristor
valves. One voltage source inverter is connected in series with
the line through a set of series injection transformers, while
the other is connected in shunt with the line through a set of
shunt transformers. The dc terminals of the two inverters are

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HANNAN AND MOHAMED: PSCAD/EMTDC SIMULATION OF USSC FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

Fig. 2.

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Principle operation of USSC.

connected together and their common dc voltage is supported

by a capacitor bank [8].
The USSC is almost similar to the UPFC, but the only differences are that the UPFC inverters are in shunt-series connection
and it is used in transmission systems whereas the USSC inverters in series-shunt connection and it is used in distribution
systems.
The principle operation of a USSC is described by first referring to the model shown in Fig. 2. As mentioned earlier, the
USSC consists of a shunt connected inverter and a series connected inverter. The series connected inverter injects a voltage
in series with the distribution line, which in turn changes
across the distribution line reactance
, hence
the voltage
changing the current and the power flow through the distribution
and reactive power
line. The exchange of real power
can be written in terms of phase angle (the angle between the
and the line current I), the injected voltage
injected voltage
, and the line current I, as
(1)
(2)
The current injected by the shunt inverter has a real or direct
component , which can be in phase or in opposite phase with
the line and a reactive or quadrature component , which is in
quadrature with the line voltage, thereby emulating an inductive or a capacitive reactance at the point of connection with the
distribution line. The reactive current can be independently controlled which in turn will regulate the line voltage.
The USSC behaves as an ideal ac-to-ac inverter, in which the
exchange of real power at the terminal of one inverter to the
terminal of the other inverter is through the common dc link
capacitor. It should be noted that the shunt inverter is controlled
in such a way as to provide precisely the right amount of real
power at its dc terminal to meet the real power needs of the
series inverter and to regulate the dc voltage of the dc bus. Thus,
real power is absorbed from or delivered to the distribution line
through the shunt connected inverter, which injects a current at
the point of connection.
Thus, USSC includes the functions of both series and shunt
connected inverters which generates or absorbs reactive power
to regulate voltage magnitude and current flow at the ac terminal, respectively [9].

Fig. 3. Simulation model of USSC using 12-pulse series and shunt inverters.

III. SIMULATION MODEL

The simulation model of the USSC which has been developed using the electromagnetic transient simulation programme
PSCAD/EMTDC is shown in Fig. 3. The USSC consist of two
12-pulse inverters in which one 12-pulse inverter is connected in
series and the other 12-pulse inverter is connected in shunt. The
series and shunt combination of inverters consists of a two-level,
three-phase, 24 self-commutated GTO switches with anti-parallel diodes. This valve combination and its capability to act as
a rectifier or as an inverter with instantaneous current flows in
positive or negative direction, respectively, is the basic voltage
source converter concept. The shunt connected inverter is connected to the load by means of two sets of three single-phase
transformers which are of Y-Y and Y- configurations to avoid
harmonics in the
phase shift of other than the order of
secondary of the transformers, which may result in large circulating current due to common core of flux. The phase to neutral harmonic voltages of Y-Y connected secondary, other than
, i.e., 5th, 7th, 17th, 19th
. are oppothe order of
site to those of the phase to phase harmonic voltages of Yconnected secondary and with 1/3 times the amplitude. Therefore, the output voltage of shunt inverter would be a 12-pulse
. However, the sewave form, with harmonic order of
ries connected inverter is connected to the source by means of
two sets of three single-phase transformers which are of Yconfiguration. This is because, usually Y-connected secondary
windings allow the injection of positive, negative and zero sequence voltages, whereas the delta connected secondary windings allow only the injection of positive and negative sequence
voltages. The delta connection prevents zero sequence currents
entering into the system from the inverter.
The primary windings of all the single-phase transformers
are connected in series in order to avoid harmonic circulating
current. The leakage reactances of the all the transformers are
kept low so as to prevent a large voltage drop. The 22/4.6-kV
step-down transformers with a leakage reactance of 0.01 per unit
are considered. Two consecutive 6-pulse inverters are used to
make up the 12-pulse inverter and the phase shift between these
two inverters is calculated and found to be 30 degrees by using

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1652

Fig. 4.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 2, APRIL 2005

Shunt inverter control system.

the phase shift displacement angle formula which is given by

, where m is the number of the 6-pulse inverters used.
The capacitor plays an important role in the USSC operation
by acting as a dc source to provide reactive power to the load
and to regulate the dc voltage. The size of the dc capacitor con.
sidered in this simulation is 3340
IV. CONTROL SYSTEM OF USSC
The control system of the USSC can be divided into two
parts, namely a shunt inverter controller and a series inverter
controller, in which they control the shunt current and the series
injected voltage, respectively. When the series and the shunt
connected inverters operate as stand-alone devices, they exchange almost exclusively reactive power at their terminals. The
series connected inverter injects a voltage in quadrature with
the line current thereby emulating an inductive or a capacitive
reactance in series with the line. The shunt connected inverter,
however, injects a reactive current, thereby also emulating a
reactance at the point of connection. While operating both
series and shunt-connected inverters together as a USSC, the
series injected voltage can be at any angle with respect to the
line current. The exchange of real power flow can be between
the terminals of series and shunt connected inverters through
the common dc link capacitor.
A. Shunt Inverter Controller of USSC
The controller of a shunt inverter is used to operate the
voltage source inverter such a way that the phase angle between
the inverter voltage and the line voltage is dramatically adjusted
so that the shunt inverter generates or absorbs reactive power
at the point of connection of the system. Fig. 4 illustrates the
control design of the shunt inverter together with sinusoidal
pulsewidth modulated (SPWM) switching implemented in
PSCAD/EMTDC.
In the voltage control loop, the measured three-phase voltages
in order to detect the
are fed to the phase locked loop

is
phase angles and angular positions of the voltages. The
responsible for providing the voltage synchronizing signal with
an angle . The measured voltage in per unit and a constant are
fed into a maximum block to calculate the maximum voltage
signal which is then passed through the first order low pass filter
to attenuate the voltage transients. The signal is then compared
with a reference voltage. A voltage error is observed and is fed to
is
the voltage lag-lead function block, in which the output
fed to the proportional integral (PI) control block. The output of
the PI controller is the angle order , which gives either a leading
or lagging phase angle which is necessary to adjust the voltage
of the capacitor. The angle order represents the shift between the
system voltage and the voltage generated by the shunt inverter.
The angle order combined with voltage synchronizing signal
becomes the voltage modulating signal in which its magnitude
and phase are controlled.
also provides a voltage synThe phase-locked loop
chronizing signal which is multiplied by a carrier frequency of
1.65 kHz, which is 33 times the system operating frequency
so as to convert the carrier ramp signal into the triangular carrier signal whose amplitude is fixed between 1 to 1. In the
SPWM technique, the triangular carrier signal is compared with
the voltage-modulating signal so as to obtain the firing signals
of the GTOs. The zero crossings of the voltage ramps fire/block
,
the GTOs, depending on the displacement angle . If
the shunt inverter output voltage is said to be in phase with
the ac system voltage. However, if there is an error between
the reference voltage and the system voltage in per unit, that
, then the displacement angle
and the
is,
shunt inverter voltage lags behind the ac system voltage thus
causing real power flow into the shunt inverter. Consequently,
the dc capacitor voltage will increase, thus causing an increase
in the ac output voltage of the shunt inverter. The increase in
ac output voltage causes a reduction in the error voltage until
. If
, then the displacement angle
and the shunt inverter voltage leads the ac voltage thus
causing real power flow into the system. Consequently, the dc

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HANNAN AND MOHAMED: PSCAD/EMTDC SIMULATION OF USSC FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

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TABLE I
COMPARISON OF VOLTAGE SAG COMPENSATION CAPABILITY OF USSC,
DVR AND D-STATCOM

Fig. 5. Load voltages: (a) without USSC and (b) with USSC.

capacitor voltage will decrease, thus causing a decrease in the ac

output voltage of the shunt inverter and a reduction in the error
.
voltage until
B. Series Inverter Controller of USSC
In the series inverter, the SPWM technique is also used to control the magnitude and phase of the ac voltage by synchronizing
the GTOs switching to the ac system voltages. The control for
the series inverter are almost similar to that of the shunt inverter,
but the only difference is that in the series inverter voltage conin
trol loop, the measured phase currents are input to the
order to generate the synchronizing signals. The series inverter
injected voltages are kept in quadrature with the line currents to
provide series compensation, whereas in the shunt inverter injected currents are kept in quadrature with the line voltage.
In the series inverter control, the generation of the displacement angle and the generation of the triangular carrier signal
and the voltage modulating signal is similar to that of the shunt
inverter. In general, the overall controller function is the same
to that of the shunt inverter controller.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
The performance of the USSC model is evaluated by means
of simulations using the PSCAD/EMTDC transient simulation
program. The USSC is placed in a 22-kV distribution system
with a static load of 5.2 MVA. There are twelve single-phase
transformers with each rated at 1 MVA, 22/4.16 kV and a
leakage reactance of 0.01 p.u., connecting the USSC to the
distribution system. Simulations were carried out to illustrate
the effectiveness of the USSC as a unified compensator for
voltage regulation, voltage sag compensation, voltage flicker
reduction, and voltage unbalance mitigation.
A. USSC for Voltage Sag Compensation
To illustrate the use of the USSC in compensating voltage
sags, a voltage sag condition is simulated by creating a balanced
three-phase fault using a three-phase generator. The simulation
results showing the use of USSC for compensating voltage sags
are shown in Fig. 5 in terms of the load voltages in per unit. For
the system without the USSC, the load voltage drops from 1.0 to
0.50 p.u., as shown in Fig. 5(a). This is a voltage sag condition
for
which is due to a three-phase fault created at time
a duration of 0.75 s. For the system with the USSC connected,

the load voltage increases from 0.50 to 1.0 p.u., as shown in

Fig. 5(b). The load voltage returns to its rated voltage due to the
voltage sag compensation capability of the USSC.
Comparing the voltage sag compensation capability of
the USSC, D-STATCOM and DVR, the results are shown in
Table I in terms of the minimum, maximum and steady-state
voltage values. The minimum and maximum voltage values
correspond to the voltage at the starting and ending of voltage
sags, respectively. For the voltage sag compensated by the
USSC, the maximum, minimum and steady-state load voltages
are 1.09, 0.93, and 1.0 p.u., respectively. In the case of voltage
sag compensated by DVR, the load voltage is at a steady-state
value of 0.97 p.u. with no minimum and maximum voltages.
In addition, the voltage sag compensated by the D-STATCOM,
shows that the maximum, minimum and steady-state load
voltages are 1.14, 0.87, and 0.98 p.u., respectively. It can be
concluded from the simulation results that the USSC show a
better voltage sag compensation capability as compared to the
DVR and the D-STATCOM in terms of the voltage magnitudes.
B. USSC for Voltage Flicker Reduction
Voltage flicker which is a phenomenon of annoying light intensity fluctuation caused by variable electric loads and arc furnaces have been a major power-quality concern. To illustrate
the use of the USSC in reducing voltage flicker, simulations
were carried out by first connecting a variable electric load of
5.2 MVA, 22 kV as the source of voltage flicker. Fig. 6(a) shows
the flicker effect of a phase rms voltage for the system without
the USSC connected. By connecting the USSC, it can be seen
that the rms voltage of phase A is flicker free, as shown in
Fig. 6(b). The results shown here are for the phase A root-meansquare (rms) voltage but however the responses are similar for
the phase B and C voltages. Fig. 6(c) shows the rms voltage of
phase A using D-STATCOM in the system.
Many techniques have been proposed for evaluating the
voltage flicker levels. In this simulation, the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique is further used to calculate the voltage
flicker index. The simulation results shows that without the
USSC connected, the effect of the variable electric load results
in a voltage flicker index of 0.40 in which the value exceeds
its IEEE standard limit of 0.07. However, with the USSC
connected, it is noted that the calculated voltage flicker index
is reduced to 0.002. It is also observed that the D-STATCOM
can reduce the voltage flicker to 0.002. These results prove that
both the USSC and the D-STATCOM can be used for reducing
voltage flicker.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 2, APRIL 2005

Fig. 6. Rms Voltage flicker: (a) without USSC, (b) with USSC connected, and
(c) with D-STATCOM connected.

C. USSC for Voltage Unbalance Mitigation

The effect of voltage unbalance is detrimental as it causes
heating in motors, thus requiring them to be derated. Unbalance
can also affect sensitive single phase loads because it creates
undervoltage in one or more of the lines. Therefore, it is important to investigate on whether the USSC can mitigate voltage
unbalance. In this simulation, initially an unbalanced voltage
condition is created by applying two single phase to ground
for a
faults on the phase A and phase C at time
fault duration of 100 ms. Fig. 7(a) shows the simulation results
of the three-phase unbalanced voltages for the system without
the USSC connected. It can be seen that during the fault con,
dition, the maximum phase voltages are
, and
. The percentage of voltage unbalance is calculated and found to be 28.7%. This value indicates
that the voltage unbalance is severe during the fault because the
limit of the voltage unbalance is specified as 2%.
With the application of USSC, the three-phase load voltages
are recorded as shown in Fig. 7(b). It is evident from Fig. 7(b)
that in the presence of the USSC, the load voltage profile has
improved in which the phase A and C voltages are increased
and the phase B voltage is reduced, thus making the three phase
voltages more balanced. The percentage of voltage unbalance
decreases from 28.7% to 1.6%. For cases with the DVR and
D-STATCOM connected, the simulation results show that the
percentages of voltage unbalance are reduced to 5.02% and
2.2%, respectively, as shown in Fig. 7(c) and 7(d).

Fig. 7. Three-phase load voltages: (a) without USSC, (b) with USSC, (c) with
DVR, and (d) with D-STATCOM.

D. USSC Acting in UPS Mode

To show that the USSC can operate in uninterruptible power
supply (UPS) mode, an outage is first created at time
for a duration of 0.75 s using a three-phase fault generator. The
outage simulation result is as shown in Fig. 8(a). When the
USSC is connected in the system, the USSC recovers the load

Fig. 8. Load voltages: (a) short outage, (b) with USSC, (c) with D-STATCOM,
and (d) with DVR.

voltage from 0.0 to 1.00 p.u. within a short time as shown in

Fig. 8(b). In the UPS mode, both the series and shunt inverters

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HANNAN AND MOHAMED: PSCAD/EMTDC SIMULATION OF USSC FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

Fig. 9. Active and reactive power flows: (a) without USSC and (b) with USSC.

of the USSC operate in parallel and support a load of the sum

of the inverters rating.
Fig. 8(c) and 8(d) show the results of the operation of the
D-STATCOM and the DVR in UPS mode in which the per unit
voltages are recovered to 0.98 and 0.96 p.u, respectively. In
the UPS mode, the DVR works better than that of the USSC
and the D-STATCOM because compensated load voltage by
DVR is a steady-state value with no minimum and maximum
voltage at the starting and the ending of voltage sag. Though
the compensation capability is 0.96 p.u., which is less than that
of D-STATCOM and USSC.

Fig. 10.

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Total harmonic distortion: (a) without filter and (b) with filter.
TABLE II
PQ MITIGATION OF USSC VS. D-STATCOM AND DVR

E. USSC for Power-Flow Control

The flow of instantaneous active and reactive powers into or
out of the USSC are investigated using the transient simulation.
for a duration 0.75 s,
When a fault occurs at time
the active and reactive powers into the system are as shown in
Fig. 9(a). The simulation result indicates that during the fault period, both the active and reactive powers of the system increase.
From the USSC operation point view, the increase in the reactive power requires an increase in the active power injected
by the series inverter of the USSC and an increase in the active
power supplied by the shunt inverter of the USSC. The exchange
of real power can be made in either direction between the series
and shunt inverters of the USSC. With the USSC connected in
the system, the reactive power of the system is reduced from
1.2 MVAr to zero in order to achieve a steady-state value of active power, as shown in Fig. 9(b). Thus, the active and reactive
power flows are controlled and maintain at a pre-fault levels.
F. Harmonic Elimination
Simulation results in Fig. 10 show that the USSC inverters
generate a voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) of 78%. Due
to high frequency switching losses, the inverters have generated
a THD which is higher than the acceptable level of 5%. Therefore, filtering is indispensable so as to eliminate the harmonics
generated by the USSC. Several methods can be used for reducing the harmonics produced by the USSC. In this simulation,
a passive filter is connected at the load side of the distribution
system.
To illustrate the effect of using an inductancecapacitance
(LC) passive filter, simulations were carried out and the THD of
the system without and with the filter inserted into the system are
recorded as shown in Fig. 10(a) and (b), respectively. From the

simulation results, it can be seen that with the filter connected,

the harmonics are suppressed and the THD of the system is reduced from 78% to 1.88%. The THD of 1.88% is far below the
value of the IEEE standard THD limit of 5%. The size of the
and
passive filter considered in the simulation are
.
G. Capabilities of USSC Versus D-STATCOM and DVR
Usually individual custom power devices such as
D-STATCOM and DVR are concentrated on solving definite power-quality problems in a distribution system, as shown
in Table II. However, by using USSC, it is possible to compensate a variety of power-quality problems as compared to
D-STATCOM and DVR as stated in Table II.
It is noted that in the UPS mode, mitigated load voltage by the
DVR is a steady state value, where as in the D-STATCOM and
the USSC have minimum and maximum values at the starting
and the ending of the fault.
VI. CONCLUSION
A unified approach to the mitigation of multiple powerquality problems has been investigated by using USSC. The
two level, USSC incorporating 12-pulse series and shunt connected inverters has been modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC program
and a new SPWM-based control scheme has been implemented
to control the GTOs of the inverters. Simulations have been
carried out to evaluate the performance of the USSC under
various operating conditions and power-quality disturbances.
Simulation results prove that the USSC can perform voltage sag
compensation, flicker reduction, voltage unbalance mitigation,
UPS mode and power-flow control. It was also observed that

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 2, APRIL 2005

harmonics generated by the USSC can be significantly reduced

by inserting a passive filter into the system. A comparison is
made between the USSC and the other custom power devices
such as D-STATCOM and DVR in terms of their capabilities
in power-quality mitigation. It is shown that the USSC gives
a better performance in power-quality mitigation, especially
in voltage sag compensation and power-flow control, and
also provide more power-quality solutions as compared to the
D-STATCOM and DVR.
REFERENCES
[1] J. R. Enslin, Unified approach to power quality mitigation, in Proc.
IEEE Int. Symp. Industrial Electronics (ISIE 98), vol. 1, 1998, pp. 820.
[2] B. Singh, K. Al-Haddad, and A. Chandra, A review of active filters for
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pp. 960971, 1999.
[3] M.-C. Wong, Y.-D. Han, and L.-B. Zhao, Study of distribution system
unified conditioner (DS-UniCon), in Proc. 3rd Int. Power Electronics
and Motion Control Conf. (PIEMC), vol. 3, 2000, pp. 13651370.
[4] A. L. Olimpo and E. Acha, Modeling and analysis of custom power
systems by PSCAD/EMTDC, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 17, no.
1, pp. 266272, Jan. 2002.
[5] P. Pohjanheimo and E. Lakervi, Steady state modeling of custom power
components in power distribution networks, in Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, vol. 4, Jan. 2000, pp. 29492954.
[6] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS Concept and
Technology of Flexible AC Transmission System. New York: IEEE
Press, 2000.
[7] R. L. V. Arnez and L. C. Zanetta, Unified power flow controller
(UPFC): its versatility in handling power flow and interaction with the
network, in Proc. IEEE/PES Asia Pacific Transmission and Distribution Conf. and Exhib., vol. 2, Oct. 2002, pp. 13381343.
[8] D. E. Soto-Sanchez and T. C. Green, Voltage balance and control in a
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[9] C. Schauder, The unified power flow controller-a concept becomes reality, in IEE Colloq. Flexible AC Transmission SystemsThe FACTS,
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M. A. Hannan received the B.Sc. degree in electrical

and electronic engineering from Bangladesh Institute
of Technology (BIT), Chittagong, Bangladesh, in
1990. He is currently pursuing the M.Sc. degree in
the area of custom power devices at the Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
He was with Bangladesh Power Development
Board from 1990 to 2000. His research interests are
in custom power devices and power electronics.

Azah Mohamed (M90) received the B.Sc. degree

from the University of London, London, U.K., in
1978, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the
University of Malaya in 1988 and 1995, respectively.
Currently, she is a Professor in the Department
of Electrical, Electronics, and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor,
Malaysia. Her research interests are in power quality,
especially harmonics, voltage sag studies, and
custom power devices.

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