3871-ewahyuni-MekbanEnglish090214 Colour PDF

09/02/2014
MEKANIKA BAHAN
(Mechanics of Materials)
3 CREDITS
Prerequisite :
Statically Determinate
Mechanics 1
Lecturers:
Until ETS
Endah Wahyuni,
Wahyuni, ST (ITS), MSc (UMIST), PhD (UoM
(UoM))
endahwahyuni@gmail.com @end222
ETS - EAS
Prof. Ir. Priyo Suprobo, MS, PhD
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 1

09/02/2014
BILINGUAL CLASS
 Module in English, Class in Indonesian; or
vice
i versa.
 Delivery of contents in 2 languages
(Indonesian & English).
 Technical terms in English
 Students???
Materials
 Books:
1. E.P. Popov, 1978, Mechanics of Materials
2
2. Gere & Timoshenko
Timoshenko,, 1997,
1997 Mechanics of
Materials
3. R.C. Hibbeler, 1997, Mechanics of Materials
4. Any related books, with topic: Mechanics of
Material
5
5. Online
 http://personal.its.ac.id/dataPersonal.php?userid=
ewahyuni
 http://www.structuralconcepts.org
4
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 2

09/02/2014
E.P. Popov, 1978, Mechanics of

Materials, 2nd edition
Gere & Timoshenko,

Timoshenko, 2008, Mechanics
of Materials, 7th edition
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 3

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R.C. Hibbeler, 2010

2010,, Mechanics of
Materials,, 8th edition
Materials
Other books: Mechanics of Material
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 4

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Learning Methods
 Class
Students are required to read the course
material to be provided in the existing class
schedule
 Responsiveness
Exercises in class with guidance
 Quiz
In-class
l exam att any given
i ti
time
 Home work
Students do the work to be done at home with
the responsibility, not only collects the duty.
duty.
9
Evaluations
UTS (30%) UAS (30%)
Quiz1 (10%) Quiz2 (10%)
PR1 (10%) PR2 (10%)
*Prosentase bisa diubah sesuai yang menguntungkan mahasiswa

10
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 5

09/02/2014
Notes:
 20 minutes late,
late, not permitted to enter the class.
class.
 Disturbing class  go out
 Home work is collected before the class starting
Keep the spirit on!
11
Contents
Metode Pembelajaran Bobot Nilai
No Minggu ke Kompetensi Indikator Kompetensi Materi Pembelajaran
dan Evaluasi %
1 1 Dapat menjelaskan tentang tegangan, Ketepatan penjelaskan a. pendahuluan Kuliah lihat UTS
regangan, modulus elastisitas serta modulus tentang tegangan, rergangan, modulus b. pengertian tegangan, regangan
g
geser elastisitas serta modulus g
geser c. p
pengertian
g modulus elastisitas
d. static test
2 2&3 Dapat menghitung tegangan yang terjadi Ketepatan perhitungan tegangan pada a. lentur muni pada balok elastis Kuliah lihat UTS
pada sebuah balok akibat beban lentur murni balok yang menerima beban lentur murni b. lentur muni pada balok dengan Responsi
baik pada balok dengan bahan tunggal dua bahan PR 1 2
maupun pada balok dengan dua bahan, c. lentur murni pada balok
baik semasih pada kondisi elastis maupun non elastis
sesudah mencapai kondisi non elastis
3 4&5 Dapat menghitung tegangan geser pada balok Ketepatan perhitungan tegangan geser a. hubungan momen dan gaya Kuliah lihat UTS
yang disebabkan oleh beban lentur, pada balok akibat beban lentur lintang Responsi
pada balok-balok dengan berbagai bentuk b. tegangan geser akibat beban PR 2 2
penampang. lentur
c. shear center
d. geser pada profil berdinding tipis
4 6 Dapat menghitung tegangan dan regangan Ketepatan perhitungan tegangan dan a. pengertian torsi Kuliah lihat UTS
d poros akibat
pada kib t b
beban
b ttorsii regangan pada
d poros akibat
kib t b
beban
b ttorsii b ttegangan geser ttorsii
b. R
Responsi
i
c. regangan oleh torsi PR 3 2
d. tegangan oleh torsi pada poros
non elastis
5 7&8 Dapat mengkombinasikan tegangan-tegangan Ketepatan perhitungan kombinasi tegangan a. kombinasi tegangan pada balok Kuliah lihat UTS
sejenis pada penampang balok atau kolom dan ketepatan penggambaran bentuk kern tidak simetris Responsi
dan dapat menggambar bentuk kern dari b. kombinasi tegangan pada PR 4 2
berbagai bentuk penampang penampang kolom
c. kern
6 9 UTS Test 40
12
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 6

09/02/2014
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Slicing
g Method
3. Understanding of Stress
4. Normal Stress
5. Average Shear Stress
6. Determine of  and 
7. STATIC TEST
8. Allowed Stress
9. Strain
13
10. Diagram, Normal Stress - Strain

- HOOKE law
- Yield Point
- Deformation of bars from Axial loads
- Poisson’s Ratio
- Relationship of Stress, Strain and Poisson’s Ratio
11 Shear Stress and Strain

11.
- Shear Stress
- Shear Strain
14
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 7

09/02/2014
12. Pure Bending on beams

13. Moment of Inertia
14. Calculating Stress on beams
15 Beams with two materials
15.
16. Pure bending on non-elastic beams
17. Shear-bending Stress
18. Torsion
19. Multiple
p Stresses
20. Combination of stresses on Columns
21. KERN
22. …………..etc ETS 15
After midsemester evaluation:

1. Plane stress analysis
Maximum and minimum stress
Mohr Circle
2. Bar design based on stress
Based on axial stress
stress,, flexure and shear for prismatic
bar and definite static
3. Definite Static Beam’s deformation
 Equation of elastic line deformation method.
 Unit Load method
 Area moment method
4. Stability of Compression Bar
Centric Load and Shear Force.
16
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 8

09/02/2014
Reviews::
Reviews
Statically Determinate Mechanics
Determinate Structure : If?

Static Equation ??
1
2
3
17
rol rol
sendi rol
18
send sendi
i
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 9

09/02/2014
rol rol
sendi rol
19
sendi sendi
Reactions
 Simply supported beams
 Cantilever beams
 Trusses
20
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 10

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Loadings
- Point Load
 At midspan,
midspan,
 Within certain location
- Distribution Loads
 Full distributed loads
 Partially distributed loads
- Moment Loads
 At the end of cantilever
 Midspan
 Within certain location
21
Modul 1
Tegangan dan Regangan
Stress & Strain
22

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Introduction
 At a structure, each elements of a structure
should be having a dimension. The elements
have to be calculated to resist the loading on
them or maybe applied to them. To calculate the
dimension of the elements, we should know the
methods to analyses, which are:
 strength ( kekuatan
kekuatan),
),
 stiffness ( kekakuan)
kekakuan),
 stability ( kestabilan ),
)
The methods will be discussed in this Mechanic of
Materials.
23
 Mechanics of materials is a subject of a very old

age, which generally begins with Galileo in the early 17th
century. The first one describes the behavior of the
structure of load rationally.
24

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 The behavior of the structure to obtain the force depends

not only on the fundamental laws of Newtonian
mechanics that govern force equilibrium but also to the
physical characteristics of the structural parts, which can
be obtained from the laboratory, where they are given
the
h fforce off action
i isi kknown accurately.
l
 Mechanics of Material is a mixed knowledge from the

experiment and the Newtonian principals on elastic
mechanics.
 O off the
One th maini problems
bl iin mechanics
h i off materials
t i l iis tto
investigate the resistance of an object, that is the
essence of the internal forces for balancing the external
forces.
25
APPLICATIONS Planning of a Structure
STRUCTURAL ANALYSES
MATERIALS
CONTROL
PLANNING OF THE STRENGTH /
DIMENSIONS STRESS
STRUCTURES: STABLE 26

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EXAMPLE
TUBE TRUSSES
27
EXAMPLE
BUILDING FRAME
70/70
50/50
28

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EXAMPLE
P2
P1
H1 H2
B1 B2
Because of P2 > P1, thus from stress

analysis, dimension will be obtained
where B2 > B1, H2 > H1
29
Metode Irisan
GAYA DALAM
P1 P2
P1 P2
S2
S3
S1
S1 S3
S2
P4 P3
GAYA DALAM P4 P3
30

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Tegangan (Stress)
TEGANGAN NORMAL TEGANGAN GESER
Tegak Lurus Sejajar Bidang

Bidang Potongan Potongan
DEFINISI :
TEGANGAN ADALAH GAYA DALAM YANG
BEKERJA PADA SUATU LUASAN KECIL
TAK BERHINGGA DARI SUATU
POTONGAN 31
Stress (Tegangan)
MATHEMATICS EQUATIONS
= A
Lim
0
F
A NORMAL STRESS
= A
Lim
0
V
A
SHEAR STRESS
 = Normal Stress
 = Shear Stress
A = Cross-section area
F = Forces on perpendicular of cross-section
V = Forces on parralel of cross-section 32

09/02/2014
Stress (Tegangan)
Stress symbols on elements related with
coordinates : z
z
zy
zx yz
xz y
y
x xy yx
x
33
Normal Stresses
NORMAL STRESS NORMAL STRESS
Tension Compression
p
P P
 = P/A = P/A
P P 34

09/02/2014
Average Shear Stresses

FORCES ACTING
PARRALEL SECTION
CREATING SHEAR STRESS
P = P Cos/ ANormal
AShear
ANormal
AShear
= P / A Shear 35
Average Shear Stress

P
P
½P
 = P / Total AShear
Total Ashear =
AShear
2 x Sectional Area of Bolts
36

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Determine  and 
Calculation of NEED TO UNDERSTAND
STRESS THE PURPOSE AND THE GOAL
CHOOSE THE EQUATION

CALCULATION
 or 
DETERMINATION OF FORCE WILL BE PROBLEM IF

AND CROSS SECTIONAL DON’T UNDERSTAND
AREA STATICALLY
DETERMINATED
ENGINEERING MECHANIC
CALCULATION RESULT
37
DETERMINE FORCE VALUE

USE STATIC EQUATION:
 FX = 0  MX = 0
 FY = 0  MY = 0
 FZ = 0  MZ = 0
Define Cross Sectional Area

To get
Choose the smallest Area
The Maximum Stress
38

09/02/2014
Determine Cross Sectional Area

example :
The smallest cross

sectional area that was
choosen to get the
maximum stress value
39
Example 1 1::
A concrete wall as shown in the figure, received distributed loads of 20
kN/m2. Calculate the stress on 1 m above the based. The gravitation
load of the concrete is 25 kN/m3
40

09/02/2014
Answer:
Self weight of concrete wall:
wall:
W = [(0,5 + 1,5)/2] (0,5) (2) (25) = 25 kN
load: P = 20 ((0,5)
Total load: , ) (0,5)
( , ) = 5 kN
From Fy = 0, the reaction R = W + P = 30 kN
using upper part of the wall as a free thing, thus the weight
of the wall upper the cross
cross--section is W1 = (0,5 + 1) (0,5)
(25/2) = 9,4 kN
From Fy = 0, the Load on section : Fa = P + W1 = 14,4 kN

Normal stress on a-a is a = Pa/A = 14,4/(0,5x1) = 28,8
KN/m2
The stress is a compression normal stress that worked as
Fa on the section. 41
Stress
If W = 10 Ton, a = 30o and cross
TASK :
sectional area of steel cable ABC = 4
D
1. cm2, cable BD = 7 cm2, so calculate
stress that happened in ABC and BD
B cables.
 C If bolt diameter = 30
mm, b = 200 mm, d1 =
8 mm, d2 = 12 mm, P =
A W 2000 kg,
g, so calculate
the maximum stress
of each frame and
P
2. b shear stress of the
P bolt.
d1 42
d2

09/02/2014
Static Test P LOAD INCREASE

CONTINUOUSLY
P
FRACTURE TEST ING

MATERIAL
TESTING MATERIAL
P ULTIMATE LOAD
PUlt
P ULTIMATE STRESS
A
43
Universal Test Machine (UTM)
44

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FLEXURE TEST
45
STRAIN TESTING MATERIAL
STATIC TEST LOAD
L STRAIN
-. Pload increase continuously

- Every Pload increasing, list deformation
of testing material that shows in dial
P gauge.
46

09/02/2014
Strain
 =
= Strain
P (Load) L
Change as every
Loading changes
(Deformation)
P –  Diagram
47
Stress – Strain Diagram

Physical properties of every material can be shown
from their stress – strain diagram relationship.
P (load)  (Stress)
pict. A pict. B = Strain

P –  Diagram  –  Diagram 48

09/02/2014
STRESS – STRAIN DIAGRAM

- MATERIAL – 1 AND MATERIAL - 2, BOTH ARE IDENTICAL
MATERIAL
- THE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF MATERIAL - 2 < MATERIAL - 1
- THE P –  RELATIONSHIP OF MATERIAL - 1 ARE DIFFERENT
WITH MATERIAL - 2
- THE  –  RELATIONSHIP OF MATERIAL - 1 ARE SIMILAR WITH
MATERIAL - 2, ALTHOUGH THEY HAVE DIFFERENT CROSS
SECTIONAL AREA
THEREFORE, MORE SUITABLE USING PICTURE B

TO KNOW PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME
MATERIAL
49
Stress – Strain Diagram

 (Stress)  (Stress)
Proportional
Limit
Strain Strain
STEEL MATERIAL CONCRETE MATERIAL
50

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HOOKE LAW
 = EX ELASTIC
CONDITION

DETERMINATION OF YIELD POINT
OFF-SET METHOD
 (Stress)
E= 
Proportional
P ti l
 = STRESS Limit
 = STRAIN
E = ELASTICITY MODULUS Strain 51
HOOKE’s LAW
problem
:
P In some frame with L =100 cm in length,
Static Test was done. If Pload that
that’s
s given
to this frame is 4000 kg, this frame is still
in elastic condition, and goes on 2 mm in
length, so calculate of stress and strain
value of that frame. If modulus elasticity
value is 2 x 106 kg/cm2 and then calculate
L
the cross sectional area of that frame.
P 52

09/02/2014
Bar Deformation due to

Axial Load
P3
P2
P1 P4
Px Px Px force to dx elemen and

dx cause d deformation
dx+ dx
d=  dx  d
dx = P x
E Ax E
53

Axial Load
example : B
B = Px . dx / Ax . E
P = Px Px A L
 = Px / Ax . E dx
L dx
0
L
A  = P . X / Ax . E
Px 0
Ax = A , Px = P
P P
Deformation due to P load, =P.L/E.A
selfweight was ignored 54

09/02/2014

Axial Load
DEFORMATION DUE TO SELFWEIGHT IS :
B L
= Px . dx / Ax . E = 1 / A . E w . X . dx
A L 0
= ½ . W.x2 / A . E = w . L2 / 2 . A . E = WT . L / 2 . A . E
0
DEFORMATION DUE TO P LOAD AND SELFWEIGHT IS :
 = P.L / A.E + WT.L / 2.A.E =
 = L (P + ½.WT) / A.E 55
Contoh 2-
2-1:
Tentukan pergeseran relatif dari titik-
titik-titik A dan D pada
batang baja yang luas penampangnya bervariasi
seperti terlihat pada gambar di
bawah bila diberikan empat gaya terpusat P1, P2, P3
d
dan A bill h E = 200 x 106 kN/m
P4. Ambillah kN/ 2.
56

09/02/2014
 Gaya dalam batang adalah :

Antara titik A dan B, Px = +100 kN
Antara titik B dan C, Px = -150 kN
Antara titik C dan D, Px = +50 kN
Dengan menggunakan persamaan:
 Dengan memasukkan harga-

harga-harga numeric dari contoh,
maka diperoleh:
p
57
BAR DEFORMATION DUE TO AXIAL LOAD
Problem : If the bar diameter of AB

100 cm 100 cm C and BC is 20 mm,  = 30o
1. A  and Elasticity
Elasticit Modulus
Mod l s is
2x106 kg/cm2, calculate
B deformation of point B.
E D
1000 kg
Calculate P1/P2, then after P1 and P2
2. working, the length of both bar still
b2
h1 be similar, if b1 = 50 mm, b2 = 50 mm,
b1 P2
b3 b3 = 25 mm, h1 = 500 mm, h2 = 500
h2
mm and thickness of both bar = 20
P1 ½ P2 mm. 58

09/02/2014
Poisson’s Ratio
STRAIN
AXIAL STRAIN LATERAL STRAIN
The shape is being

LONGER and
SMALLER
POISSON’S RATIO ( )=
 Lateral Concrete = 0.1 – 0.2
 Axial Rubber = 0.5 – 0.6
59
The Relationship of Poisson’s

Ratio, Stress and Strain
z y
zy
zx yz
xz y
x xy yx
x
60

09/02/2014

z
y
y
z 61

x y z
x = +
E
-
E
-
E
x y z
y = -
E
+
E
-
E
x y z
z = -
E
-
E
+
E
62

09/02/2014
Shear Stress and Shear Strain

SHEAR STRESS
zy zy A
y B A B
z
yz yz /2 C
O O
/2
zy
C
 = SHEAR STRAIN
 MO = 0 zy(dy.dx).dz - yz (dx.dz.).dy = 0
zy = yz
 Fz = 0 yz left =  yz right 63
Shear Stress and Shear Strain

SHEAR STRAIN:
SHAPE TRANSFORMATION THAT IS EXPRESSED
WITH ANGLE TRANSFORMATION ‘  ‘ ARE
CALLED “SHEAR STRAIN”
HOOKE LAW for Shear stress and shear strain:
 = . G  = Shear Stress
E
 = Shear Strain
G=
2 (1+ ) G = Shear Modulus
= Poisson’s Ratio
The relationship between Normal Modulus Elasticity and

64
Shear Modulus

09/02/2014
Modul 2
beam flexure
(pure bending)
65
Pure Bending in Beam

Flexure due to
 MOMEN only
66

09/02/2014

Ya
Yb = C
 max max
/2 /2
Force Equilibrium:
Initial Length
( Y/C .  max ) dA = 0
FX = 0 A
C Y . dA = 0
A 67

MOMENT :
M= ( Y/C . max ) dA . Y = max Y 2 . dA

A A
Y2 . dA = I = Inertia Moment
A
M=( max / C ) . I max = M . C / I
TOP FIBER STRESS BOTTOM FIBER STRESS
max = M . Ya / I max = M . Yb / I
68

09/02/2014

GENERALLY:
max = M.Y/I
I/Y = W (Resistance Moment)
I / Ya = Wa
I / Yb = Wb
I = Y 2 . dA INERTIA MOMENT
A
69
INERTIA MOMENT
h/2
EXAMPLE :
y Ix = y 2 . dA = Y 2 . b . dy
A -h/2
h/2
h/2
= 1/3 . y3. b = 1/3 . (1/8 + 1/8) . h3. b
x
-h/2
h/2 = 1/ . 1/ . h3. b = 1/ . b. h3
b 3 4 12
1/
-11/2 11/2
y 2
Ix = y + 2 y 2 . dy
y 2 . dy
3.y y
2 -2 -11/2
x 2
11 + 3.y 2 . dy
2
11/2
3 70

09/02/2014
INERTIA MOMENT
EXAMPLE :
-11/2 11/2 2
3
= /3 . y3 1
+ 2 . /3 . y3 3
+ /3 . y3
-2 -11/2 11/2
= (-11/2)3 – (-2)3 + 2/3 . (11/2)3 - 2/3 . (-11/2)3 + 23 - (11/2)3

= 13,75
CARA LAIN :
= 1/12 . 3 . 43 – 1/12 . 1 . 33 = 16 – 2,25 = 13,75
SHORTER CALCULATION
71
STRESS CALCULATION
OF THE BEAM
10.000 kg 10 cm
10 cm 30 cm
400 cm
10 cm
30 cm
CROSS SECTIONAL AREA :
A = ( 2 . 30 . 10 ) + (10 . 30 ) = 900 cm2
INERTIA MOMENT:
I = 1/12 . 30 . 503 – 2 . 1/12 . 10 . 303 = 267.500 cm4
72

09/02/2014
STRESS CALCULATION
OF THE BEAM
RESISTANCE MOMENT:
Wa = Wb = I/y = 267.500 / 25 = 10.700 cm3
WORKING MOMENT (Beban Hidup Diabaikan) :

MMax = ¼ . 10.000 . 400 = 1.000.000 kgcm.
MAXIMUM STRESS OCCURED:

Max = MMax / W = 1.000.000 / 10.700 = 93,46 kg/cm2
73
Stress Calculation
of Beam
Max
1
- yMax
y1 = 20 cm
+
Max
1 = M / W1 = 1.000.000 . 20 / 267.500 = 74.77 kg/cm2
W1 = I / y1
74

09/02/2014
EXERCISE – MOMENT INERTIA

30 cm Sb Y
Calculate Inertia
1 10 cm Moment of its
strong axis( Ix )
40 cm and weak axis ( Iy )
Sb X
10 cm
2 10 cm Sb Y
8 cm Calculate Inertia
20 cm Moment of its
8 cm
strong axis( Ix ) and
10 cm weak axis ( Iy )
Sb X
10 10 10
75
EXERCISE – PURE BENDING

200 cm 80 cm 100 kg/m (include its selfweight)
1 2
A B C
400 cm 200 cm
1500 kg
30 cm - Draw its momen diagram

10 cm - Calculate Inertia Moment of Beam
Section
30 cm
- Calculate edge fiber stresses of
10 cm section - 1 and 2, then draw its
stress diagram
10 cm
8 cm
8 cm
- Calculate its maximum stress

76

09/02/2014
ASSYMETRIC FLEXURE
q
qSin 
L
 qCos  Moment occurs of X-axis (MX)

q and Y-axis (MY)
MX = 1/8 . qCos 2 2
C  . L MY = 1/8 . qSin
Si  . L
Moment that its flexure Moment that its flexure

round ‘X’-axis round ‘Y’-axis 77
Stress of the Section due to

Assymetric Flexure q
c L
d
o
a MX . h/2
= + +
My . b/2
Ix Iy
qSin 
b b = + MX . h/2
-
My . b/2
Ix Iy

a
c = - MX . h/2
-
My . b/2
qCos  Ix Iy
q d = - MX . h/2
+
My . b/2
Ix Iy
MX = 1/8 . qCos  . L2
Ix = 1/12 . b . h3 Iy = 1/12 . h . b783
MY = 1/8 . qSin  . L2

09/02/2014
Exercise - Stress of the Section due to

Assymetric Flexure L = 300 cm, q = 100 kg/m, P
q = 200 kg, h = 20 cm, b = 10
P
cm,  = 30o
A B P is
i in
i 150 cm off di
distance
t
L from B
Calculate stress that
c occurs in the midspan a, b,
d c, d, e and f. Where point -
f o e is 5 cm of distance from
x-axis and 3 cm from y-
e b axis.
a Point - f is 6 cm of distance
 from x-axis and 4 cm from
y-axis 79
assume W = 8 Ton,  =
Problem - I 90o and cross section
area of the steel cable
1. ABC = 4 cm2, eaxh of BD
frame = 6 x 3 cm2, so
D calculate stress that
50 cm occurs in ABC cable and
B B maximum stress of BD
A frame.

C Calculate the deflection
of point - b and shear
stress of As.B
As B bolt.
bolt Bolt
W W diameter of As.B = 20
mm.
Modulus Elasticity of BD
frame = 2x106 kg/cm2. 80

09/02/2014
2.
80 cm 2000 kg/m (include its selfweight)
200 cm 80 cm
1 2
A B C
400 cm 200 cm
1000 kg 1000 kg
30 cm - Dram its moment diagram

10 cm - Calculate Inertia Moment of Beam
25 cm - Calculate edge fiber stresses of
section – 1 and 2, then draw its
20 cm
stress diagram.
- Calculate Maximum stress that
10 cm
8 cm
8 cm
occurs in ABC beam.

81
3.
q P
f
c d A B
e L
b
a

L = 300 cm, q = 1000 kg/m, P = 2000 kg,  = 30o, P is

100 cm from B.
Calculate stress that occurs in the midspan of point
a, b, c, d, e and f.
82

09/02/2014
Composite Beam (2 Material)

dx xE1
x
1 dy
a y
h
a
2
e
1 e
b1 eE2
b2
eE1
DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRIBUTION OF
ELASTIC STRESS SINGLE MATERIAL -
STRESS
83
Composite Beam (2 Material)
b2 n2
b2.n b2
b2/n1
b1 b1.n1
b1/n2
Cross Section of Cross Sestion of

Frame with 1st Material Frame with 2nd Material
E1 > E2, n1 = E1 / E2, n2 = E2 / E1 84

09/02/2014
Exercise -Composite Beam (2 Material)
Concrete 1000 kg 1 400 cm

a
1 12 cm
b A B
1
Steel
2 36 cm 1200 cm
1st Material = Concrete
c 2nd Material = Steel
12 10 12
E concrete = 200.000 kg / cm2 ; E stel = 2.000.000 kg /cm2

Calculate stress that occured in the section 1 – 1 and in
fiber ‘a’, concrete fiber ‘b’, steel fiber ‘b’ and fiber ‘c’.
Draw its stress diagram.
(Selfweight of the beam is ignored) 85
Pure Bending of
Non-Elastic Beam
 
 
ELASTIC NON - ELASTIC
STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
86

09/02/2014
Pure Bending of
Non-Elastic Beam
Strain Elastic Strain Non Elastic Strain

distribution distribution distribution
 If effect of D aob and


a cod are small
c o
b
d
 
87
Rectangular Beam that have Full Plastic Condition
C
h/
h 4
h/
4
T
Plastic moment that can be held = C . ½ . h = T . ½ . h

C = T =  yp ( bh/2)
Plastic momen of a rectangular beam is:
Mp = yp . bh/2 . h/2 = yp . bh /24
88

09/02/2014

Generally can be written as:
h/
2
Mp = . y dA = 2 ( 
yp ) . y . b . dy
0
h/
2
 2
yp . y . b = yp . bh /4
2
If calculate
l l t with
ith elastic
l ti equation
ti :
Myp = 
yp . I / ( /2) =
h 1
yp . /12 b h
3 / ( h/2 )
=  2
yp . b . h / 6
89
Mp / Myp = yp . b . h2 / 4 yp . b . h2 / 6

= 1,5
15 SHAPE FACTOR
Section that have Elastic – Plastic condition
h/2
yo
Minor Yield Major Yield All Yield

(Elastic-Plastic) (Elastic-Plastic) (Plastic) 90

09/02/2014
Section that have Elastic – Plastic condition

Elastic-Plastic moment that can be held with stress
distibution which have partial yield is:
yo h/
M = 
. y dA = 2 (
2
yp ) . y/yo . b . y. dy + 2 ( 
yp) . b . y. dy
0
yo
yo h/
2
= 2/33/
yp . y /yo . b + yp . b . y2
o yo
= 2/3  2
yp . yo . b + 
yp . bh / 4 - 
2
yp . b . yo
2
= 
yp . bh / 4 – /3 
2 1 2 1
yp . b . yo = Mp – /3 
yp . b . yo
2
91
Modul 3
Shear Stress of Beam
92

09/02/2014
Shear Stress - Flexure

q (x)
V V+dV
dx M x
M+dM
S MA = 0 dx
(M + dM) – M – (V + dV) . dx + q . dx . dx/2 =0
M + dM – M – V . dx + dV . dx + ½ . q . dx2 = 0
small small
dM – V . dx = 0
OR dM / dX = V
dM = V . dx
93

This equation is giving
explanation that :
IF THERE IS FLEXURE MOMENT
dM / dx = V DIFFERENCE AT SIDE BY SIDE
SECTION, THERE WILL BE A SHEAR.
Example :
M M
L/3 L/3 L/3
Bid M
Bid. NO SHEAR
Bid. D M M+dM
SHEAR 94

09/02/2014

Shear Stress due to Flexure Load
a h
b e j g
d f
FA FB
R
- MB . Y - MB
FB = dA = Y . dA
Afghj I I Afghj
- MB . Q
= Q= Y . dA = Afghj . Y
I Afghj 95

- MA - MA . Q
FA = Y . dA =
I Aabde I
FB – FA = R Held up by shear connector
- MB . Q - MA . Q
= - = dF Troughout dx
I I
( MA + dM ) . Q – MA . Q dM . Q
= =
I I
dF/dx = q = SHEAR FLOW
q = dM . Q / dx . I = V . Q / I 96

09/02/2014

Example : 50 . 200 . 25 + 50 . 200 . 150
Yc =
50 . 200 + 50 . 200
= 87,5 cm
200 mm
V = 30.000
30 000 kg,
kg nail strength = 7000 kg
50 mm Yc
I = 200 . 503 / 12 + 50 . 200 . 62,52
= 50 . 2003 / 12 + 50 . 200 . 62,52
200 mm
Y1 = 113.500.000 mm4 = 11.350 cm4
Q = 50 . 200 ( 87,5 – 25 ) = 625.000 mm3
= 625 cm3 or,
50 mm
Q = 50 . 200 . 62,5 = 625.000 mm3 = 625 cm3
Y1 = 200 – Yc - 200 / 2 = 62,5 mm
q = V . Q / I = 30.000 x 625 / 11.350 = 1.651 kg / cm
Nail spacing = 7000 / 1651 = 4,24 cm 97
Problem : Assume that top nails capacity

is 7000 kg and bottom nails is
200 mm
5000 kg. Then calculate spacing
50 mm of top and bottom nail, from A
until B, so the section strength
50 mm enough to carried on q load.
200 mm
Spacing of top and bottom nails
30 mm was made in 3 different type of
spacing.
150 mm
100 100 200 100 100

q = 3000 kg/m
A B
600 cm
98

09/02/2014
Shear Stress Diagram

Longitudinal Direction:
 = dF / t.dx = ( dM / dx ) . ( A . Y / I . t ) = V . A . Y / I . t
= V.Q q
=
I.t t
1/8 . V. h2
Example :
I
t=b
h
=
j V.Q q
dy =
y I.t t
f g y1
V
h = Y . dA
I.t A
99
Shear Stress Diagram

h/ h/
2 2
 =
V
I.b
b . y . dy =
V
x
Y2
2
y1 I y1
V
= ( b/2 ) 2 – y12
2.I
If y1 = 0, so
= V h2 V . h2
x = 1/8 1/
2.I 4 12 . b .h3
3.V 3.V
= =
2 . b. h 2.A
100

09/02/2014
Problem :
20 cm P = 1500 kg 1
a 200 cm
5 cm
q = 3000 kg/m
b
c A B
5 cm
20 cm 600 cm
d
3 cm
e
15 cm
Draw shear stress diagram of the section in support – A

and of the section - 1 that is 100 cm of distance from
point B.
101
Working steps:
1. Calculate the Neutral Axis
20 . 5 . 2,5
, + 20 . 5 . 15 + 15 . 3 . 26,5
,
Yc = = 12
12,01
01 cm
20 . 5 + 20 . 5 + 15 . 3 From TOP
2. Calculate Inertia Moment
1 3 2 1 3
I = /12 . 20 . 5 + 20 . 5 . 9,51 + /12 . 5 . 20
+ 20 . 5 . 2,952 + 1/12 . 15 . 33 + 15 . 3 . 14,492
= 208,33 + 9044,01 + 3333,33 + 870,25 +
33,75 + 9448,20
= 22937,88 cm4
102

09/02/2014
3. Calculatie shear forces

Ra = 3000 . 6/2 + 2/3 . 1500 = 10.000 kg
Rb = 3000 . 6 + 1500 - 10.000 kg = 9.500 kg
Va = 10.000 kg ; V1 = - 9.500 + 3000 . 1= - 6.500 kg
In section ‘A’ with 10.000 kg of shear force

Position A y Q q = V.Q / I t  =q/t
a 0 12.01 0 0 20 0
b1 100 9,51 951 414,6 20 20,73
b2 100 9,51 951 414,6 5 82,92
100 9 51
9,51
c 1073,85 468,16 5 93,63
35.05 3.505
d1 45 14.49 652.05 284,27 5 56,854
d2 45 14.49 652.05 284,27 15 18,951
e 0 15.99 0 0 15 0
103
In Section ‘1’ with 6.500 kg of shear force
Posisi A y Q q = V.Q / I t  =q/t

a 0 12.01 0 0 20 0
b1 100 9,51 951 269,49 20 13,474
b2 100 9,51 951 269,49 5 53,89
100 9,51 60,86
c 1073,85 304,30 5
35.05 3.505
d1 45 14.49 652.05 184,774 5 36,955
d2 45 14.49 652.05 184,774
, 15 12,318
,
e 0 15.99 0 0 15 0
104

09/02/2014
Shear Stress Diagram:
20 cm
a 0 0
5 cm b 82,92 53,89
20,73 13,474
5 cm c 93,63 60,68
20 cm
d 18,951 12,318
3 cm 56,854 36,955
e 0 0
15 cm
Shear Force Shear Force
10.000 kg 6.500 kg
105
Shear Flow Variation
Shear flow variation is used to determine the SHEAR

CENTER, so that vertical loading that works will not
induce torsion to the section, if works in its SHEAR
CENTER
106

09/02/2014
Shear Center
 F1

P
V=P
V P
h
e
F1
e = F1 . h / P =

½. .b.t.h
=
b. t. h . V . Q
P 2.P.I.t
.b.t.h V.½.h.b.t b2 . h2 . t
= x =
2.P I.t 4 . I 107
Problem :
F1 F2
P 10 cm Determine the SHEAR
V=P CENTER of this
e 50 cm section
section.
10 cm
10 15 30
Equation that is used:
e . P + F1 . 60 = F2 . 60
e = ( F2 . 60 – F1 . 60 ) / P

F1 = ½ .  . 17,5 . 10 
F2 = ½ .  . 37,5 . 10 108

09/02/2014
Calculation :
I = 1/12 . 55 . 703 - 1/12 . 40 . 503 = 1.155.416,67 cm4
 = V.Q
=
P . 17,5 . 10 . ½ . 60
= 0,00045 . P kg/cm2
I.t 1.155.416,67 . 10
 = V.Q
=
P . 37,5 . 10 . ½ . 60
= 0,00097 . P kg/cm2
I.t 1.155.416,67 . 10
F1 = ½ . 0,00045 . P . 17,5 . 10 = 0,0394 . P
F2 = ½ . 0,00097 . P . 37,5 . 10 = 0,1820 . P
e= 0,182 . P . 60 - 0,0394 . P . 60: = 8,556 cm

P
In order to make frame didn’t induce torsion , so the
Pload must be placed in e = 8,556 cm ( see Picture)
109
KERN / GALIH / INTI

Variety of KERN :
Limited with 4 p
point
Limited with 6 point
Li it d with
Limited ith 4 point
i t
Unlimited
110

09/02/2014
KERN / GALIH / INTI

Determine Inertia moment of sloping axis:
Y
x df x = x Cos  + y Sin 
Y  X y = y Cos  - x Sin 
2
Ix = y df


X
2 2 2 2
Ix = y Cos  + x Sin  - 2xy Sin  Cos  df
2 2
= Ix Cos  + Iy Sin  -2 Sxy Sin  Cos 
111
KERN / GALIH / INTI

Determine Inertia Moment of Sloping axis:
2
Iy = x df
2 2 2 2
= x Cos  + y Sin + 2xy Sin  Cos  df
2 2
= Ix Sin  + Iy Cos  + 2 Sxy Sin  Cos 
112

09/02/2014
KERN / GALIH / INTI

Example of determining KERN limits :
y Determine the Neutral axis :
2 cm 2.20.1 + 8.2.6.2
x= = 3,2 cm
2.20 + 8.2.2
16
x A = 2.20 + 8.2.2 = 72 cm
Ix = 1/ 3 + 1/12.8.23.2
2 12.2.20
2 + 8.2.92.2 = 3936 cm4

10 3936
Wax = = 393,6 cm3
10
3,2
3936
Wbx = = 393,6 cm3
10
113
KERN / GALIH / INTI

Contoh Menentukan batas – batas KERN :
Iy = 1/ 3 + 1/12.2.83.2
12.20.2
+ 20 2 (2 2)2 + 2.2.8.(2,8)
20.2.(2,2) 2 2 8 (2 8)2 628 48 cm4
= 628,48
628,48
Wkr y = = 196,4 cm3
3,2
628,48
Wkn y = = 92,42 cm3
6,8
Wbx 393,6
, Wkn y 92,42
,
Ka x = = Kkr y = =
A 72 A 72
= 5,46 cm = 1,28 cm
Wax 393,6 Wkr y 196,4
Kb x = = Kkny = =
A 72 A 72
114
= 5,46 cm = 2,72 cm

09/02/2014
KERN / GALIH / INTI

Picture of KERN limits :
1,28 cm 2,72 cm
y
2 cm
16 5,46 cm
x
5,46 cm
2
2
10
3,2 115
Modul 4
Torsion
Torsion
116

09/02/2014
TORSION (Puntiran )
Section Plane 30 N-m
30 N-m
10 N-m
10 N-m
20 N-m
INNER TORSION MOMENT equal with OUTTER TORSION MOMENT
Torsion that is learned in this Mechanics of Material’s

subject was limited in rounded section only.
117
TORSION (Puntiran )
Torsion Moment at
M M both end of the bar
M M
Torsion Moment
g the
distributed along
M(x) bar
118

09/02/2014
TORSION (Puntiran )
max 
max . dA .  = T

max AC
C
St
Stress
C  Area
Forces Distance
Torsion Moment
Or can be written as:
max
 . dA = T
2
C A
 . dA = IP = Polar Inertia Moment

2
119
A
Example of Polar Inertia Moment for CIRCLE

C C

4
C d
4 4
 . dA = 2 .  . d  = 2 .
2 3
= =
4 0 2 32
A 0
Torsion of the CIRCLE can be determined with

this equation:
max
T= . IP TORSION MOMENT
C
max =
T.C
TORSION STRESS
IP
120

09/02/2014
For Circle – Hollow Section:

Section:
121
TWIST ANGLE OF CIRCULAR BAR
With determine small angle of DAB in this following

picture. The maximum stress of its geometry is:
122

09/02/2014
 If :
 Then:

So general statement of the twist angle of a section from
the bar with linier elastic material is:
123
PROBLEM EXERCISE - 1
See a tiered bar that shown in this following picture, it’s outboard in
the wall (point E), determine rotain of point A if torsion moment in B
and D was given. Assume that the shear modulus (G) is 80 x 109
N/m2.
124

09/02/2014
 Polar Inertia Moment:

Moment:
 Bar AB = BC
Bar CD = DE
 Considering its left section, torsion moment in every part will be:
TAB = 0, TBD = TBC = TCD = 150 N.m

N.m,, TDE = 1150 N.m

125
 To get rotation of edge A, can be done with add up every

integration limit:
 Value of T and Ip are constant, so the equation will be

be::
126

09/02/2014
EXERCISE -1
 Calculate maximum torsion shear stress of AC – bar (as

seen in AC bar – exercise 1)
1).. Assume that bar diameter
from A – C is 10 mm.
 Answer::
Answer
127
Exercises
 Soal 4.1
S b h poros b
Sebuah berongga mempunyaii
diameter luar 100 mm dan diameter dalam
80 mm. Bila tegangan geser ijin adalah 55
MPa, berapakah besar momen puntir yang
bisa diteruskan ? Berapakah tegangan
pada mukaan poros sebelah dalam bila
diberikan momen puntir ijin?
128

09/02/2014
129
 Sebuah poros inti berongga berdiameter

200 mm di
diperoleh
l hd
dengan melubangi
l b i
poros melingkar padat berdiameter 300
mm hingga membentuk lubang aksial
berdiameter 100 mm. Berapakah
persentase kekuatan puntiran yang hilang
oleh operasi ini ?
130

09/02/2014
131
 Poros padat berbentuk silinder dengan ukuran yang

bervariasi yang terlihat dalam gambar digerakkan oleh
momen--momen puntir seperti ditunjukkan dalam
momen
gambar tersebut. Berapakah tegangan puntir
maksimum dalam poros tersebut, dan diantara kedua
katrol yang ada ?
132

09/02/2014
133
a. Tentukanlah tegangan geser maksimum dalam poros

yang dihadapkan pada momen
momen--momen puntir, yang
diperlihatkan dalam gambar.
b. b. Hitunglah dalam derajat sudut pelintir antara kedua
ujungnya. Ambillah G = 84.000 MN/m².
134

09/02/2014
135
Modul 5
STRESS COMBINATION
136

09/02/2014
 Equation that have learned before about linier elastic

material, can be simplified as:
Normal Stress
Stress::
a. Due
D tto axial
i l lload
d
P

A
b. Due to flexure
My
 
I
137
 Shear Stress
Stress::
a. Due to torsion
T

Ip
b. Due to shear force of beam

VQ

It
Superposition of the stress, only considered in

elastic problem when deformation that
happened is small.
138

09/02/2014
EXERCISE:
 A bar 50x75 mm that is 1.5 meter of length, selfweight is
not considered, was loaded as seen in this following
picture. (a). Determine maximum tension and
compression
p stress that work p
pependicularly
p y of beam
section, assume that it is an elastic material.
material.
139
ANSWER
 Using superposition method, so it can be solved in two
steps.. In Picture (b)
steps (b),, it shows that the bar only take axial
load only. Then In Picture (c), it shows that the bar only
take transversal load only
 Axial Load,
Load, normal stress that the bar have along its length
is:
140

09/02/2014
 Normal stress due to tranversal load depends on flexure

moment value and the maximum flexure moment is in
force that use:
Stress superposition woks perpendicularly of beam

section and linearly decreased to the neutral axis as
seen in picture (g)
141
142

09/02/2014
STRESS COMBINATION ON COLUMN

 Similar equation can be done to assymetric
section:
P M zz y M yy z
x    
A I zz I yy
 When:
When:
Flexure Moment Myy = +P z0 that works of y- y-axis
Flexure Moment Mzz = -P y0 that works of z- z-axis
A is cross section area of frame
Izz and Iyy is inertia moment of the section to each their
principal axis
Positive symbol (+) is tension stress, and Negati
Negative
ve
symbol (-) is compression stress. 143
Example
Determine stress distribution of ABCD section of the
beam as seen on this following picture. if P = 64 kN.
Beam’s weight is not considered.
144

09/02/2014
Answer:
Answer:
Forces that work in ABCD section,
section, on the picture (c), is
P = -64 kN,
kN,
Myy = -640 (0.15)
(0 15) = -9,6
9 6 kN.m
kN m, and
kN.m,
Mzz = -64 (0.075 + 0.075) = -9,6 kN.m.
kN.m.
Cross section area of the beam A = (0.15)(0.3) = 0,045 m²,
And its Inertia moment is:
is:
145
 Jadi dengan menggunakan hubungan yang setara dapat

diperoleh tegangan normal majemuk untuk elemen
elemen--
elemen sudut :
Bila tanda huruf tegangan menandakan letaknya

letaknya,, maka
tegangan normal sudut adalah :
146

09/02/2014
147
THE END
148

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09/02/2014

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 1

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 2

E.P. Popov, 1978, Mechanics of

Gere & Timoshenko,

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 3

R.C. Hibbeler, 2010

Other books: Mechanics of Material

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 4

Quiz1 (10%) Quiz2 (10%)

PR1 (10%) PR2 (10%)

*Prosentase bisa diubah sesuai yang menguntungkan mahasiswa

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 5

Keep the spirit on!

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 6

10. Diagram, Normal Stress - Strain

11 Shear Stress and Strain

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 7

12. Pure Bending on beams

22. …………..etc ETS 15

After midsemester evaluation:

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 8

Determinate Structure : If?

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 9

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 10

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 11

 Mechanics of materials is a subject of a very old

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 12

 The behavior of the structure to obtain the force depends

 Mechanics of Material is a mixed knowledge from the

APPLICATIONS Planning of a Structure

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 13

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 14

Because of P2 > P1, thus from stress

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 15

TEGANGAN NORMAL TEGANGAN GESER

Tegak Lurus Sejajar Bidang

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 16

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 17

Average Shear Stresses

Average Shear Stress

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 18

STRESS THE PURPOSE AND THE GOAL

CHOOSE THE EQUATION

DETERMINATION OF FORCE WILL BE PROBLEM IF

DETERMINE FORCE VALUE

Define Cross Sectional Area

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 19

Determine Cross Sectional Area

The smallest cross

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 20

From Fy = 0, the Load on section : Fa = P + W1 = 14,4 kN

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Static Test P LOAD INCREASE

FRACTURE TEST ING

Universal Test Machine (UTM)

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STRAIN TESTING MATERIAL

STATIC TEST LOAD

-. Pload increase continuously

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Stress – Strain Diagram