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SAFETY
What is the structure of a safety report ?
What are the different containments of you plant PRTRF ?
What are the different defense in depth (barriers provided in the plant) ?
What is the difference between a barrier and a containment ?
What are the likely causes for a loss of containment ?
b. Ans:
Likely causes of loss of containment any radio-chemical plant, including
PRTRF etc.)
(i)
Fire (event likely to carry Radio-activity out of the plant)
(ii)
Explosion (event likely to carry Radio-activity out of the plant)
(iii)
failure of plant and equipment (event likely to remain RA confined
with the barriers of the plant)
(iv)
Mal-operation, like criticality accident, red-oil explosion, Excessive
pressurization due to run-away reaction (not in Th-reprocessing) in
dissolver, excessive pressurization due to run-away acidformaldehyde reaction, excessive loading of (radio-active and/or
alpha emitting nuclids onto IX resin which catches fire due to
heating by beta, Gamm, Alpha and finally catches fire coupled with
EVAPORATION :
(1) What is the volumn (per ton of SF) of HLLW, ILLW and LLLW generated in
Thorium reprocessing vis--vis Uranium spent fuel reprocessing ?
(2) What are the different types of evaporators you can name ?
(3) Explain how a TSE works ?
(4) How do you calculate RR in a TSE
(5) How do you size the tubes in the HE of a TSE
(6) What category, as per TEMA, your TSE falls into ?
Random Notes:
Q. What are the different formed types of Vessel Heads one can use ?
Q. What is more severe for a pressure vessel, an external pressure or an internal pressure
?
Ans: the man difference between a vessel subjected to internal and external pressure is
the L/D ratio, while for internal pressure L/D does not play such an important role, but
for External Pressure, L/D plays a very important role and the damage probability for an
external pressure increases as L/D reduces, say, for a long vessel an external pressure
(also called load) is not so severe, but when the same vessel is halved in length its
external load bearing capacity will nearly half.
Q. Have your vessels been checked for external loads ?
Ans: Yes, external load of 1 atm. Has been used to check each and every vessel for its
integrity with the equation as used for external loads. External load, max. possible in our
vessels is under absolute vacuum, since, our vessels are under vacuum all the time, so, a
check for external pressure is a must.
The superficial velocity of Liquid Droplets in waste eveporators is app., with an average
drop size of 90 miron, are removed right in the VC, however, liquid drops with lesser size
and /or higher velocities are carried over and these need cyclone separators, demisters
(when used separately), Deep-Bed (glass wool etc.) filters, Scrubbers, HEPA ect. (not in
that sequence) .
Roughly the waste off-gas systems (starting from HAWE) should be able
to obtain a total DF of 1015 to be able to discharge into the atmosphere (stack).
Q. What are the parameters you consider for designing (finding thickness, mechanical
engineers do) a pressure vessel (process vessels) under external pressure ?
Ans: The parameters are , L (length of the vessel); L/Do and Do/t ; where, Do is the OD of
the process vessel, t (assume) the thickness, add all the different allowances, corrosion,
threading (if any), etc. to get tmin
get values of L/Do and Do/ tmin , Do (known diameter, calculated from process residence
time or volume to be provided for he vessel)
now from ASME, Section II part D or which ever Div / section you are using, get the
value of factor A for your Do/ tmin
Say, your Do/ tmin (=69.9, unitless) then you will get, from graph-G, A=0.000225, now
from another graph (HA-3) you should factor B at your design temp. of say 170 deg. C,
as B = 2750,
Therefore the allowable external pressure for this vessel :
Pa = 4B/3(Do/ tmin ) = 52.6 psig.
Check if your external pressure is > 52.6 psig (is greater than 52.6, re-assume a higher
thickness and redo the job, if your design external pressure is < 52.6 psig, then the
assumed vessel thickness is OK.
For our process vessels, internal pressure is vacuum, so, a minimum of 2 to 3 kg/cm2,
(equivalent to liquid column of the entire cell height, if the vessel were to be overfilled by
water/liquid upto the cell height piping) , but, you would see, that the thickness required
for internal pressure of 2 -3 kg/cm2, would be lesser than that of the thickness required for
an external pressure of one atm. (under vacuum condition).
Of course, the high thickness provided in our process vessels arises due to corrosion
rather than either internal or external pressure, and a thickness of 6 mm has been
provided assuming a life expectancy of 40 years, with a general corrosion level of (jus
find ); though, failure of vessels have never been due to general (also called uniform
corrosion) corrosion, but due to crevice or pitting etc. corrosion.
Insert Scanned notes.
PROCESS PIPING :
(1) What do understand by service limits in process piping ?
Ans :- (ref: ASME- B31.3, numbers used earlier, same as todays Divs and
Sections, only the numbers and nomenclature are different, with some additions
and deletions, largely the same)
Fluid service limits: term applicable for a piping system considering the combination
of fluid properties, operating conditions, and other factors which establish the basis
for design of the piping system(a) Category of D fluid services
A fluid service in which all the following apply
(i) the fluid handled is non-flammable, non-toxic and not damaging to
human tissue
(ii) the design gauge pressure does not exceed 150 psi and
(iii) the design temperature is from (-)20 deg. F (-29 deg C) through 366
Deg.F (186 Deg. C)
(b) Category of M fluid services
A fluid service in which the potential for personnel exposure is judged to be
significant and in which a single exposure to a very small quantity of a toxic
fluid, caused by leakage, can produce serious irreversible harm to persons on
breathing or bodily contact, even when prompt
measures are taken
(c) High pressure fluid services
A fluid service for which the owner specifies the use of chapter IX of piping
design
(d) Normal Fluid Services
A fluid service pertaining to most piping covered by this code, i.e. not subject
to the rules for category D, Category M or High Pressure fluid services, and
not subject to severe cyclic conditions