Table of Contents

MUNICIPAL POTABLE WATER SYSTEM...........................................................................3

Necessity of System...................................................................................................... 3
Effect of System........................................................................................................... 3
Design & Analysis of System........................................................................................... 3
Distribution System Storage......................................................................................... 4
Distribution System.................................................................................................... 4
SURFACE WATER RUNOFF............................................................................................. 5
Necessity of System...................................................................................................... 5
Effect of System........................................................................................................... 5
Design & Analysis of System........................................................................................... 6
Estimation of Runoff.................................................................................................. 6
Design Storms.......................................................................................................... 6
Hydrographs............................................................................................................ 6
Rational Method........................................................................................................ 6
WATER WELLS............................................................................................................. 6
Necessity of System:..................................................................................................... 6
Effect of System........................................................................................................... 7
Design & Analysis of System........................................................................................... 7
Well Location........................................................................................................... 7
Water well design and Installation..................................................................................7
FLOW IN NATURAL & CONSTRUCTED CHANNELS..........................................................8
Necessity of System:..................................................................................................... 8
Effect of System........................................................................................................ 8
Design & Analysis........................................................................................................ 8
Manning Equation..................................................................................................... 8
Continuity Equation................................................................................................... 9
FLOW IN PRESSURIZED PIPE SYSTEM INCLUDING PUMPS AND PUMPING........................9
Necessity of System................................................................................................... 9
Effect of System........................................................................................................ 9
Design & Analysis................................................................................................... 10
STROM WATER SYSTEM INCLUDING CULVERTS...........................................................10
Necessity of System.................................................................................................... 10
Effect of System......................................................................................................... 10
Requirement for Design and Analysis............................................................................... 11
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS INCLUDING GRAVITY AND PRESSURIZED SEWER SYSTEMS12
Pressurized Sewer Systems............................................................................................ 12

Necessity of System................................................................................................. 12
Effect of System...................................................................................................... 12
Requirement for Design and Analysis........................................................................... 12
WATER AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS.........................................................13
Necessity of System.................................................................................................... 13
Requirement for Design and Analysis............................................................................... 13
WATER-ENERGY NEXUS.............................................................................................. 14
REFERENCES............................................................................................................. 16

MUNICIPAL POTABLE WATER SYSTEM

Necessity of System
The function of municipal potable water system is to deliver water from source point to water treatment
facilities and from there to residential community. This potable water is used for drinking, cooking,
sanitary and other water use purposes in domestic environment. Municipal water system also may also
provide water for fire hydrants, street cleaning, park and recreation, and miscellaneous purposes.

Figure 01: How water reaches Homes

Effect of System
Availability of Water Supply: water supply system requires continuous source of water to fulfill the
domestic consumption. Two major sources can be used to supply water.
i.

Ground water

ii.

Surface water

Two main factors are carefully observed while selecting the water supply source.

Quality of water

Quantity of water

Design & Analysis of System

In design and construction of municipal water supply system, economics play an important vital role. It is
pertinent to mentioned that source of supply should be selected such that during operation little
maintenance shall be required so that adequate water is supplied to domestic users.
Quality of water at source point and quantity of water required at user end determine the scope of water
supply system.

Demand of water
Three historical water demands rates as well as design flow rate of consumer consumption are used for
determining the demand of water supply system. These are given as below;
i.

Average daily consumption

ii.

Maximum daily consumption

iii.

Maximum hourly demand

Water Treatment Facility:

Water treatment is necessary and extend of this facility depending upon the quality of source water. Water
treatment plant process the water and remove the impurities for source water. Chemicals are added to
bring the water to Environmental Protection Agency standards. The purified water is then pumped to
storages facilities and ultimately through distribution network to consumer.
Distribution System Storage
Storage capacity in a distribution system is important requirement which enables to meet the water
demand at time when water treatment plants might not be able to fulfill the system demand or when
treatment system is idle. Two different types of storage are available.

Ground Level Storage

Elevated Storage
Distribution System

Distribution system involve in municipal water supply system are piping and valve arrangements.
Typically there are three classification of pipe required to deliver to demand points.
i.

Primary feeders

ii.

Secondary feeders

iii.

Distributor mains

Figure 02: Water distribution system

SURFACE WATER RUNOFF

Necessity of System
Climate change result into increase number of rains in future, thus it is very important that this should be
taken into account while development of infrastructure in urban area. It is essential that properly planned
and designed surface water runoff system shall be provided so that surface runoff can be removed safely.
Early consideration and planning is required at stage of development process for disposal of surface
water. Estimation of surface water runoff is first step in designing of surface water management system as
well as erosion protection system.

Effect of System
Surface runoff estimation and drainage is necessary for development of urban area infrastructure and
sustainable system is vital for departure of runoff from the traditional approach to draining locations.
There are number of vital principles that affect the planning, designing and implementation process of
sustainable natural drainage system.

Attenuation

Infiltration

Conveying

Filtering

Surface water runoff components must be designed to ensure the structural stability of system and any
other adjacent structure keeping in mind overall design life of surface runoff system with reasonable
maintenance cost.

Design & Analysis of System

Estimation of Runoff
Surface runoff volume is determined from precipitation and hydrological calculations. Typically, surface
water management calculation involves infiltration, interception and surface storage losses. It does not
involve the evaporation and transpiration since short time scale. Number of methods and procedure are
available to estimate the runoff and peak discharge.
Design Storms
Design storms are used for estimation of surface runoff. To estimate, it is necessary that amount of
rainfall that is contributing the runoff of a area must be known. It involve the predevelopment and post
development of area. Designer must estimate the surface water management system to retain the surplus
quantity and treat the reduced quality of water.
Hydrographs
A hydrograph is relationship between discharge, velocity versus time. It displays the runoff
characteristics of a watershed between discharge and time. It is the representation of watershed runoff at
certain point and includes all the rainfall u/s of that area.
Rational Method
The Rational Formula is the most frequently utilize for finding the peak discharges from small surface
runoff areas. This method is conventionally used to dimension storm sewers, channels and other surface
water structures.
The Rational Formula is given as
Q=CIA

WATER WELLS
Necessity of System:
Water well is a structure constructed in the ground by excavating, digging, driving and boring to enter
into groundwater in aquifers. Well water is drained by a pump or traditional containers that are moved up
mechanically or manually.
Wells are primary source of water supply in the municipalities where the population is 5,000. In case
where the population is larger than 5,000, a series of wells can be used to supply water to gravity tanks
ultimately to distribution system.

Effect of System
Wells are excavated up to the bottom of ground water table. There are two types of well either driver
wells or bored wells. There are third special type of well that is Artesian wells. These well are excavated
below the rock formation and water is tapped up with pressure. This result into significant pressure and
water move to treatment plant under this pressure.

Design & Analysis of System

Well Location
Location of water well is primary determined by the wells purpose. If it is utilize for the drinking purpose
or irrigation, underground water quality and long term ground water supply are most important factor. It is
necessary that hydrological assessment may be done before selecting the final location of wells.
Water well design and Installation
Once the water well location is finalized, a preliminary design of well is proposed. After that a test hole
is drilled to find out the exact condition under the surface. The final design is made based upon the
observation and results obtain from the test hole. A well is mostly designed with bottom sump, well
screen, well casing surrounded by gravel pack and borehole seal as given in figure 03.

Figure 03: Component of Well

FLOW IN NATURAL & CONSTRUCTED CHANNELS

Necessity of System:
Design of hydraulic characteristics of natural and constructed channels for drainage of water is a process
which is based on selection and evaluation of alternative according to the established criteria. These
standards are established by the concern authorizes of municipalities.
Effect of System
Channel analysis is necessary for Design of transportation drainage system in order to access;

Potential food due to water surface profile

River system disturbance in upstream and downstream

Changes in velocity and flow

Disposal of runoff

Channel lining for structural stability

Design & Analysis

Natural channels are:

Determined by natural forces

Shaped by geomorphologic ally by long term history of water flow and sediments

Artificial channel constructed includes roadside channels, irrigation channels and drainage channels
which are;

Constructed in a regular shape and cross section

Lined or unlined with suitable materials

Mostly these channels are design as open channel flow. Two methods are commonly used in hydraulic
analysis of open channels flows.
Manning Equation

Manning Equation is given as for open channel flow,

Continuity Equation
The continuity equation is basically conservation of mass in fluid mechanics. It is defined as
Q=A1V1=A2V2
Where,
Q= Discharge
A= Cross section area of flow
V= mean Velocity

FLOW IN PRESSURIZED PIPE SYSTEM INCLUDING PUMPS AND

PUMPING
Necessity of System
When water flow in open channel with some free surface at top, it is treated as open channel flow.
However, most time the pipe is flow full with zero surfaces above the water. It is called as pressurized
flow. This is basically used for pumping the water to community. Pumps or overhead water tanks are used
for creating pressure inside the pipes.

Effect of System
The designing of piping typically involve certain physical data which are:

Size of pipe, internal roughness and length of each pipe

Elevation of each joint point in the network

Inflow and out flow at different points

Pressure, elevation of tank

Performance of each pump

Design & Analysis

A frequent method for calculating pressure drop is the Darcy-Weisbach equation:

STROM WATER SYSTEM INCLUDING CULVERTS

Necessity of System
Safe and stable storm water system can accommodate wildlife and protect stream health while reducing
expensive erosion and structural damage. Following are the other requirements.

To protect the health, welfare and safety of the public,

To protect property from flood hazards and safely routing / directed the storm water from
development;

To improve the quality of life of affected people / communities;

To store water for the general public for valuable uses;

To preserve the natural environment;

To endeavor for a sustainable environment for economic development; and

To provide the most favorable methods of controlling runoff so that the main beneficiary pay in
accordance with their potential benefits.

Effect of System
Development is a process of growth and change. Environment therefore will be effected by any
development in some way or other. Similarly, the development of storm water system also significantly
affects the hydraulic properties of an area. Typically, pervious layers are rendered less permeable or even
impermeable. Ponding is prevented by raising depressions. To efficiently drain out the runoff surfaces
and conduits are constructed. Natural vegetation is often removed, resulting minimized interception and
transpiration. Increased erosion is caused by limited vegetation cover which exposes the soil to the impact
of rain. Storm water management is the science of minimizing these negative impacts on the environment
and improving the positive impacts by catering for the hydraulic requirement of a development,
minimizing the related negative environmental impacts.
Water quality and aquatic organisms may be caused by undersized and poorly placed culverts. It can also
be degraded by poorly designed culverts by scour and erosion and also limit aquatic organisms to move
freely between upstream and downstream habitat.
Sediment and debris can easily jam poorly designed culverts with during medium to large scale rain
events. The water may overflow over the road embankment if the culvert cannot pass the water volume in
the stream which causes significant erosion, washing out the culvert. The embankment material that is
washed away can block other downstream structures, also causing their failure.
In stream restoration culvert style replacement is a widespread practice. Reduced risk of catastrophic
failure and improved fish passage are the long-term benefits of this practice. A short-term impact on the
aquatic biology is minimum provided best management practices are followed.

Requirement for Design and Analysis

The hydrological processes in the specific area need to be investigated and statistical data obtained.
Hydraulic routing of the storm water must be considered. In analyzing storm water drainage,
consideration be given to the use of open spaces like parks, sports fields, and transport circulation routes.
The important issue that the drainage specialist must deal with is the consideration of every storm event from a major storm event (severe, infrequent storm event) to the minor storm event (frequent, common
storm events). Technologies for Storm water drainage must be developed to address all these events. A
typical formal drainage system avoids the trouble which might cause from frequent storms. This is called
the minor system. The major system will be supported by the minor system but will accommodate the
unusually high runoff from infrequent hydrologic events. Master planning is mainly concerned with the
major system. The minor system will be considered as a supporting one.
Master planning may involve the determination of the recurrence interval in case of the major flood event
and the recurrence interval of minor flood events. Master planning for design and analysis may also
include the provision of guidelines safety and maintenance, environmental conservation, runoff detention

requirements, pollution-abatement strategies, and the powers and responsibilities of developers and
authorities within the catchment area.

SANITARY

SEWER

SYSTEMS

INCLUDING

GRAVITY

AND

PRESSURIZED SEWER SYSTEMS

Pressurized Sewer Systems
Necessity of System
These sewers are mostly used for rural or semi-rural communities where public contact with effluent from
failing drain fields presents a considerable health concern. Pressure sewers are important consideration in
areas prone to groundwater contamination. The septic tank effluent pump (STEP) system and the grinder
pump (GP) are two major types of pressure sewer systems. Both do not require any modification to
plumbing inside the house. Wastewater flows into a conventional septic tank to capture solids in STEP
systems. The liquid effluent flows to a holding tank containing a pump and control devices. The effluent
is then pumped and transferred for treatment. Whereas sewage flows to a vault where a grinder pump
grinds the solids and discharges the sewage into a pressurized pipe system In a GP system. GP systems do
not require a septic tank but may require more horsepower than STEP systems due to of the grinding
action. A significant capital cost may b required in GP system.

Effect of System
Where housing density is low pressure sewer systems are most cost effective also where the terrain has
undulations with relatively high relief, and where the system outfall must be at the same or a higher
elevation than most or all of the service area. Pressurized system is also effective where flat terrain is
combined with high ground water or bedrock, with deep cuts and/or multiple lift stations excessively
expensive. Even in densely populated areas where difficult construction or right of way conditions exist
they can be cost effective. Also where the terrain will not accommodate gravity sewers. Since pressure
systems do not have the large excess capacity typical of conventional gravity sewers, they must be
designed with a balanced approach, keeping future growth and internal hydraulic performance in mind.

Requirement for Design and Analysis

In pressure systems many different design flows can be used. When positive displacement GP units are
used the design flow is obtained by multiplying the pump discharge by the maximum number of pumps
expected to be operating simultaneously. The equation used is Q= 20 + 0.5D when centrifugal pumps are
used, where Q is the flow in gpm and D is the number of homes served. The operation of the system
under various assumed conditions should be simulated by computer to check design adequacy. No

minimum velocity is generally used in design and no allowances for infiltration and inflow are required.
However GP systems must attain three to five feet per second at least once per day. For hydraulic analysis
Hazen-Williams coefficient, (C) =130 to 140, is suggested. Pressure mains generally use 50 mm (2 inch)
or larger PVC pipe (SDR 21) and rubber-ring joints or solvent welding to assemble the pipe joints.
Electricity is required especially for GP systems. In far northern sites pipes are generally buried to at least
the winter frost penetration depth. Insulated and heat-traced pipes are generally buried at a minimal depth.
To accommodate the hydraulic grade requirements of the system GP and STEP pumps are sized.
Discharge points must use drop inlets to minimize odors and corrosion.

WATER AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS

Necessity of System
As the name indicate wastewater treatment plants treat the water that goes down our drains before
releasing it back into the environment. Wastewater treatment plants have first, and most important
purpose is to clear the water of homes of solid materials. The process of screening and settlement is
known as primary treatment which removes the largest debris items but the wastewater is still full of
organic material and doesnt smell good if dumped directly into our water bodies. A process which breaks
down the biological material in the waste of aeration to encourage the growth of beneficial
microorganism is called secondary treatment.
As city populations grow, more and more nutrients are going into the wastewater treatment facilities and
being discharged into our waterways. These excess nutrients act like fertilizer to the plants and algae
living in the water. Tiny microscopic plants begin to bloom uncontrollably causing blockage of sunlight
needed by other lower plants. Eventually, the algae reach maximum capacity and it begins to die off in
mass numbers. The dead cells sink to the bottom where bacteria decompose the cells, using up oxygen in
the process. As the bacteria pull oxygen out of the water ultimately the fish, shellfish and other organism
in the area begin to suffocate. Those that cannot swim away eventually die, providing more food for the
oxygen-consuming bacteria.

Requirement for Design and Analysis

The engineering report shall include the basic information like present design criteria and assumptions,
evaluate alternative solutions, and offer conclusions and recommendations. The report must also include
to facilitate further plans and specifications development. The engineering report as a minimum, for any
project shall include the following information where appropriate.

Purpose and need for the proposed project.

Present and design population with the method of determination

Nature and extent of the service area (including immediate and probable future development).

Description of the existing collection and/or treatment system, including its condition and
problems, renovation and rehabilitation or replacement requirements.

Present basis of design including reliable measurements or analysis of flow and wastewater
constituents and hydraulic, organic and solids loadings attributed to residential, commercial, and
industrial users.

All structures must comply with ASCE 7-10, Minimum Design Loads for Building and Other
Structures.

An evaluation of alternative solutions and the rationale for recommending the chosen alternative,
considering economics of operations and effectiveness and all costs over the life-cycle of the final
project. The life-cycle cost considerations should include a calculation of savings and recaptured
capacity that may result from sewer rehabilitation upstream of any new sewer interceptors, pump
stations, treatment plants and other appurtenances in the submitted project.

WATER-ENERGY NEXUS
Large investments and are planning for the future are being made by companies, communities, states, and
federal agencies but plans based on long-term historical data for climate, river flows, and extreme events
are becoming less relevant in a world that is rapidly changing. site-specific real-time operational
constraints and the associated risks to technical, economic, and environmental sustainability ,must be
considered in long-term development planning. Some operational and planning responses occur on the
order of seconds, minutes, and days, while others span seasons, years, even several decades or longer.
The problems vary across regions depending on the climate, topography, population density, and level and
type of energy and economic development. Additionally, because energy and water systems are generally
adapted to the existing climate, significant changes of weather, weather extremes, and land use changes
will almost always require some costly adjustment.
Different energy systems, whether for cooling, hydropower, or other forms of renewable energy supplies,
often require water resources and storage with flexibility to manage changes in energy demand. as climate
changes, the statistics of weather and the natural processes that result in runoff and ultimately surface
water flows or aquifer storage will change however better prediction allows for better deployment of
existing resources. This suggests the need for a different mix of capacity that is less dependent on
weather. If river temperatures routinely become higher, reliance on once-through cooling of thermal
power plants may risk capacity availability during peak demands. If river flow changes in amounts or
timing, it could limit or increase the potential to use existing hydro capacity to back up variable

generation resources. In addition to meeting the needs of energy demands with changing water supplies,
both water and energy demands will undoubtedly change with time as they are influenced by many
factors, including climate change. Peak and base demands, corresponding to extreme events such as
droughts and heat waves, are likely to pose significant challenges whether for dealing with the energy
requirements for cooling in urban systems or the changing water demands for agricultural, biofuels, and
food security.
Energy supply for water demands: Cities and communities must ensure that they have reliable clean
water supplies, and groundwater pumping, inter-basin transfers, and purification systems use energy.
Many questions remain unanswered:

Will new, more distant sources be needed?

Can diverse sources improve reliability?

How will changing precipitation and temperature affect surface flows, water quality, and
groundwater recharge?

Will rising seas create brackish surface or groundwater that is now a source of freshwater supply?

REFERENCES

http://www.csir.co.za/Built_environment/RedBook/Vol_II/Chapter_06/Chapter_06_Vol_IIa.pdf.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culvert

Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet Sewers, Pressure, United States Environmental Protection
Agency

http://simply-science-nbep.blogspot.com/2011/06/why-are-wastewater-treatment-plants-so.html

https://www.tn.gov/assets/entities/environment/attachments/design-criteria_chapter-1.pdf

Water Supply System and Evaluation Methods, US Fire Administration, Valume I:Water Supply
System Concepts, October 2008

Estimating stromwater runoff, John Poullion PE, 2012

Water Well Design and Construction, THOMAS HARTER, ANR Publication 8086