Recall:

Set is a well-defined collection of

objects.

If an object belong to the set, it is

called an element. Otherwise, the
object is not an element.

The number of elements of a set is

called its cardinality.

Roster and Rule Method

Empty sets and Universal Sets

Finite and Infinite Sets

Learning Objectives

SET RELATIONS

SET RELATIONS

Upon completion you should be

able to determine set relations
such as
Determine set relations;
Illustrate set operations using
Venn Diagrams; and
Perform set operations.

SET RELATIONS

Equal Sets
Two sets A and B are equal if they
have exactly the same elements.
Symbolically, we write A B.
Otherwise, we write A B.

SET RELATIONS

SET RELATIONS

Example:

Example:

If A is the set of letters in the word

mathematics
B is the set of letters in the word
mathetics

Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and B = {3, 5, 1, 9, 7}.

AB
If C is the set of letters in the
word math

Are all the elements in A also in B?

Are all the elements in B also in A?

YES! Therefore A and B have the same

elements.
Sets A and B are equal.

A C since s A but s C

SET RELATIONS

Definition:
Two sets A and B are in one-toone correspondence if it is
possible to pair each element of
A with exactly one element of B,
and each element of B with
exactly one element of A.

SET RELATIONS

Equivalent Sets

What can you observe about the following

pairs of sets?
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

B = {a, e, i, o, u}

C = {guava, melon, avocado} D = {do, re, mi}

When the elements of A and B can be put in a
1-1 correspondence, we say they are
equivalent and we write A B.
Thus, in our example, A B and C D.
Is A C? Why?

SET RELATIONS

Time to think:
Are all equal sets equivalent?

SET RELATIONS

Subset
If all elements of set A are also elements of
set B, we say, A is a subset of B or B is a
superset of A.

Are equivalent sets equal?

If A is a subset of B, we write A B.

SET RELATIONS

SET RELATIONS

Example:
Let S be the set of all students in this room.

Subset

B be the set of all boys in this room.

Is A is a subset of itself?

G be the set of all girls in this room.

Is the empty set a subset of

Is B a subset of S?

Is G a subset of S?
However, B is not a subset of G. Why?

In general, for any set A

A A and A.

In this case, we write B G.

SET RELATIONS
If A (non-empty) B and A B, then
we call A a proper subset of B.

SET RELATIONS
True or False: Let A, B, and C be sets.
1. 0
2. 0

Example:
If A = {, } and B = {,,,} then
A is a proper subset of B,
and we write A B.

3.

4. A B then B A.
5. If A B and B C, then A C.
6. A
7.

VENN DIAGRAM

Venn Diagram

Example:

B
A

Draw a Venn diagram satisfying

A B and B A

A B

VENN DIAGRAM

BA

VENN DIAGRAM

Example:
Draw a Venn diagram satisfying
A B , A C , and B C
B
A

or

SET RELATIONS

Disjoint Sets

Two sets are disjoint if they have no

element in common.

A and B are disjoint: If x A, then x B

If x B , then x A

A and B are disjoint

A
B
A and B are not disjoint

NUMBER
SETS

Natural numbers

NUMBER SETS

1, 2,3,...
NUMBER
SETS

Prime numbers

Composite numbers

NUMBER
SETS

Whole numbers

0,1, 2,3,...

NUMBER
SETS

Integers

..., 1, 0,1,...

NUMBER
SETS

Even Integers

2 k k
4

NUMBER
SETS

Odd Integers

2 k 1 k

NUMBER
SETS

Rational Numbers

p
,
q

,
p

NUMBER
SETS

Irrational Numbers

1 5
e, , 2,
2

NUMBER
SETS

Real Numbers