LITERACY

Introduction of Literacy:
Literacy is traditionally understood as the ability to read and write. The term's
meaning has been expanded to include the ability to use language, numbers,
images and other means to understand and use the dominant symbol systems of
a culture. The concept of literacy is expanding in OECD countries to include
skills to access knowledge through technology and ability to assess complex
contexts.
Literacy and Education of Women in India:
Education is regarded as a key instrument for the empowerment of women.
Education changes their worldview, improves their chances of employment,
facilitates their participation in public life, and also influences their fertility.
Several studies indicate that educated women have, on an average, fewer
children and they take good care of their socialization.
Although considerable progress has been made with regard to literacy and
education, the overall picture still remains unfavorable to women. At the
beginning of the 20th century, the country as a whole was largely illiterate with
just 5.3 per cent of the population counted as literate. Only 0.60 per cent women
were then literate. In 1951, the first Census taken four years after independence,
the picture was not much better.
The female literacy rate stood at 7.e93 per cent, as compared to 24.95 per cent
for men. The 2001 Census suggests a 65.38 per cent literacy rate for India, with
75.85 per cent for males, and 54.16 per cent for females. Literacy is not evenly
spread throughout India. There are 12 states and Union territories that are below
the national average for female literacy.

The states of Bihar and Jharkhand have the lowest female literacy rates (33.57
and 39.38%, respectively). These data suggest that nearly half of Indias female
population is still illiterate. This is not a small number. A massive programme is
needed to make nearly 240 million women literate.

STUDY AREA
Barabanki:
Barabanki district is located in Uttar Pradesh. Area of Barabanki is 4402.68
Sq. Km. It is 18th largest district in Uttar Pradesh and 271th largest in India in
terms of total area. Barabanki is28th most Populous district out of total 71
districts in Uttar Pradesh and it is 107th most Populous district in India.The
population density of Barabanki is 740 Persons per square Km.It is 45th most
densely populated out of 71 districts in Uttar Pradesh and it is 155th most
densely populated district out of total 640 districts in india.

Literacy rate of Barabanki:

Total Literacy rate of Barabanki is 63.76%. This means 63.76 out of 100
persons of age more than 6 years are literate. It is ranked56 in terms of literacy
rate out of total 71 districts of Uttar Pradesh and 107 out of total 640 districts of
India. Male Literacy of Barabanki is 72.49% while female literacy stands at
54.1%.

GEOGRAPHY:
LOCATION & BOUNDARIES:
The district Barabanki is situated about 29 Kms. in the East direction of
Lucknow the Capital of Uttar Pradesh. This district being one of the four
districts of Faizabad division, is located in the heart of Awadh region and it lies
between Latitudes 26 30' North and 27 19' North and Longitudes 80 58'
East and 81 55' East. District Barabanki is surrounded by district Faizabad in
the East, districts Gonda and Bahraich in the North East, district Sitapur in the
North West, district Lucknow in the West, district Rae Bareli in the South and
district Sultanpur in the South East. The river Ghaghra forms the North Eastern
Boundary separating Barabanki from Bahraich and Gonda.
TOPOGRAPHY:

The district can be topographically divided into three main regions. First
TARAI region, the area in the North East towards river Ghaghra. Second
GOMTI PAR region, the wide area from South West to South East of the
district. Third is called the HAR region, which is situated at some height to the
Gomti Par region. The whole tract is gently undulating land with gentle slope
from the North West to South East.
RIVER SYSTEM AND WATER RESOURCES:
The district is well fed by rivers Ghaghra, Gomti and Kalyani with their
tributaries for major part of the year. Although some of them dryout during
summers and create havoc during rainy season by flooding.
GHAGHRA:
Ghaghra is the most important river of the district. It, being a mountain river, is
the main resource of water round the year. Ghaghra flows from the northern
boundary of the district to the South East. Some portion of Tehsil Fatehpur and
some portion of Tehsil Ram Sanehi Ghat falls on its banks. Ghaghra forms the
northern boundary separating Barabanki from Bahraich and Gonda
GOMTI:
This is the second important river in the district, being a river with its origin in
the plains itself flows, throughout the year. Gomti flows from Lucknow into this
district and covers the northern part of tehsil Haidergarh and some portion of
the tehsil Ram Sanehi Ghat.
KALYANI:
Kalyani is a small river of local origin. It flows through the district along with
its tributaries, covering most of central portion of the district. Kalyani creates
havoc during the rains, flooding considerable part of the district, though during
summers there is hardly any water in certain sections of the river.It is an
important source of water for major period of the year, with banks precipitous at
a number of places.

RAIT:
Rait is a small stream which flows dangerously during rains, flooding its
adjoining areas, but dries up during the summers.

ADMINISTRATION AND DIVISIONS

Barabanki Is One Of The Four Constituent Districts Of Faizabad Division. The
Other Districts Being Faizabad District, Sultanpur District And Ambedkar
Nagar District. The Division Is Headed By The Divisional Commissioner.
Tehsils:

Block
Lok Sabha Constituency
Vidhan Sabha Constituency
Population:
Literacy Rate

DISTRICT
UTTAR
WORLD
PRADESH
MAP
BARABANKI
MAP

1. Nawabganj
2. Fatehpur
3. Ramsanehi Ghat
4. Haidergarh
5. Ram Nagar
6. Sirauli Ghauspur
15
1
6
Male: - 1416920
Female: - 125661
47.39%

INDIA MAP

SAIHARA:
Saihara is situated in Nawabganj tehsil
and located in Bara banki district of
Uttar Pradesh. It is one of 392 villages in Nawabganj Block along with villages
like Jabri Khurd and Miyanpur. A majority of the persons living in Saihara have
involved themselves in agriculture and associated industries, and have thus

made the country the quickest developing world economy. The Saihara is hope
to people of different castes and creeds which rightly demonstrates the
principles of 'Unity in Diversity'. Saihara village life is fully relied on
agriculture and innate all over the land. The lifestyle maintained by the people
of Saihara villages as well as their working styles are as fascinating as the
balance offered by the metropolitan city lifestyles.
It is located 18 KM towards west from District head quarters Barabanki.
16 KM from Dewa. 20 KM from State capital Lucknow
Block

Deva

Tehsil:

Nawabganj

Village

Saihara

Aims and Objectives:

To encourage Government to make Policies and Laws to improve the status of
Women.
To provide awareness of Womens Rights and Laws.
To distribute creative and required material on Women Empowerment.

GrkHph+ouTLtmeiaAsy
promote social change and development through adult literacy and adult basic
education;

Contribute to the improvement of womens literacy rates by establishing centres

specifically for women;

Promote the wellbeing of women and their children through literacy and skills
training by exploring themes that address their concerns;

Organize womens groups to encourage women to attend literacy centres more

regularly and to understand the importance of participation in lifelong education

centres;

Promote the learning of simple techniques and income-generating skills

(sewing, knitting, market gardening and culinary arts) to allow women to carry

out income-generating activities; and Grant micro-credits to women to support

their practice of income-generating activities.

Hypothesis:

A hypothesis is a specific, testable predication. It describes in concrete

terms what you expect will happen in a certain circumstance.

METHODOLOGY:

It is systematic, theoretical analysis of methods applied to a field of study. The

concept of this chapter is to describe the structure of the analytical procedures adopted
for this study and to comment on the various method by which the study was

organized. Both qualitative and quantitative data used for this study and they were
source form both primary and secondary data.
Primary data is collected by research by themselves. This kind of data is new and
original, collected through QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY and INTERVIEW
METHOD.
Secondary data is collected by using information that is already given or produced by
other people, by
A.
B.
C.
D.

extensive review of literature

Internet Search
Relevant Books journals
Seminar, workshop and conferences are consulted for useful information.

Problem Faces in Women Literacy:

1. Poor school environment for girls:
In general the school environment for girls in India is not really interesting and
encouraging. There are still many schools with poor basic amenities such as
drinking water, latrine and toilet facilities, improper building and inadequate
number of teachers especially female teachers preferable for any parents for
safety of their girl children from different types of exploitation and abuse.

2. The lower enrolment:

The major educational problem faced by girls, especially girls from rural areas,
is that although they may be enrolled at the beginning at the year, they do not
always remain in school. Girls are often taken out of school to share the family
responsibilities.

3. Dowry system:
In India, dowry refers to the durable goods, cash and real or movable property
that the brides family gives to the bridegroom his parents or his relatives as a
condition of the marriage. The dowry system is thought to put great financial
burden on the brides family.
4. Early marriage:
Early or child marriage in India, according to Indian law, is a marriage where
either the woman is below age 18 or the man is below age 21. Most child
marriage involves underage women, many of whom are in poor socio-economic
conditions.
5. Priority to sons education compared to daughters education:
Many parents view educating sons as an investment because the sons will be
responsible for caring for aging parents. On the other hand parents may see the
education of daughter a waste of money as daughter will eventually live with
their husbands families and the parents will not benefit directly from their
education

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The study of referred literature on previously made studies or research will give
you correct direction to your study or research. The study helps in planning your
project. As per Walter R. Brog.
The empowerment of women is one of the central issues in the process of
development of countries all over the world. The International Womens Day
celebrated on 8th march every year has become a day of demonstration for equal
opportunity and solidarity. But the question arises how relevant is celebration of
Womens Day in view of the fact that their position in the society has not changed
much.
The empowerment of women is one of the central issues in the process of
development of countries all over the world. The International Womens Day
celebrated on 8th march every year has become a day of demonstration for equal
opportunity and solidarity. But the question arises how relevant is celebration of
Womens Day in view of the fact that their position in the society has not changed
much.

Education and development of women:-

1. Women and education:- The lack of education is the main cause for which
women are the sufferer, more than men. The lack of education means the lack of
selfreliance, self-confidence for which women are not able to come out of their
problems. So educating a woman means educating a family.

2. Women and law:- Illiteracy creates a barrier to the realization of constitutional

goals of social justice and equality of status of opportunity between men and
women. After Independence various laws were enacted to ensure equality,
social justice and fraternity, enshrined in the preamble of the Constitution.

3. Economic factors:- Studies have revealed that Women carry two-thirds of the
total work load in the country and receive not more than 10% of the total
wages, out of which they probably do not get even 1% for their own use. An
important reason for the low participation of girls in education among the
disadvantaged sections of the population is that girls from a very early age
begin to take care of their younger siblings and to house-hold work to relieve
their parents to go out for work.

4. Social factors:- This plays an important role in inhibiting the participation of

women in education. Early marriage, frequent pregnancy, affects the enrolment
rates of girls in education. Most important, however, is the attitude towards girls
which is widely prevalent, especially among the poor and in rural areas.

CONTENT

Preface
Acknowledgement
Declaration
List of Figure
List of table
Chapter 1: An Overview of Dessertaion
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Study Area
1.3. Aims and Objectives
1.4. Hypothesis
1.5. Methodology
1.6. Statement of the Problem
1.7. Review of Literature
1.7.1. International Research work
1.7.2. National Research work
Chapter 2: Study Area
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Geographical Structure
2.2.1. Location And Boundary
A. Barabanki District
B. Nawabganj Tehshil
C. Saihara Village
2.2.2. Topography
2.2.3. Climate
2.2.4. Vegetation
2.2.5. Drainage And Sewage
2.3. History of Barabanki
2.4. Demographic Structure
2.4.1. Population
2.4.2. Sex Ratio
A. Barabanki District
B. Nawabganj Tehshil
C. Saihara Village
2.5. Economy
2.6. Literacy

SYNOPSIS
ON
Comparative Analysis of literacy rate
according to age structure

(A case study of saihara village, barabanki)

SUBMITTED FOR

The Partial Fulfillment of Degree

Master of Art in Geography
SUBMITTED BY
Mohini Maurya
M.A. IVTH SEM.
414908

Under The Guidance

Dr. P. K. Singh
(Head, Deptt. Of Geography)

Department of Geography
National Post Graduate College
An Autonomous College of Lucknow University.
2 Rana Pratao MArg, Lucknow
(NAAC Accreditation A Grade)
2015-2016