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Background
Air
standard
cycles
had
simplified
approximations, and therefore, performance
estimate of the engine is greater than the actual
performance.
Background-Contd.
Ideal Case:
Actual Case:
Working fluid is air + fuel + residual gas
Specific heats increases with increase in
temperature
Combustion products are subjected to
dissociation at high temperature
Remark
# The air-standard analysis allows how the efficiency
is improved by raising the compression ratio of air.
Cp = a1 + k1T + k2T2
Cv = b1 + k1T + k2T2
8
Physical Explanation
Cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK at 300 K
Cp = 1.343 kJ/kgK at 2000 K
Cv= 0.718 kJ/kgK at 300 K
Cv = 1.055 kJ/kgK at 2000 K
Increase
Explanation
As temperature is an indication of motion of
1-2-3-4
: with constant specific heats
1-2-3-4 : with constant specific heat from point 3
1-2-3-4 : with variable specific heats
Dissociation Loss
Dissociation : disintegration of combustion products
at high temperature. During dissociation, heat is
absorbed, whereas during combustion heat is
liberated.
Remarks
Lean Mixture : No dissociation takes place
13
pmax
increases
with
increasing
r
and
liberation of chemical
energy at high pressure
gives more scope for
expansion work. Thus,
there is higher efficiency
but to a certain value of
compression ratio (r).
16
= Equivalence Ratio
=
Actual F
Ratio
Stoicheometric F
Ratio
At a given r, maximum
temperature is reached
when the mixture is slightly
rich (about 6 - 8 %). This is
because, at =1, there is
still some oxygen present
at point 3 because of
chemical
equilibrium
effects, and a rich mixture
will cause more fuel to
combine with oxygen at
that point thereby raising
the
temperature
T 3.
However, at rich mixtures
increased formation of CO
counteracts this effect.
18
References
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DL (1985), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Eastop TD, and McConkey A, (1993), Applied Thermodynamics for Engg.
Technologists, Addison Wisley.
3. Fergusan CR, and Kirkpatrick AT, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Gill PW, Smith JH, and Ziurys EJ, (1959), Fundamentals of I. C. Engines, Oxford
and IBH Pub Ltd.
6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers.
7. Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.
8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis.
9. Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley.
10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in Internal Combustion Engines,
Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.
11. Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall.
12. Rogers GFC, and Mayhew YR,
YR (1992), Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison
1.
Wisley.