Geography

Geo- Earth
Definition Of Geography
The study of the earth as the hme of man.
Eratosthenes - Philosopher who came up with the term geography. The father of ge
ography. He was a universal scholar. But universal scholars stopped in the age o
f industrialization.
276bc-194bc
The mid 1800's was the end of the universal scholar and the beginning of specili
zation.
Physical and Cultural (Human) Geography are two division of geography.
Physical
Meteorology - The science of weather.
Climatology- The science of climate.
Bio-Geography- Combining geography with biology.
Geomorphology - The study of landforms.
Oceanography- The study of the worlds oceans.
Cultural (Human) Geography
Regional Geographies[9
Medical Geography - Geography of disease.
Economic Geography - Combining geography with economics.
Geography of Crime - Studies the distribution of crime.
Geography of the Aged- Studies the elderly and their crime.
Cartography - The geography of maps
G.I.S- Geographic Information Systems (Dates back to the early 1980's) Computer
applied geography.
William Morris Davis - Father of American Geography - 1902 in Chicago establishe
d the first geography department. He founded the A.A.G (Association of American
Geographers.)

Notes 2/5
Latitude
East/West Lines that determine north/south locations
Each parallel to the next
sometimes called parallels

90 degrees is the max latititude and is a point not a line

180 degrees is the max for longtitude
latititude is horizontal, longittude is vertical
Longtitude
longtitude is horizontal
Longtitude north/south lines that determine east/west locations
Not parallel; converge of the poles
sometimes called meridainas
latitude comes first "30n, 90w
Tropic of cancer - 23.5n
artic circle
66.5n
the fatherst point form the north
The nrothen most point on the earth that expierences the direct rays of the sun
Anartic Circle
66.5 s
The farthest point from the south pole, in the southern hemisphere, the experein
ces at least one day when the sun does not rise.

Notes- 2/8
29 1/2n, 89 1/2 w
29.5n, 89.5w
29degrees 30 n, 89 degrees 30 w - using time method and most atlas' use this met
hod.
The equater is at 0 degrees
Prime miderian and 180 degrees
International Dateline - The line marketing the point where each day ends and be
gins. It was put in pacific ocean so that it didnt mss up any cultures. The line
is only 180 degrees in some places. It bends and curves. It is a difference of
24hours forwards or backwards.
Baltimore street horizontal Charles vertical.

United states 6 time zones. China doesnt have time zones.

Maps - The primary tool of geographer
A scaled representation of all the portion of the earths surface.
Three ways that a cartographer can present map scale to us:
1. Graphic Scale
2.Stated Scale: 1 inch= 1mile
3. Representative Fraction Scale (RF) 1:24,000 1 unit on the map is the same a
s 24,000 units on the surface. The units have to be the same on both sides.

Notes - 2/10
Large Scale and Small Scale Maps
Large Scale Maps - Show little Area and A lot of detail. Example: Country Road M
ap. R.F.= 1:24,000
Small Scape Maps - Show a lot of area but they have little detail. Example is a
world map. R.F. = 1:24,000,000
1:24,000 or 1:24,000,000 = The units have to be the same on both size.
3 basic Types of Maps - (Planimetric, Thematic, Topographic Maps)
Planimetric Maps
Show two dimensional information only
No reference to taltitude
Example is a road map.
Thematic (topical) Maps
Present a theme or topic
Maybe of the greatest use in presenting geographic information.
Topographic Maps
Show three dimensional information (3d)
Altitude values are shown
Topographic from typography
Topography- The surface features of the earth and their arrangement.
How to Show 3D Information
Raised Relief
Colors
Contour Lines - Lines that connect points of equal altitude. One type of a broad
family of lines called isoline. An isoline connects points of equal value.
Map Projections
The way that the surface features of the earth are projected onto the map surfac
e. They are done to manipulate distortion. All maps exhibit some type of distort
ion because you are representing a curved area in life on a 2d surface.

Geradus Mercator - Published the first world atlas. (Mercator Projection)

Notes - 2/17/16
The Universe - All Things
Cosmology - The study of the universe
Astronomy - The study of space
Speed of light - 186,000 miles per second
In a year, it will travel 6 trillion miles
Light is a measure of distance but not a measure of time
The big bang - 14 billion years old
How big is the universe? The known universe - 14 billion light years Light years
measure distance
Gallaxy - An organized groups of stars
Andromedia Gallaxy - 2 million light years
Our gallaxy is called the milky way
Nebula - A collection of dust and gas...where new stars are boen and around thos
e new stars;planets.