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LETTER ADDRESS

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SALUTATION

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COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE

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SIGNATURE LINES

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ENCLOSURE NOTATION

BODY

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Inside Letter ______________

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Body of Letter
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Complementary Close

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Full
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Date
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Inside Address _______________

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Complimentary Close

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The Comma (,)

The comma is useful in a sentence when the writer wishes to:
-pause before proceeding
-add a phrase that does not contain any new subject
-separate items on a list
use more than one adjective (a describing word, like beautiful)
Full Stop (.)
A full stop should always be used to end a sentence. The full stop indicates
that a point has been made and that you are about to move on to further
explanations or a related point.
Exclamation Mark (!)
An exclamation mark indicates strong feeling within a sentence, such as fear,
anger or love. It is also used to accentuate feeling within the written spoken
word.
Question Mark (?)
The question mark simply indicates that a sentence is asking a question. It
always comes at the end of a sentence:
Semi-colon (;)
The semi-colon is perhaps the most difficult sign of punctuation to use
accurately. If in doubt, avoid using it and convert the added material into a
new sentence.
Colon (:)
The colon within a sentence makes a very pointed pause between two
phrases. There are two main uses of the colon:
Apostrophe ()
The apostrophe, sometimes called an inverted comma has two main uses.
The apostrophe indicates possession or ownership.
Quotation or Speech Marks (.)
Quotation or speech marks are used to:
-To mark out speech
-When quoting someone else's speech
Hyphen (-)
The hyphen is used to link words together.
Brackets ( )
Brackets always come in pairs ( ) and are used to make an aside, or a point
which is not part of the main flow of a sentence. If you remove the words
between the brackets, the sentence should still make sense.

Square Brackets []
A different set of square brackets [ ] can be used:
-to abbreviate lengthy quotations
-to correct the tense of a quotation to suit the tense of your own sentence
-to add your own words to sections of an abbreviated quotation.
Slash (/)
Many people use the slash instead of or, and etc., but this is not always
helpful to the reader. There is, however, a modern convention in genderneutral writing to use s/he.

1. Use verbs that agree with a subject, not with a noun

that is part of a modifying phrase or clause between verb
and subject:
The pot of eggs is boiling on the stove.
2. Use singular or plural verbs that agree with the subject,
not with the complement of the subject:
My favorite type of movie is comedies, but Comedies are my
favorite type of movie.
3. Use singular verbs with singular indefinite pronouns
each, the -bodies, -ones, and -things
(anybody, everyone, nothing), and the like:
Neither is correct. (And, just as in rule number 1, the presence
of a modifier is irrelevant: Neither of them is correct.)
4. Use plural verbs with plural indefinite pronouns:
Many outcomes are possible.
5. Use singular verbs with uncountable nouns that follow
an indefinite pronoun:
All the paint is dried up.
6. Use plural verbs with countable nouns that follow an
indefinite pronoun:
All the nails are spilled on the floor.
7. Use plural verbs with compound subjects that
include and:
The dog and the cat are outside.

8. Use plural verbs or singular verbs, depending on the

form of the noun nearest the verb, with compound
subjects that include nor or or:
Either the dog or the cats are responsible for the mess. (Either
the cats or the dog is responsible for the mess is also technically
correct but is awkward.)
9. Use singular verbs with inverted subjects that include
singular nouns:
Why is my hat outside in the rain?
10. Use plural verbs with inverted subjects (those
beginning with the expletive there rather than the actual
subject) that include plural nouns:
There are several hats outside in the rain.

11. Use singular or plural verbs with collective nouns

depending on meaning:
His staf is assembled, but Staf are asked to go to the
conference room immediately. (In the first sentence, the
emphasis is on the body of employees; in the second sentence,
the focus is on compliance by each individual in the body of
employees.)
12. Use singular verbs for designations of entities, such as
nations or organizations, or compositions, such as books
or films:
The United Nations is headquartered in New York.
13. Use singular verbs for subjects plural in form but
singular in meaning:
Physics is my favorite subject.
14. Use singular or plural verbs for subjects plural in form
but plural or singular in meaning depending on the
context:
The economics of the situation are complicated, but
Economics is a complicated topic.

15. Use plural verbs for subjects plural in form and

meaning:
The tweezers are in the cupboard.
16. Use plural verbs in constructions of the form one of
those (blank) who . . .:
I am one of those eccentrics who do not tweet.
17. Use singular verbs in constructions of the form the
only one of those (blank) who . . .:
I am the only one of my friends who does not tweet.
18. Use singular verbs in constructions of the form the
number of (blank) . . .:
The number of people here boggles the mind.
19. Use plural verbs in constructions of the form a
number of (blank) . . .:
A number of people here disagree.
20. Use singular verbs in construction of the forms every
(blank) . . . and many a (blank) . . .:
Every good boy does fine; Many a true word is spoken in jest.

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Letterhead
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Date

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Recipient`s Name
Recipient`s Address

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Salutation

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Ref/Sub

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Closing

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