5/20/2015

Aircraft Design and Recognition

Different aircraft design

Aircraft components
Commercial aircraft recognition

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Different aircraft design

Why they have different look?

Different aircraft design

Wing level
Wing shape
Wing tip

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Different aircraft design

Wing level - High wing aircraft vs low wing aircraft
High Wing

Low Wing

More stable - Pendulum

theory

Less stable (or better

flexibility) - High CG

Shorter landing distance

Longer landing distance (wingground effect)

Longer take off distance

Shorter take off distance

Better view

Obstructed field view

Different aircraft design

Dihedral vs Anhedral

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Why dihedral increase stability?

Disturbance causing sideslip
High angle of attach and great speed
More lift to restore roll equilibrium

Different aircraft design

Wing shape (A) symmetric wing vs asymmetric wing
Asymmetric wing most aircrafts
Better lift performance
Slower stall speed (less easily stall)

Symmetric wing aerobatics

Higher stall speed (less stable)
Practical needs for inverted flying

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Different aircraft design

Rectangular wing
Swept wing
Delta wing

Rectangular Wing

Swept Wing

Delta Wing

Normal training/
sightseeing aircraft

Commercial aircrafts

Fighter or supersonic
aircraft (Concorde)

Airflow hits the wing at

right angle

Airflow hits the wing at

oblique angle

Airflow hits the wing at

oblique angle

Slow design

Subsonic speed

Supersonic speed

Simple

Efficient, high lift/drag

ratio

Large wing area, high

manoeuvrability

Different aircraft design

Wing tip vortex
By-product of lift
Induced drag

Wing tip device

Increase effective aspect ratio (b2/S)
Reduce induced drag
Increase lift-drag ratio
Increase fuel efficiency
Disadvantage: weight, cost, parasitic
drag
A NASA study on wingtip vortices produced
illustrating the size of the vortices produced.

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Different aircraft design

How it works?
Save 4% of fuel

Winglet

Different aircraft design

Blended winglet
Smooth curved attachment to wing
Less interference drag at junction

Wingtip fence

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Different aircraft design

Raked wingtip
tip of the wing has a higher degree of sweep than the rest of
the wing
improve fuel efficiency, climb performance
shorten takeoff field length
increasing the effective aspect ratio of the wing and
interrupting wingtip vortices

Aircraft components

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Aircraft Recognition
Boeing and Airbus
Difference?
No. of Engine
Fin
Wingtip
Cockpit
Landing gear
Door

Aircraft Recognition
A380
Double decker
4 engines
Wingtip fence
Straight fin
Cockpit upper
corner cut

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Aircraft Recognition
B747 Family
partial double decker
4 engines
B747-800
Largest in family
No winglet but raked
wingtip
Special wing design

Aircraft Recognition
B747-400
Winglet
2 doors upper deck

B747-100/200/300
No winglet
-300 version with 2 doors
upper deck

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Aircraft Recognition
A340
Single deck
Winglet
Cockpit upper
corner cut

Aircraft Recognition
A330
2 engines
Winglet
Straight fin
Cockpit upper corner
cut

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Aircraft Recognition
A319/A320/A321
2 engines
Wingtip fence
Straight fin
Cockpit upper corner cut
A320 - double linked
emergency doors
A321- double separated
emergency doors
A319 single emergency
door

Aircraft Recognition
B737 Family

B737-300

2 engines
Step fin
Old/classic no winglets
New series blended
B737-700
winglets
Step cockpit (lower corner)+
no landing gear door

B737-800

B737-900

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Aircraft Recognition
B757
2 engines
Usually no winglet
Straight fin
Step cockpit (lower
corner)

Aircraft Recognition
B767
2 engines
Usually no winglet
Straight fin
Normal cockpit
Larger than B757

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Aircraft Recognition
B777
Easiest to recognize
among all 2 engines
aircrafts
2 engines
No winglet
Large engine
3 pairs of wheels
Screw driver tail
Larger than B757/B767

Aircraft Recognition
3 wheels + screw
driver tail: B777
With winglet: A330
Straight fin
2 Engines
Step fin: B737
families

With wingtip fence:

A319/320/321
Normal: B767
Cockpit corner

Double Decker:
A380
4 Engines

Lower cut: B757

Single Deck: A340

Partial Double
Decker

With Winglet: B747400

No Winglet: B7471/2/300

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END

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