CANCER

Cancer, also called malignancy, is an abnormal growth of cells. There are more than 100
types of cancer, including breast cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate
cancer, and lymphoma.
Cervical cancer is mostly caused by the human papillomavirus, or HPV. An HPV vaccine
may reduce the risk of cervical cancer.Cervical cancer can often be successfully treated
when it's found early. It is usually found at a very early stage through a Pap test.

Symptoms of cervical cancer can include painful sex, vaginal bleeding, and discharge.

Cervical Cancer Stages

The stage of cervical cancer refers to the extent to which it has spread. Stage 0 means that
the cancer cells are found on the surface of the cervix, and stage I means the cancer is
localized to the cervix. Spread to the upper part of the vagina signals a stage II cancer. Stage
III tumors extent to the lower vagina, and in Stage IV, the tumor has spread to the bladder or
rectum, or to distant sites in the body.

risk factors include the following: Giving birth to many children; Having many sexual
partners; Having first sexual intercourse at a young age; Smoking cigarettes.
Four types of standard treatment are used:
Surgery
Radiation therapy

Chemotherapy
Targeted therapy

PROSTATE CANCER- is usually a very slow growing cancer, often causing no symptoms
until it is in an advanced stage. Most men with prostate cancer die of other causes, and
many never know that they have the disease. But once prostate cancer begins to grow
quickly or spreads outside the prostate, it is dangerous. in its early stages (when its only
found in the prostate gland) can be treated with very good chances for survival. Because
of the many advances in available treatments, most men whose prostate cancer becomes
widespread can expect to live five years or more. Some men with advanced prostate
cancer live a normal life and die of another cause, such as heart disease.
TREATMENT: Prostate cancer treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, cryotherapy,
hormonal therapy, and/or radiation. In some instances, doctors recommend "watchful
waiting."

Symptoms of Prostate Cancer

Blood in urine or semen; Leaking of urine when laughing or coughing; Inability to
urinate standing up; A frequent need to urinate, especially at night

Risk factors: Age; Race/ethnicity;

Family history; Diet;
Smoking; Sexually
transmitted infections;

Congenital abnormalities

Congenital anomalies are also known as birth defects, congenital disorders or congenital
malformations. Congenital anomalies can be defined as structural or functional anomalies
(e.g. metabolic disorders) that occur during intrauterine life and can be identified
prenatally, at birth or later in life.

Prevention: restrict, their intake of harmful

substances, particularly alcohol; controlling
preconceptional and gestational diabetes,
through counselling, weight management, diet
and administration of insulin when needed;
improving vaccination coverage, especially
against the rubella virus, for children and
women

Causes: Genetic factors; Infections;

Maternal nutritional status;
Maternal nutritional status

Intersexuality-is a general term used for a variety of conditions in which a person is

born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesnt seem to fit the typical definitions
of female or male.

Cryptorchidism -cryptorchidism
[krip-torkid-izm]
failure of one or both of the testes to descend into the scrotum. As the unborn male child
develops, the testes first appear in the abdomen at about the level of the kidneys. They
develop at this site, and in approximately the seventh month of fetal life start to descend
to the upper part of the groin. From there they move into the inguinal canal and then,
normally, into the scrotum. In its descent, a testis may sometimes be halted in the
abdomen or within the canal, becoming an undescended testis. An improperly developed
testis may never leave the abdomen, and it may not produce the hormones that induce
secondary sex characters. A testis lodged in the canal may well produce these secondary
sex characters, but cannot produce spermatozoa. Cases in which both testes fail to
descend are uncommon; usually only one is involved and the other produces sufficient

numbers of spermatozoa.