UMRAN2014: Fostering Ecosphere In The Built Environment

HUMAN DIMENSION ON FISH AND AMPHIBIAN AS

INDICATORS FOR A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT IN
URBAN LAKES OF KUALA LUMPUR
Lukman Bin Ramli1 , Liyana Binti Bakeri, Zainul Mukrim Hj Baharuddin2

ABSTRACT
Fish and amphibians are among two miracles species that can detect changes happen in environment. This
statement has been proved to be true as the western ecologists have already make a conclusion from their
findings that some plants and animals species might be considered as indicator species, which are
capable to give an illustration on ecosystem health, for examples frog, toad and salamander (Marshall,
2013). The scenario can be summarized as simple as the presence of these species becomes sign of a
healthy milieu, while their absence tells another story. Reflecting the statement, this research was made to
investigate the relationship between the availability of fish, frog and toad with the quality of water and
environmental attitudes that can be the indicator for a healthy aquatic environment in lake gardens of Kuala
Lumpur. The hypothesis was set that the higher the numbers of fish and amphibians species indicate that
the water quality is good along with a good human dimension toward the environment. Findings from this
research will involve two measures; both scientific and human dimension. Beyond the scope, this study can
also increase the understanding on ecological function, which can contribute some ideas when designing
ecological settings. To encourage healthy environment, availability of these two species should be
considered, for instance Marshall (2013) once again suggested to build a habitat for toad and frog, for
example to built their breeding site like pond or pool with well-vegetated and shade. This action has
automatically turned a hectic urban setting into a desirable biodiversity hub for a healthy lifestyle.
Keywords: Indicator species, water quality, scientific research, human dimension, biodiversity

INTRODUCTION
Scientific research Fish and Amphibian
One of the unique creatures of the Earth is fish. It is the best agent that enable human to
detect any changes that happen in environment. Lammens (1999: 191) agree that the role
of fish become more important when it is include in lake management and restoration,
where it is easy to handle rather than other living organism. The action of introduce and
removing fish have been prove to give effect to the lake through few series of
experiments (Kerfoot & A. Sih, 1987).
The research paper is concern on the fish that live in freshwater environment.
Many form of freshwater can be found; where some of them that related to this study
include lakes and ponds (Gledhill, 2008). Aquatic environment is part and parcel of life,
thus it may somehow affect our health (Kumar, 2012).The ability of fish to metabolize,
concentrate and store waterborne pollutants make it as the best indicator to study the
water pollution (Al-Sabti, 1991). The classification of freshwater fish then further
1

3rd Year Landscape Architecture Student, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, KAED IIUM

Asst. Prof at Dept. of Landscape Architecture, KAED IIUM

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UMRAN2014: Fostering Ecosphere In The Built Environment

classified into two; invasive or introduced species and native species. One of the scientist
define invasive species as the one that is not originally from the site; which is being
introduced (Rejmanek et al., 2002), then it will spread and conquer the site through its
uncontrolled population (see Berthuo, 2007). Meanwhile, the native species is vice versa
and they are usually endemic, indigenous and exotic (Vitousek, 1997).
Amphibian belongs to animal like frog, toad, salamander, caecilians and newt.
However, Malaysia only has two of them which are frog and toad. Mainly an amphibian
can live both in water and land (Attenborough, 2008). The terminology of amphibian
refers to their two complete cycle of life. Malaysia only has two of them which are frog
and toad. Mainly an amphibian can live both in water and land (Attenborough, 2008).
Many researchers believe that amphibian such as frog is the best indicator for
aquatic environment (Before it's too late - documentary). The reliability of frog as
indicator is less argues. The only argument is whether amphibian is treating as single or
suite (Sewell and Griffiths, 2009). They have a sensitive skin that was use for breathing
(http://www.saburchill.com-online). As their absorbed oxygen through their skin, it is
believed that contamination also will easily absorb through their skin.
Amphibian is a cold-blooded animal and they cannot produce their own heat to
balance their body temperature. They need to depend on environment temperature to
sustain their life. Amphibians can benefit to human life in many ways (whyzz, 2014online):
They play an important role in nature as both predator and prey, sustaining the
delicate balance of nature.
They minimizing the spreading of disease such as malaria by eating the pest
insects.
These two animals becoming concern in this research in which their availability in
urban area indicate the good health of a community or environment.

Figure 1: The elements of human dimension

(Source: Miller 2003)

Human Perception - Behaviour,

Knowledge, Attitude and Value
Human is the main user of
environment. As a user, a clear
understanding on environment is a
crucial part. The relationship of human
to environment can be measure
through few aspects; according to
Michalos, 2009; they are attitude,
behaviour, knowledge and value.
Environmental attitudes are important
and it is being globally discussed,
frequently measured, however it often
failed to be understood clearly.

UMRAN2014: Fostering Ecosphere In The Built Environment

Heberlein also admitted that this measure is cannot be detect using scientific
method, as they cannot be weight, even they cannot be seen. However, he believed,
understanding of attitude manages to bring understanding on behaviour. The researcher is
eager to know why this important value affect or effect by scientific factor such as water
quality in order to determine the health of urban environment.
As environment consists of many elements that affect human life and well-being;
for example water and wildlife, more study should be made on it. An attitude is
something else beyond simple facts that may be judged against other data, It has an
evaluation component. A specific summary evaluative judgment, such as I like trees or
I dislike wind is defined as an attitude by Bern (1970) and Fishbein and Ajzen (1975).
Rokeach (1973) defines value as an enduring belief that a specific mode of
conduct is personally or socially pre ferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct
or end state of existence. Rokeach has identified 18 terminal values, such as a
comfortable life (a prosperous life), happiness (contentedness), freedom
(independence, free choice) etc. and 18 instrumental values, such as ambitious (hard
working, aspiring), logical (consistent, rational), and obedient (dutiful, respectful).
It has similarly been suggested that some conception of behavioral control be
included in our more general models of human behavior, conceptions in the form of
facilitating factors (Triandis, 1977), the context of opportunity (Sarver, 1983),
resources (Liska, 1984), or action control (Kuhl, 1985).
It is vital to understand human attitude as Kuala Lumpur is now promoting the
improvement of quality of life towards sustainable environment, on how wildlife related
to the development of green open space, for example urban parks (Zainul & Rashidi,
2013). The acts of preserving the ecosystem of earth will not only give the healthy
environment, but it also instils awareness and people value towards it (Standish et al.,
2012). There were various interpretations on the relation of human and ecology, in which
how the man value the component of ecology for example fish. The attitude of human to
nature is complicated, where it involve interchangeable process; cognitive and affective
responses (Clayton and Myers, 2009).

LITERATURE REVIEW
Indicator and Framework Interconnectivity
Indicator, much ways helps human in determining the result of a studies, for an example
a complicated studies involving elusive, unseen and far distance variables, that the
researcher may risk their life when perform the tasks. A standard can be access via
indicator where it should act as an alarm that tell the changes happen surroundings;
which then involve social and political to upgrade the system (de Landsheere et al., 1994).
Indicator alone is not really helpful to draw a pattern of research scope, thus it should be
inter-related with framework. When a theoretical framework work with framework of
indicator, they can show the potential relationships between variables (Mainguet and
Baye, 2006), thus a research can be conducted with efficiency and answerable to the
problem statement.

UMRAN2014: Fostering Ecosphere In The Built Environment

New Ecological Paradigm (NEP)

In this study, the theoretical framework that has been selected is the New Ecological
Paradigm (NEP) scale. It is to measure the pro-ecological and Dominant Social Paradigm
(DSP) worldview, in which it has been applied extensively in many fields such as
environmental education, outdoor recreation and other spaces, then they will be explained
by substituting 3 things; values, worldview or paradigm (Berkshire Publishing Group,
2012 Online). This method is a contrivance by Rikey Dunlap and his colleagues. There
are 15 statements under NEP (Dunlap et al., 2000). Some of the questions include we
are approaching the limit of the number of people the earth can support (pro-ecological),
and human have the right to modify the natural environment to suit their needs (DSP).

Biological Indicator and Monitoring

Obviously, biological indicator can be interpreted as using the living things as tools to
determine a result of a research. The technique used to read the biological indicator is by
biological monitoring that using aquatic organisms to measure the health of aquatic
environment, besides these organism also active in decaying dead organisms, which clean
the water (Herbst, 2006). Practically, this method is used to revise the previous data
obtained in laboratory, aiming to make some assessment, to determine the relevancy of
law enforced and the criteria that being set up for a good aquatic ecosystem (Philips and
Rainbow, 2006).

Water Quality
Other causes of death of the fish population; which is fish kill phenomenon may be due
to the over-growth of algae. When the growth cannot be controlled, they will tend to
close the water surface later on, combined with each other. This then cause the lack of
oxygen penetrate undergo water surface and fish experience the failure of breathing.
Besides this situation, the usage of high temperature during fish capture process will
cause the decrease in population (Amiran et al., 2010).
However, the oxygen content in lakes or ponds must not exceed the optimum
level. This will lead to a situation named as oxygen poisoned. When too much oxygen
content in water, the bubbles will fill up the fishs blood veins, thus lead to fatality
(Amiran et al., 2010).
Some of fish that regularly found in contaminated habitats (with flowing waternon stagnant) are Tilapia, Clarias, Channa and Lebistes. Tilapia is a most famous species
can be found in almost all freshwater lakes and ponds. It is a species originated from
Africa, well known for its resistance even in very critical environment. Meanwhile,
Tilapia, Trichogaster Anabas, Clarias and Channa can be found in polluted still water
(Amiran et al., 2010).

Eutrophication Phenomena Phosphate, Nitrate and Nitrite content

Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of
nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates. These typically promote excessive growth
of algae. As the algae die and decompose, high levels of organic matter and the
decomposing organisms deplete the water of available oxygen, causing the death of other
organisms, such as fish (Perlman, 2014).
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UMRAN2014: Fostering Ecosphere In The Built Environment

Phosphorus is a plant nutrient needed for growth and a fundamental element in

the metabolic reactions of plants and animals. The excessive of phosphorus content in
water may cause blooming of algae, in which oxygen level in water can decrease thus
cause the fatality of fish and other creatures.
Meanwhile, Nitrate also another nutrient needed by plants as source of food.
Excess level also prevents the survival of marine life.

METHODOLOGY

Figure 2: The description of

parks by respondents in urban
lakes of Kuala Lumpur 2014.

Basically, the research fully relies on reading materials at the beginning to get the
picture of the trends of research conducted before. After the study has been made, three
urban parks of Kuala Lumpur has been choose; Kepong Metropolitan Park (KMP) as the
most favourite place for community, Perdana Botanical Garden (PBG) with the largest
water bodies and its status as a botanical park and Titiwangsa Lake Garden (TLG) as a
multipurpose park with many facilities (referring to figure). During first visit, observation
and some interview to the users and DBKL
authority has been made to identify fish and amphibian species at the parks. The
inventory of species on fish and amphibians at the three parks is then being included in
questionnaire to identify human knowledge on the species. Second visit was done to do a
survey to determine human perceptions on wildlife that affect the quality of aquatic
environment, which consists of 4 elements; human knowledge, behavior, attitude and
value towards environment. The result then is related with water test result done by
previous researcher recently at the same locations. New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) and
Kellert Typology were selected as theroretical frameworks used in this research to
determine human attitude towards fish and amphibian. There are 45 respondents
involved; 15 respondents for each parks.

UMRAN2014: Fostering Ecosphere In The Built Environment

RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

Species of Fish and Amphibian Found in Urban Lakes of Kuala
Lumpur
Species of Fish
Table 1: Species of fish found in 3 specific location chosen in urban lakes of Kuala Lumpur, 2014.

No.
1
2

Location
Kepong Metropolitan
Park (KMP)
Perdana Botanical
Garden (PBG)

Common
species

12. Keli
(Siluriformes sp.)
3.Haruan
(Channa striata)
10. Tilapia
(Oreochromis
niloticus)

Titiwangsa Lake
Garden (TLG)

Other species
None
1.Lampam
(Puntius schwanenfeldii)
2. Puyu
(Anabas testudineus)
4.Patin
(Pangasius sp.)
5.Sepat
(Gourami sp.)
6. Ketutu
(Oxyeleotris marmorata)
7. Rohu (Labeo rohita)
14. Lee Koh
(Cyprinus carpio.)
8.Tamalian (Exocoetidae sp.)
9.Pacu (Serrasalminae sp.)
11. Kelisa
(Scleropages formosus)
15. Kap Rumput
(Cyprinidae sp.)
None

Source: (Perdana Botanical Garden Authority,2014. Table Zainul Mukrim Baharuddin, 2013).

Figure 3: Species of fish found in urban lakes of Kuala Lumpur, 2014.

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UMRAN2014: Fostering Ecosphere In The Built Environment

Species of Amphibians
Table 2: Species of amphibian found in 3 specific location chosen in urban lakes of Kuala Lumpur.

Location
Common species
Kepong
Metropolitan
Park (KMP)
Perdana
Botanical
Garden
(PBG)

Titiwangsa
Lake
Garden
(TLG)

Other species

None
2. Hylarana erythraea
(Green Paddy frog/ Leaf
frog)
1.Duttaphrynus
3. Fejervarya cancrivora
melanostictus (Common
(Mangrove frog)
Sunda Toad/ Puru)
4. Polypedates leucomysta
(Tree frog)

5. Kaloula pulchras
(Banded bullfrog)

Source: (Prof Madya Dr. Norhayati Ahmad,UKM, 2014. Table Zainul Mukrim Baharuddin 2013).

Figure 4: Species of amphibian found in urban lakes of Kuala Lumpur, 2014.

Result On Species Of Fish And Amphibian Found

Based on observation and interview session conducted at all three urban lakes chosen, it
is found that there is 3 species of fish that is recognize as common species; Keli, Tilapia
and Haruan. However, there are more other species found Perdana Botanical Garden
(PBG) such as Lampam, Puyu, Patin, Sepat, Ketutu, Rohu, Keli, Lee Koh, Kap Rumput,
Tamalian, Pacu, and Kelisa, meanwhile non other species found at the other two urban
lake; Titiwangsa Lake Garden and Kepong Metropolitan Park.
Meanwhile, referring to table 2, the same result found on amphibian species that
Perdana Botanical Garden has more amphibian species than the other two parks. It is also
found that a common species amphibian is Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Common Sunda
Toad/ Puru) found at all parks. However, Titiwangsa Lake Garden also has another rare
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UMRAN2014: Fostering Ecosphere In The Built Environment

species which is Kaloula pulchras (Banded bullfrog), while none of rare species of
amphibian found in Kepong Metropolitan Park.

Discussion
From the result, the species mostly found in Perdana Botanical Garden (PBG), thus
rational assumption is the human attitude and water quality should be better at the
botanical park rather than Titiwangsa Lake Garden (TLG) and Kepong Metropolitan Park
(KMP). Variety and more quality species (as labeled with other species) found at PBG
probably because of the planting concept and landscape design of the park that applying
ecological design with very dense vegetation and less hardscape found. The layout of the
PBG can be seen in figures below;

Figure 5: The ecological-friendly design of Perdana Botanical Garden, Kuala Lumpur

Water Quality Test Phosphate (PO4), Nitrate (NO3) and Nitrite (NO2)
A water test has been conducted by previous researcher on the same places whereby 3
points were taken at each lake to determine the amount of Phosphate, Nitrate and Nitrate.
Phosphorus is usually present in natural water as phosphates.
From the water quality test done,
Phosphate content is higher in Perdana
Botanical Garden Lake which is near 1.0
mg/L, while the lowest content of this
nutrient is Kepong Metropolitan Park
with less than 0.5 mg/L.
Figure 6: Average Phosphate (SO4) content in urban
lakes of Kuala Lumpur, 2014. (Source: Nurul Azlen
Hanifah, Postgraduate IIUM)

From the test of Nitrate, the highest is at

Perdana Botanical Garden, while the
Kepong Metropolitan Park is almost near
to it which is near 1.0 mg/L. The lowest
Nitrate content is less than 0.4 mg/L.

Figure 7: Average Nitrate (NO3) content in urban

akes of Kuala Lumpur, 2014. (Source: Nurul Azlen
Hanifah, Postgraduate IIUM)

UMRAN2014: Fostering Ecosphere In The Built Environment

Generally, the Nitrite content of all lakes

in three parks is low. The highest Nitrite
content was in Perdana Botanical Garden
which is more than 0.01 mg/L, while
Kepong
Metropolitan
Park
and
Titiwangsa Lake Garden is almost same
with more than 0.005 mg/L.
Figure 8: Average Nitrite (NO3) content in specific
urban lakes of Kuala Lumpur, 2014. (Source: Nurul
Azlen Hanifah, Postgraduate IIUM.

Overall, it can be seen the highest content Phosphate, Nitrate and Nitrite is at
Perdana Botanical Garden (PBG) which show high contamination level of water. On the
other hand, Kepong Metropolitan Park (KMP) experience very low in Phosphate but
higher in Nitrate and Nitrite content. Titiwangsa Lake Garden (TLG) contained the
lowest content of nutrient show that the water quality is better than the other two parks.
However, the findings were not tally to the species found (reflecting discussion on
species found). As TLG has a better water quality, more species should be found there
instead of PBG.

Human Perception towards Environment: Behavior, Knowledge,

Attitude and Value
Human Dimension on Fish
The graph represent the mean of human
dimension aspect according to 4 items;
behavior, attitude, knowledge and value
towards environment The result shown are
total mean of score summarized from
Likerts scale, in which 1=Strongly
disagree (lowest score), and 5=Strongly
agree (highest score).
Figure 9: Score of human dimension on fish
in urban lakes of Kuala Lumpur, 2014.

It can be seen that the highest score is in human value towards environment at which is
about 4 score in Titiwangsa Lake Garden (TLG), 3.6 score at Perdana Botanical Garden
(PBG) and 3.5 score for Kepong Metropolitan Park. Meanwhile, the lowest is on human
knowledge on fish species identification as all three parks got the same score of 2.

UMRAN2014: Fostering Ecosphere In The Built Environment

Table 3: Knowledge on fish species by 45

respondents at urban lakes of Kuala Lumpur

Statement
True
False
Do not
know

KMP

PBG

TLP

98

102

98

35

29

34

90

94

93

True-false method being used to test the

knowledge of 45 respondents, in which the
question consists of 15 species of fish to be
answered per respondents. The result shown
is overall result, where it is the highest
number of respondent answer true is at
Perdana Botanical Park (PBG), and least
people answer false at the PBG.

Discussion
From the result, it can be respondent at PBG mostly have knowledge on fish. This result
is reflecting the finding in previous discussion on number of fish and amphibian species
found at PBG, which is highest. However, other human perception like attitude, value
and behavior is lowest at PBG, showing overall human perception on environment is low
at the PBG, while more species can be found there. The highest score on human
perception is by respondents in (Titiwangsa Lake Garden) TLG and Kepong
Metropolitan Park (KMP), while very less species found there.

Human Dimension on Amphibians

Figure 10: Score of human dimension on fish
in urban parks of Kuala Lumpur, 2014.

Based on the graph, the highest value of

human dimension on amphibian can be
seen on respondents at Titiwangsa Lake
Garden and Kepong Lake Garden with
almost 3 score in average. Meanwhile, the
lowest human attitude can be seen on
respondent at Perdana Lake Garden.
Overall, it can be seen most of
respondent from all parks cannot identify
the species of amphibian. However,
Table 4: Human knowledge on species
respondents at Titiwangsa Lake Garden
of amphibian in urban parks of KL, 2014.
(TLG) are the highest in identifying the
KMP
PBG
TLG
species. Least respondent recognize
True
2
3
10
species of amphibian is at Kepong
False
6
5
12
Metropolitan Park (KMP).
Do not know
67
67
53
From the test on human knowledge
Table 5: Human knowledge on scientific facts
of amphibian, it is found that respondent
of amphibian in urban parks of Kuala Lumpur , 2014.
of Titiwangsa Lake Garden have respond
KMP
PBG
TLG
more to the question by with 133
True/Yes
110
131
133
respondents answer right, while the lowest
False/No
223
206
202
knowledge on amphibian is respondent of
Missing
0
0
1
Kepong Metropolitan Park.
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UMRAN2014: Fostering Ecosphere In The Built Environment

Discussion
From the result, respondent in TLG have more knowledge on scientific facts of
amphibians, while the lowest knowledge was at KMP. Overall, the human dimension at
TLG is the highest, and the water quality also is the best from the other two parks.
However, less species found probably because less trees at the parks, in which trees is a
good shelter for amphibian to breed, and hide. The TLG also cover by mostly paved area
compared to PBG which seems more natural and suitable their habitat. Bromeliad species
found at PBG also become hiding habitat for amphibian in order to retain water in their
body, especially during drought season because the plant placed stagnant rain water.

New Ecological Paradigm

Based on the graph, bar in green colour represent the Pro-Ecological questions,
while the indigo represents Dominant Social Paradigm (DSP) worldview questions.
Overall, it can be seen the respondents are mostly pro-Ecological. However, there gap
between the respondents with Dominant Social Paradigm is very slight in difference for
every questions asked.

Discussion
Although the respondents were living in an urban area, it is found from the
psychological test that they still have environmental awareness attitude as more
respondents answer they agree on Pro-Ecological questions rather than Dominant Social
Paradigm (DSP). This reflects the result on respondents answer to a question; park as a
medium of biodiversity restoration, where more people agree that urban park is
biodiversity restoration medium, which show the awareness on environment still high.
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UMRAN2014: Fostering Ecosphere In The Built Environment

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Overall Finding and Discussion Species of Wildlife, Human Dimension
and Water Quality
The research is conducted with 3 early objectives being set. The first objective is to
identify species of fish and amphibian at the three lakes via observation, tracking (catch
and release the wildlife concern) and interview method. Form the result, Perdana
Botanical Garden (PBG) placed many species of fish and amphibian, where this is
becomes an indicator of the healthy environment of this urban park. The main purpose of
species identification is to identify from this indicator species, which parks have more
quality and rare species, and the result is PBG. Thus, it can be said PBG is healthy, if
compared to the two parks that have survival/tolerance species like Tilapia and Keli, in
which they can survive even bad environment.
Regarding second objective which is to identify the human dimension of the
visitor at the park, in which PBG got the lowest human dimension score. From the
hypothesis, the score should be as high as the number of species found. However, this
happen may be due to other factor like the visitor cannot interact at any time with the
wildlife, as they have to join fishing competition for fishing, or they even cannot feed the
wildlife there as the service is not being provided.

Figure 11: Visitor cannot reach the water because the retaining wall is high. Besides, no aquatic
plants for fish and amphibians to play.

Third objective concerned on the water quality- phosphate, nitrate and nitrite
content. These are essential nutrients for marine life; however it is dangerous if excessive
as it can prevent oxygen from penetrating water surface. The water qualities show that
Perdana Botanical Garden has higher level of contamination, which did not reflect the
species of fish and amphibian found there. For fish, it might be mostly of them being
introduced for
fishing competition. Meanwhile, amphibian species usually found at
trees and small drain, which not really much related with water quality. As they lay eggs
at clean water, some of them were found at water fountain and small drain with stagnant
water. Amphibian species were found hiding in Bromeliad species.

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UMRAN2014: Fostering Ecosphere In The Built Environment

Figure 12: Preferable habitat of

amphibian, less water and more boulders.

After undergo final analysis of whole data,

hypothesis as mentioned in abstract earlier is
arguable. Initially, the hypothesis relates all three
factors; whereby higher the numbers of fish and
amphibians species indicate that the water quality
is good along with a good human dimension
toward the environment. As Perdana Lake Garden
placed many species of wildlife, low human
dimension and low water quality, it can be
concluded these three factors cannot be relate with
each other.

After undergo final analysis of whole data, hypothesis as mentioned in abstract earlier is
arguable. Initially, the hypothesis relates all three factors; whereby higher the numbers of
fish and amphibians species indicate that the water quality is good along with a good
human dimension toward the environment. As Perdana Lake Garden placed many species
of wildlife, low human dimension and low water quality, it can be concluded these three
factors cannot be relate with each other.
There are so many exterior factor affect the result of the research, for example the
different habitat of amphibian make it failed to be relate with water quality, the size of
parks, the design of parks and the way people use the park.

Design recommendations
From the analysis made, the suitable design of the park might be as Perdana Botanical
Garden (PBG), as the dense vegetations make the park able to place so many species.
Although they probably being introduced due to high contamination level, they might be
nit survive for long if the habitat is not conducive.
As the environment success to restore biodiversity, human dimension on wildlife
supposedly to be high, as human are the main users of environment. The sustainability of
environment for future generation mostly depends on the decision make by human,
whether to demolish the nature or instill green into grey (urban place). High human
dimension will lead to heartier and healthier environment.
To increase the human dimension, the sustainable and user friendly design can be
introduced, to bring human close to nature and instill love towards nature in their heart.
One of the recommendations is to enhance the lake with riparian design, in which people
can easily interact with nature, even provide access with the lake so they can value the
nature. Riparian system can also fix the problem of soil erosion and water runoff.

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UMRAN2014: Fostering Ecosphere In The Built Environment

Figure 13: Design recommended for amphibian and fish habitat in urban lakes of Kuala Lumpur. Riparian
system can become a way of biodiversity restoration.

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