Conservation of Energy

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 2 Ch 1.3-1.4 05/02/2016

Review of Thermodynamics
Energy can have many forms

Energy can change from one form to another

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 2 Ch 1.3-1.4 05/02/2016

Review of Thermodynamics

Energy can exist in numerous forms such as:

mechanical (kinetic, potential), electrical, magnetic, thermal, chemical,
nuclear.

Their sum constitutes the total energy E of a system.

The sum of all microscopic forms of energy is called the internal energy u of a
system, which consists of
- Usensible: translational, rotational, vibration motion of atoms/molecules.
- Ulatent: intermolecular forces influencing phase change b/w solid, liquid, vapor.
- Uchemical: energy stored in chemical bonds b/w atoms.
- Unuclear: binding forces in the nucleus

In heat transfer system, we focus on Usens and Ulat, which are together referred
as thermal energy, Ut . The stored mechanical and thermal energy is:
Est = KE + PE + Ut,, where Ut = Usens +Ulat
while other forms of energy are regarded as Egen (e.g., electrical, nuclear, or
chemical, etc).

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 2 Ch 1.3-1.4 05/02/2016

Internal Energy u, and Enthalpy h

In the analysis of systems that

involve fluid flow, we frequently
encounter the combination of
internal energy u and pv.

The combination is defined as

enthalpy (h =u + pv).

The term pv represents the flow

energy of the fluid (also called
the flow work).

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 2 Ch 1.3-1.4 05/02/2016

Specific Heats of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Specific heat is mathematically defined as the amount of heat required to

raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one unit of
temperature

Two kinds of specific heats:

specific heat at constant volume cv,

dU mcV dT
specific heat at constant pressure cp.

dH mc p dT

The specific heats of a substance, in general, depend on two independent

properties such as temperature and pressure.

For an ideal gas, however, they depend on temperature only.

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 2 Ch 1.3-1.4 05/02/2016

Specific Heats of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

At low pressures all real gases approach ideal gas behavior, and
therefore their specific heats depend on temperature only.

A substance whose specific volume (or density) does not change

with temperature or pressure is called an incompressible substance.

The constant-volume and constant-pressure specific heats are

identical for incompressible substances. cv = cp = c

The specific heats of incompressible substances depend on

temperature only.

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 2 Ch 1.3-1.4 05/02/2016

The First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be

created nor destroyed during a process; it can only change forms.

Total energy
entering the
system

Total energy
leaving the
system

Change in the
total energy of
the system

The energy balance for any system undergoing any process can be
expressed as (in the rate form)

E in E out
Rate of net energy transfer
by heat, work, and mass

dEsystem dt

(W)

Rate of change in internal

kinetic, potential, etc., energies

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 2 Ch 1.3-1.4 05/02/2016

Energy Conservation for a Control Volume

At an Instant of Time:
Note representation of system by a
control surface (dashed line) at the boundaries.

Surface Phenomena

E in , E out
,

Rate of thermal and/or mechanical energy transfer across the control surface due to
heat transfer, fluid flow and/or work interaction

Volumetric Phenomena

E g

Rate of thermal energy generation due to conversion from another energy form (e.g.,
electrical, nuclear, or chemical); energy conversion process occurs with the system

E st

Rate of change of energy storage (thermal and/or mechanical) in the system

Conservation of Energy

E st E in E out E g
Over a time interval

Est Ein Eout E g

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 2 Ch 1.3-1.4 05/02/2016

Steady-Flow Systems

Closed systems

Stationary closed system, no

work W 0

Q W Est Ut
Q mcv T

(J)

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 2 Ch 1.3-1.4 05/02/2016

For system with one inlet and one

exit:

m in m out m

(kg/s)

When kinetic and potential

energies are negligible, and there
is no work interaction

cp (Tout Tin )
qm

Surface Energy Balance

A special case for no mass or volume passing the control surface, E st E g 0
Conservation Energy (Instant in Time):

E in E out 0
Holds for steady-state and transient conditions.
With no mass and volume, energy storage and generation (volumetric) are not pertinent
to the energy balance, even if they occur in the medium bounded by the surface.
Consider surface of wall with heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation.

qconv
qrad
0
qcond
k

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 2 Ch 1.3-1.4 05/02/2016

T1 T2
4
h(T2 T ) 2 (T24 Tsur
)0
L

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Example 1.4: (energy balance) Application to thermal response of a conductor with

Ohmic heating (generation). Derive the variation of temperature with time during
passage of current I.

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 2 Ch 1.3-1.4 05/02/2016

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Example 1.6: (latent heat) Application to isothermal solid-liquid phase change in a

container. If the outer surface of the wall is heated to T1 > Tf to melt the ice, find the
time needed to melt the entire mass of ice (M).

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 2 Ch 1.3-1.4 05/02/2016

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Example 1.9: (surface energy balance) Coating with prescribed radiation properties (,
) is cured by irradiation from an infrared lamp. Heat transfer from coating is by
convection to ambient air and radiation exchange with the surroundings. Find the cure
temperature for different h.

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 2 Ch 1.3-1.4 05/02/2016

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